CHNG I : TNG QUAN V THNG TIN V TUYN

I. Qu trnh pht trin ca thng tin v tuyn I.1. Khi nim v thng tin v tuyn Thng tin v tuyn s dng khong khng gian lm mi trng truyn dn. Phng php thng tin l: pha pht bc x cc tn hiu thng tin bng sng in t ra khng gian t do, pha thu nhn sng in t bn pht gi ti trong khng gian v tch ly tn hiu gc.
Anten Tn hiu vo Dy feeder My pht My thu Circiulator My pht My thu Anten Tn hiu vo

Tn hiu ra

Tn hiu ra

Hnh 1.1 S tng qut v cc thnh phn c bn ca mt ng thng tin v tuyn hai chiu.

II. Sng in t II.1. Khi nim - Trng in t l mt dng vt cht c bit c c trng v nng lng, vn ng tng tc vi cc mi trng . Trng in t lan truyn trong cc mi trng (nh chn khng, khng gian t do, ng dn sng...) gi l sng in t. - Nguyn nhn pht sinh sng in t: l do s chuyn ng c gia tc (dng hoc m) ca cc in t t do. V nguyn l, bt k h thng in t no c kh nng to ra in trng hoc t trng bin thin u c bc x sng in t. Tuy nhin trong thc t, s bc x ch xy ra trong nhng iu kin nht nh. II.2. Phn loi sng in t v ng dng Tn s 3KHz~30 KHz 30KHz~300KHz 300KHz~3MHz 3MHz~30MHz 30MHz~300MHz Phn loi bng tn VLF LF MF HF VHF C ch truyn sng v tuyn B mt B mt B mt , Sng tri Lnh vc s dng Thng tin o hng Thng tin o hng Pht thanh AM, Hng khng, o hng. Pht thanh FM, truyn hnh, thng tin ng, thng tin v tuyn c nh (viba)

B mt , Sng tri Pht thanh sng ngn, o hng. Sng tri Sng khng gian

300MHz~3GHz

UHF

Sng tri Sng khng gian Sng thng

Truyn hnh, thng tin ng, thng tin v tuyn c nh (viba), Raar, thng tin v tinh. Thng tin v tinh, thng tin v tuyn c nh, Raar, v tuyn thin vn. Thng tin v tinh, thng tin v tuyn c nh, Raar, v tuyn thin vn.

3GHz~30GHz

SHF, Viba

Sng khng gian Sng thng

30GHz~300GH

EHF, Milimeter

Sng khng gian Sng thng

II.3.Cc phng thc truyn lan ca sng in t Sng t Sng tri Sng tn x qua tng i lu Truyn sng thng III. Tng quan v h thng thng tin vi ba III.1. Khi nim v thng tin vi ba Thng tin vi ba l thng tin v tuyn gii sng cc ngn v thc hin thng tin nhiu knh. III.2. c im v phn loi a) c im Thng tin vi ba lm vic di sng cc ngn nn c cc c im sau: C di tn rng ph hp vi truyn thng tin nhiu knh (Thng tin bng rng). Thng tin n nh. Vi mt c ly thng tin cho trc th c th p dng cng ngh anten v tng tn s cng tc gim nh cng sut my pht. b) Phn loi C nhiu phng php phn loi ng thng tin vi ba. Sau y ta xt mt s phng php c bn: * Phn loi theo Phng thc ghp knh ng thng tin vi ba ghp knh theo tn s ng thng tin vi ba ghp knh theo thi gian * Phn loi theo dung lng ca ng thng tin vi ba ng thng tin vi ba dung lng nh

 ng thng tin vi ba dung lng trung bnh ng thng tin vi ba dung lng ln * Phn loi theo tn hiu truyn trn ng thng tin vi ba ng thng tin vi ba tng t ng thng tin vi ba s ng thng tin vi ba tm nhn thng ng thng tin vi ba tn x qua tng i lu ng thng tin vi qua v tinh nhn to

* Phn loi theo phng thc truyn sng trn ng thng tin vi ba

CHNG II: ANTEN,FEEDER V CC PHN T SIU CAO TN

I. Cc loi anten dng trong thng tin vi ba I.1. Nhim v: Dng bc x sng in t Thu sng in t Anten c nhiu dng, hnh dng kch thc c tnh khc nhau phc v cho cc ng dng khc nhau. I.2. Yu cu: C kh nng tp trung nng lng v mt hng theo yu cu. H s khuch i phi ln Bp sng ph phi nh H s bo v phi ln Gii tn cng tc rng Anten phi c phi hp tr khng tt vi fi hay ng dn sng Anten phi c kt cu vng chc m bo tnh kinh t I.3. Phn loi anten: Phn loi theo bc sng cng tc ta c: Anten sng di, Anten sng trung, Anten sng ngn, Anten sng cc ngn . . . Phn loi theo hnh dng v cu to ta c: Anten chn t, anten parabol, anten mt gng, anten hai gng, anten tim vng . . . Theo kh nng bc x sng in t Ta c: Anten bc x n hng: nng lng sng in t ch bc x theo mt hng nht nh. Anten v hng: Cn gi l anten ng hng, nng lng sng in t bc x theo theo mi hng. I.4. Cc tham s ca anten I.4.1. c tnh bc x (Tnh phng hng): L c tnh biu din kh nng bc x ca anten theo cc hng khc nhau. c tnh bc x c biu th bng th tnh phng hng.
Y Y Hng ph (Bp ph) X Hng chnh (Bp chnh) (a) (b) (c)
Hng chnh (Bp chnh)

Hng ph (Bp ph)

Hnh 1: a. Anten bc x v hng, b. Anten bc x n hng, c. Anten bc x 4 hng I.4.2. H s nh hng (D): Y D=/0 (ln) D.P P = 0 = M X Vi ta c: 4. .R 2 4. .R 2
Anten chun R

Trong : : mt nng lng bc x ca anten chun ti im M 0: mt nng lng bc x ca anten kho st ti im M : cng sut bc x ca anten R: khong cc t anten n im kho st. Y Tnh theo cng sut: D=P1/P0 (Ln). Trong : P1 l cng sut thu ti im M ng vi anten kho st P0 l cng sut thu ti im M ng vi anten chun

D(decibel) = 10 lg P1 10 lg P0 = 10 lg

P1 P0

Anten kho st

Hnh 2: ngha ca h s nh hng D

I.4.3. H s khuch i (G) Nu anten chun c hiu sut bng 100% ta c: G=.D I.4.4. Gc na cng sut Gc na cng sut l gc hp bi hai hng bc x m theo hng cng sut pht gim i mt na so vi hng chnh. nh ngha khc: Gc na cng sut l gc hp bi hai hng bc x m theo hng cng sut pht gim i 3 dB so vi hng chnh.
Y 2 X

Hnh 3: Gc na cng sut 2 I.4.5. Tr khng vo/ra : Tr khng vo ca anten l tr khng m tn hiu gp phi khi i vo u vo ca anten. Tr khng ra ca anten l tr khng m tn hiu gp phi khi i ra u ra ca anten. I.4.5. Bng tn cng tc: Bng tn cng tc hay cn gi l gii thng ca anten l tham s c trng cho phm vi tn s hot ng ca anten. I.4.6. H s phng v : Hng ngc: th

3dB

D0 =

ng Trong : th :mt cng sut bc x hng chnh (hng thun) ng :mt nng lng bc x hng ngc li

I.5. Cc loi anten thng dng I.5.1. Anten chn t P A Cu to D D Gi 1 c gia c bng kim loi, c cu D trc chc chn. Chn t phn x P: lP 0,97 . 1 Chn t bc x A: lA 0,95 . lD lP Cc chn t hng x D: lD 0,87. lA Chn t P cch A: 0,15 -0,25 . Chn t D u tin cch A: 0,1-0,3. Cc chn t D cch nhau mt khong t 0,25 . Hnh 4:Cu to ca anten chn t Nguyn l hot ng: Nguyn l bc x sng in t Khi chn t bc x c ni vi ngun tn hiu cao tn th n bc x sng in t v c hai hng trc v sau theo phng vung gc vi cc chn t. sng in t bc x v ph sau s c chn t phn x phn x ngc tr li v pha trc. V chn chiu di chn t phn x v khong cch gi n vi chn t bc x thch hp nn sng in t phn x v ng pha vi sng in t bc x ra pha trc. Cc chn t hng x cm nhn nng lng sng in t bc x t chn t bc x v tr thnh ngun bc x th cp bc x sng in t v pha trc. V c di ngn hn nn cc chn t hng x c kh nng tp trung nng lng cao hn v mt pha. Cng nhiu chn t hng x th kh nng nh hng cng cao, tuy nhin s lm nh hng n kt cu ca anten. Nguyn l thu sng in t

Anten chn t thu sng in t theo nguyn l cm ng in t. Khi c sng in t t pha i phng pht n th cc chn t s cm nhn nng lng to thnh dng in cao tn a ti my thu. Trong , cc chn t hng x cm nhn nng lng sng in t v tr thnh ngun bc x sng in t th cp bc x v pha chn t bc x tp trung nng lng vo chn t ny lm tng kh nng thu ca anten.
I.5.2. Anten ng dn sng Cu to: L mt on ng dn sng c mt u bt kn, u kia ng ra c mt phn t kch thch c t vo trong lng ng
u bit kn Ming anten u bit kn
Phn t kch thch

Ming anten

Hnh 5: Cu to ca anten ng dn sng

Nguyn l hot ng: Khi ni phn t kch thch vi ngun tnh hiu cao tn th nng lng sng in t s c kch thch vo ng dn sng lc ny sng in t s c truyn v pha ming ng v i ra ngoi khng gian. Ming m ca ng dn sng ng vai tr nh mt anten bc x sng in t theo hng vng gc vi ming m ca ng.

u bit kn
Hng bc x ca sng in t Phn t kch thch

Hnh 6: nguyn l hot ng ca anten ng dn sng I.5.3. Anten loa : Cu to Anten loa l mt ci tin ca anten ng dn sng phi hp tr khng gia ng dn sng v m trng truyn sng bn ngoi. bng cch m rng ming ng dn sng (thnh hnh ging mt chic loa) lm cho tr khng ca ng dn sng bin i mt cch t t khi chuyn t trong lng ng dn sng ra ngoi khng gian, iu ny c ngha l lm tng phi hp tr khng gia ng dn sng v khng gian nn nng lng sng phn x tr li ng s gim, nng lng bc x ra ngoi khng gian s tng. Mt khc din tch mt loa s ln hn nhiu lm tng kh nng bc x ca anten. Nguyn l hot ng: Khi kch thch sng in t vo anten loa th n s bc x sng in t ra pha trc ming loa. Sng in t ny ta h nh xut pht t mt ngun bc x im t ti tm loa. Nh vy, sng in t pha trc ming loa khng ng pha trn mt phng vung gc vi trc chnh ca loa. c mt anten 1. Gng loa c cht lng tt, ngi ta phi chn gc m v chiu di phn x ming loa thch hp I.5.4. Anten Parabol 1 gng: Cu to:
l 4. Connector siu cao tn Tm gng

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Hnh 7: Mt s anten loa

Ming gng 2. Chiu x t t ti tiu im F ca gng

3. ng dn sng

Hnh 8: Cu to ca gng

Gng phn x 1: cn gi l a phn x. Gng c ch to bng kim loi, b mt nhn c th phn x tt v t hp th nng lng sng in t. Gng c 2 loi: Gng kn: Gng c mt phn x hon ton kn. Gng h: Gng phn x l mt li kim loi hoc cc thanh kim loi c un cng v xp thnh hnh parabol. Mt s tham s ca gng: f: Tiu c ca gng. h: su ca gng l: Khu ca gng ( rng ming gng)
o: Gc m ca gng

Nguyn l hot ng: * Nguyn l pht sng in t Hnh 9 m t nguyn l pht sng in t. Nng lng siu cao tn c a t hiu siu lng my pht qua dy feeder a vo u vo ng phng.Tn t ng dy Nng cao siu cao tn ny Sng tn in t Feeder c c chuyn thnh sng in t truyn trong ng dn sng v ti chiu x t, c bc x ra pha chiu x t bin i thnh chm sng in t phn k truyn ti gng phn x. Chm trc sng ny ta h nh xut pht t mt ngun im t ti tin im ca gng. Cc tia sng in t ti gng s c phn x to thnh chm tia song song truyn v pha trc gng. Chm sng in t ny cng song song vi trc chnh ca gng v ng Hnh 9: Nguyn l pht sng pha trn mt phng vung gc vi trc chnh ca gng. in t Sng in t do anten Parabol bc x ch truyn theo mt hng nht nh nn loi anten ny cn c gi l anten bc x n hng. * Nguyn l thu sng in t. Hnh 10 m t nguyn l thu sng in t. Nu c chm sng in t t i phng pht ti v song song vi trc chnh ca gng th khi ti mt phn x ca gng chm sng ny c phn x to thnh mt chm sng in t hi t v tin in F, do chiu x t t ti tiu im F nn chm sng in t ny s i vo chiu x t, qua on ng dn sng v c chuyn thnh nng lng cao tn i vo dy feeder ti my thu.
Tn hiu siu cao tn ti ng dy Feeder Sng in t pha pht pht ti

I.5.5. Anten Parabol 2 gng (anten Cassegrain): Hnh 10: Nguyn l thu sng Cu to: in t

- Mt gng Parabol (Gng cu lm) c ch to bng vt liu phn x tt v t hp th nng lng sng in t. Gng c 2 Gng Ph Gng loi: Chiu chnh x t + Gng kn: Gng c mt phn x hon ton kn. F1, F2 l + Gng h: Gng phn x l mt li kim loi hoc cc thanh kim loi c f2 un cng v xo thnh hnh parabol. - Mt gng Hypecbol (Gng cu li) c ch to bng vt liu phn x rt tt v t hp th nng lng sng in t. h Mt s tham s ca 2 gng: f1 + f1: Tiu c ca gng chnh. + f2: Tiu c ca gng ph. Hnh 11: Cu to ca anten parabol 2 gng + h: su ca gng chnh + l: ng knh ca gng ( rng ming gng chnh) + F1, F2 : Tiu im ca gng chnh v gng ph c t trng nhau.
7. Gi - Chiu x t t ti tiu im F1, F2 ca 2 gng v hng vo gng ph v Gi 6. cch gng chnh gng ph tm ca gng ph mt khong d=f2/2. Chiu x t c 2 nhim v chnh l bc x nng 1. Gng Parabol lng siu cao tn thnh chm sng in t phn k (Gng chnh) gng ph vChiu pht ti chuyn 3. x t chm sng in t hi t t gng ph thnh nng lng siu cao tn trong ng dn 2. Gng Hypecbol (Gng ph) sng. 4. ng 5. Connector - Ngoi ta cn c cc c cu gi nh v cc gngsiu cao tnv gngdn sng Hnh chnh ph. dng y ca mt anten parabol c m t hnh 11. Nguyn l hot ng Hnh 12: Cu to y ca mt anten * Nguyn l thu sng in t. parabol 2 gng Nu c chm sng in t t i Sng phng pht ti v song song vi trc in t Nng lng chnh ca gng th khi ti mt phn x t i siu cao tn ca gng chm sng ny c phn x phng c a pht ti to thnh mt chm sng in t hi t v n my thu tin in F1, do tiu im F1 v F2 ca 2 gng trng nhau nn chm sng in t hi t ny cng ta h nh hi t tiu im F2 ca gng 2. ti gng 3 chng s c Hnh 13: Nguyn l thu sng in t ca phn x v to thnh chm sng in hi t anten parabol 2 gng th cp. Do chn im t chiu x t thch hp nn chm sng in hi t thc cp i vo chiu x t, qua on ng dn sng v c chuyn thnh nng lng cao tn i vo dy feeder ti my thu

* Nguyn l pht sng in t Nng lng siu cao tn c a t my pht qua dy feeder vo u vo ng phng. Nng lng siu cao tn ny c chuyn thnh sng in t truyn trong ng dn sng v ti chiu x t, c chiu x t bin i thnh chm sng in t phn k s cp truyn ti gng Hypecbol c gng ny phn x to thnh chm sng in t phn k th cp truyn ti gng Parabol. Chm sng phn k th cp ny ta h nh xut pht t mt ngun im t ti tin im ca gng Hypecbol. Do tiu im ca 2 gng trung nhau nn chm sng phn k th cp ny cng ta h nh xut pht t mt ngun im im t ti tin im ca gng Parabol. Cc tia sng in t ti gng Parabol s c phn x to thnh chm tia song song truyn v pha trc gng. Chm sng in t ny cng song song vi trc chnh ca gng v ng pha trn mt phng vung gc vi trc chnh ca gng. Sng in t do anten Parabol bc x ch truyn theo mt hng nht nh nn loi anten ny cng c gi l anten bc x n hng.

Nng lng siu cao tn t my pht a ti

Sng in t c bc x ra pha trc

Hnh 14: Nguyn l pht sng in t ca anten parabol 2 gng

U nhc im * u im : - C h s nh hng cao - Gii thng rng v c kh nng cng tc tn s cao do hot ng da trn nguyn l phn x. - C kh nng bc x cng sut ln. - C kh nng gia c phn t bc x chc chn do c th gim nh ti thiu kch thc ca phn t bc x. * Nhc im: - cn gi ln, c bit i vi loi c a phn x kn. - Chiu x v gng ph t trc anten nn c th chn bt mt phn nng lng sng in t, to thnh vng ti trc anten.

II. Cc loi phi (feeder) II.1. Nhim v v yu cu a. Nhim v Feeder l phn t trung gian gia my pht hoc my thu v anten. Nhim v ca dy feeder l dn nng lng cao tn t u ra ca my pht ti anten v t u ra ca anten ti u vo my thu. b. Yu cu Khng c bc x v thu sng in t, hay ni cch khc l khng c hiu ng anten. V nu Feeder c hiu ng anten th ngoi vic nh hng n tnh phng hng ca anten n cn l ngun gy nhiu cho my thu. C tn hao nh khi chuyn ti nng lng tn hiu siu cao tn, hay ni cch khc l hiu sut ca feerder phi cao. Chu c dng v p cao tn c bin ln. Phi hp c tr khng vo/ra ca anten, tr khng ra ca my pht v tr khng vo ca my thu. C bn c hc cao (Kt cu chc chn) khng b bin dng trong cc iu kin thi tit. Cc thng s ca Feeder phi n nh. Phi m bo tnh kinh t. II.2. Phn loi fi C hai loi feeder l feeder cp ng trc v feeder ng dn sng. Trong mi loi li c phn thnh cc nhm khc nhau tu theo suy hao, kch thc . . . II.3. Cc tham s ca fi - Suy hao trn mi mt chiu di. - Tr khng c tnh WC II.4. Cc loi fi thng dng II.4.1. Fid cp ng trc a) Cu to: Feeder cp ng trc c cu to nh m t hnh 14. Dy dn trong 1: cn gi l l li c ch to bng vt liu dn in tt, thng l ng, nhm hoc kim loi do, c th rng hoc c. Lp cch in cao tn 2: c ch to bng Poliethylen hoc nha do c nhim v cch in gia dy dn trong v dy dn ngoi. Dy dn ngoi 3: c ch to bng ng thau pha trong c m vng hoc bc. Lp v bo v 4: c ch to bng Poliethylen hoc cao su.

3 1

Hnh 15 : Cu to ca Feeder cp ng trc a. Hnh di dng phi cnh, b. Hnh di dng mt ct

d D

b) Nguyn l truyn sng Khi a nng lng cao tn vo cp ng trc th gia 2 dy dn trong v ngoi s pht sinh sng in t chy dc theo dy dn, do s thc hin c vic truyn nng lng (cn gi l truyn sng) t my pht ti anten v t anten ti my thu. c) u nhc im - Cu to tng i dn gin, tr khng c tnh bin ng trong phm vi ln nn c th ch to cc loi co ng trc giao tip vi nhiu loi thit b c tr khng vo ra khc nhau, bng tn cng tc tng i rng. - Khi tn s cao qu 2 GHz th suy hao trn cp ng trc rt ln, do khng th s dng cp ng trc dn tn hiu c tn s ln hn 2GHz, khi cn s dng Feeder ng dn sng. II.4.2. Fi ng dn sng a) Cu to ng dn sng l ng kim loi rng c dn in cao, c thit din hnh ch nht, hnh trn hoc hnh elip, mt trong ca ng c lm nhn c th phn x tt sng in t. Hnh 15 m t cu to ca ng dn sng.
b
Mt trong c trng nhn

/4

/4

/4

/4

(a)
ng kim loi rng

(b)

Mt trong c trng nhn

ng kim loi rng

Hnh 16: Cu to tng ng ca ng dn sng. a. Cc on dy /4 ngn mch c ni ri nhau trn mt ng dy song hnh b. Cc on dy /4 ngn mch c ni st nhau trn mt ng dy song hnh to thnh ng dn sng

d
d1
Mt trong c trng nhn

ng kim loi rng

d2

Hnh 17: Cu to ca ng dn sng c v theo mt ct.

Ta c th tng tng ng dn sng l mt ng dy song hnh, trn gn cc on dy ngn mch u cui c chiu di /4. Khi t cc on dy st vo nhau th s to thnh ng dn sng. Xem hnh 16 b) Nguyn l truyn sng, iu kin sng in t truyn c trong ng dn sng. Nu kch thch vo ng dn sng mt nng lng siu cao tn th s c sng in t truyn lan trong ng dn sng. Sng in t truyn lan trong ng dn sng bng cch phn x nhiu ln trn thnh ng nh m t hnh 17.

ng dn sngmt u bt kn

c) u nhc im - C cu trc chc chn, truyn c cc sng in t tn s cao vi suy hao tng i thp.

- Ch to kh, tn s cng thp th kch thc ng phi cng ln, yu cu v iu kin bo qun tng i nghim ngt (Trong lng ng phi lun kho ro, phi bm kh kh-sch hoc kh tr vo lng ng).
Hnh 18: Nguyn l truyn sng trong ng dn sng

Phn t kch thch a sng in t vo trong ng dn sng

III. Cc phn t siu cao tn III.1. Ferit Ferit c nhng tnh cht t kh c bit lm cho n c th ng dng rng ri trong thng tin vi ba. Ferit l hn hp ca oxyt st (Fe2O3) vi mt s oxyt kim loi khc nh Mg, Mn,Ni, N thng c ch to bng cch nn bt ferit trong p sut v nhit thch hp to nn dng cn thit III.2.Van ferit Van Ferit cn c gi l b cch ly, c tc dng cho tn hiu i theo mt chiu v hp th nng lng tn hiu theo chiu ngc li. a) Cu to Mt on ng dn sng 1, trong lng ng t mt thanh Ferit 2 v mt nam chm vnh cu 3 c 2 c p st vo 2 cnh ca ng dn sng sao cho thanh ferit nng chnh gia 2 cc ca nam chm. Nam chm c nhim v nh hng t tnh cho thanh Ferit, ngi ta S cn gi nam chm ny l nam chm nh thin t. b) Nguyn l hot ng Khi c tc dng ca nam chm vnh cu th thanh Ferit s b nhim t v to ra mt t trng c chiu nht nh trong lng ng dn sng. Khi c sng in t tc ng vo th thanh Ferit tip tc nhim t v s bin thin t tnh trn thanh Ferit tun theo quy lut N bin thin ca sng in t. Tuy nhin chiu ng dn sng 1 ca t tnh do thanh ferit to ra s khng thay i. Do nu t trng do sng in t to ra trong lng ng dn sng trng vi t trng Thanh Ferit 2 Nam chm vnh cu 3 do thanh Ferit to ra th sng in t d dng Mi tn ch chiu t trng ca Nam chm i qua ngc li nu nu t trng do sng Hnh 19: Cu to c bn ca phn t cch ly in t to ra trong lng ng dn sng ngc vi t trng do thanh Ferit to ra th sng in t s b trit tiu. V ch truyn sng c mt chiu nn cu trc trn c gi l Van ferit. Mun thay i chiu truyn sng ta phi thay i cc tnh ca nam chm vnh cu. c) ng dng Lm b cch ly y ra ca b khuch i cng sut cao trong mt pht vi ba trnh hin tng phn x sng in t khi ng ra ca my pht b mt phi hp tr khng. III.3. Circulator a) Cu to

Circulator cn c gi l b phn hng siu cao tn, l mt c cu c 3 hoc 4 cng vo/ra nng lng. Nng lng i vo ng th nht s i ra ng th hai, nng lng i vo ng th hai s i ra ng th ba v nng lng i vo ng th ba s i ra ng th nht. Cu to ca circulator gm mt kt cu bng kim loi c 3 cng vo/ra, gia t mt li Ferit, ngoi ra cn c mt nam chm vnh cu lm nhim v nh thin t cho li Ferit
Cng 1 Ming Ferit Cng 2

Cng 3

C cu bng kim loi

Hnh 20: Cu to ca circulator

b) Nguyn l hot ng Nu tn hiu c a vo ng th nht th t ng 1 sang ng 2 ng sc t do li Ferit to ra cng chiu vi ng sc do sng in t to ra nn tn hiu d dng i qua, cn t 1 sang ng 3 ng sc t do li Ferit to ra ngc chiu vi ng sc t do sng in t to ra nn tn hiu khng th i qua. Tng t nh vy, tn hiu s vo ng 2 ra ng 3 v vo ng 3 ra ng 1.

c) ng dng: Circulator c ng dng lm b phn hng siu cao tn trong DIPLEXER cho php my pht v my thu s dng chung mt anten. III.4. Mt s ng dng ca cc phn t siu cao c fert.
a) B chuyn mch nhanh

B chuyn mch nhanh c s dng trn circulator i xng ch Y. Nhnh (1) lp vi my pht nng lng siu cao tn, cn nhnh (2) v (3) ni vi 2 tuyn cn dn sng (hnh 6.19)

Hnh 21: B chuyn mch nhanh trn circulator i xng ch Y

Vic thay i chiu t trng khng i H0 c thc hin bng nam chm in khi thay i chiu dng in. Khi thay i chiu dng in chy trong nam chm ta thc hin vic dn nng lng siu cao ln lt t my pht vo cc tuyn (1) v tuyn (2). Tc ca chuyn mch ny kh ln. B chuyn mch nhanh cng c th thc hin trn circulator 4 nhnh loi phn cc (hnh 6.20). y my pht c lp vo nhnh (1), hai tuyn dn nng lng lp vo nhnh (2) v (4). Ta khng dng nhnh (3).

Hnh 22: B chuyn mch nhanh trn circulator 4 nhnh