Chapter 8

Statistical Inference: Estimation for Single Populations

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

The overall learning objective of Chapter 8 is to help you understand
estimating parameters of single populations, thereby enabling you to:

1. Estimate the population mean with a known population standard
deviation with the z statistic, correcting for a finite population if
necessary.
2. Estimate the population mean with an unknown population standard
deviation using the t statistic and properties of the t distribution.
3. Estimate a population proportion using the z statistic.
4. Use the chi-square distribution to estimate the population variance given
the sample variance.
5. Determine the sample size needed in order to estimate the population
mean and population proportion.





CHAPTER TEACHING STRATEGY

Chapter 8 is the student's introduction to interval estimation and
estimation of sample size. In this chapter, the concept of point estimate is
discussed along with the notion that as each sample changes in all likelihood so
will the point estimate. From this, the student can see that an interval estimate
may be more usable as a one-time proposition than the point estimate. The
confidence interval formulas for large sample means and proportions can be
presented as mere algebraic manipulations of formulas developed in chapter 7
from the Central Limit Theorem.
It is very important that students begin to understand the difference
between means and proportions. Means can be generated by averaging some sort
of measurable item such as age, sales, volume, test score, etc. Proportions are
computed by counting the number of items containing a characteristic of interest
out of the total number of items. Examples might be proportion of people
carrying a VISA card, proportion of items that are defective, proportion of market
purchasing brand A. In addition, students can begin to see that sometimes single
samples are taken and analyzed; but that other times, two samples are taken in
order to compare two brands, two techniques, two conditions, male/female, etc.
In an effort to understand the impact of variables on confidence intervals,
it may be useful to ask the students what would happen to a confidence interval if
the sample size is varied or the confidence is increased or decreased. Such
consideration helps the student see in a different light the items that make up a
confidence interval. The student can see that increasing the sample size reduces
the width of the confidence interval, all other things being constant, or that it
increases confidence if other things are held constant. Business students probably
understand that increasing sample size costs more and thus there are trade-offs in
the research set-up.
In addition, it is probably worthwhile to have some discussion with
students regarding the meaning of confidence, say 95%. The idea is presented in
the chapter that if 100 samples are randomly taken from a population and 95%
confidence intervals are computed on each sample, that 95%(100) or 95 intervals
should contain the parameter of estimation and approximately 5 will not. In most
cases, only one confidence interval is computed, not 100, so the 95% confidence
puts the odds in the researcher's favor. It should be pointed out, however, that the
confidence interval computed may not contain the parameter of interest.
This chapter introduces the student to the t distribution for estimating
population means when o is unknown. Emphasize that this applies only when the
population is normally distributed because it is an assumption underlying the t test
that the population is normally distributed albeit that this assumption is robust.
The student will observe that the t formula is essentially the same as the z formula
and that it is the table that is different. When the population is normally
distributed and o is known, the z formula can be used even for small samples.
A formula is given in Chapter 8 for estimating the population variance;
and it is here that the student is introduced to the chi-square distribution. An
assumption underlying the use of this technique is that the population is normally
distributed. The use of the chi-square statistic to estimate the population variance
is extremely sensitive to violations of this assumption. For this reason, extreme
caution should be exercised in using this technique. Because of this, some
statisticians omit this technique from consideration, presentation and usage.
Lastly, this chapter contains a section on the estimation of sample size.
One of the more common questions asked of statisticians is: "How large of a
sample size should I take?" In this section, it should be emphasized that sample
size estimation gives the researcher a "ball park" figure as to how many to sample.
The error of estimation is a measure of the sampling error. It is also equal to
the + error of the interval shown earlier in the chapter.





CHAPTER OUTLINE


8.1 Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic (o known).

Finite Correction Factor

Estimating the Population Mean Using the z Statistic when the
Sample Size is Small

Using the Computer to Construct z Confidence Intervals for the
Mean

8.2 Estimating the Population Mean Using the t Statistic (o unknown).

The t Distribution

Robustness

Characteristics of the t Distribution.

Reading the t Distribution Table

Confidence Intervals to Estimate the Population Mean Using the t
Statistic

Using the Computer to Construct t Confidence Intervals for the
Mean


8.3 Estimating the Population Proportion

Using the Computer to Construct Confidence Intervals of the
Population Proportion


8.4 Estimating the Population Variance

8.5 Estimating Sample Size

Sample Size When Estimating

Determining Sample Size When Estimating p



KEY WORDS

Bounds Point Estimate
Chi-square Distribution Robust
Degrees of Freedom (df) Sample-Size Estimation
Error of Estimation t Distribution
Interval Estimate t Value




SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 8


8.1 a) x = 25 o = 3.5 n = 60
95% Confidence z
.025
= 1.96


n
z x
o

= 25 + 1.96
60
5 . 3
= 25 + 0.89 = 24.11 < < 25.89


b) x

= 119.6 o = 23.89 n = 75
98% Confidence z
.01
= 2.33


n
z x
o

= 119.6 + 2.33
75
89 . 23
=
119.6 6.43 = 113.17 < < 126.03


c) x

= 3.419 o = 0.974 n = 32
90% C.I. z
.05
= 1.645


n
z x
o
= 3.419 + 1.645
32
974 . 0
= 3.419 .283 = 3.136 < < 3.702


d) x

= 56.7 o = 12.1 N = 500 n = 47
80% C.I. z
.10
= 1.28


1

N
n N
n
z x
o
= 56.7 + 1.28
1 500
47 500
47
1 . 12

=

56.7 2.15 = 54.55 < < 58.85
8.2 n = 36 x = 211 o = 23
95% C.I. z
.025
= 1.96


n
z x
o
= 211 1.96
36
23
= 211 7.51 = 203.49 < < 218.51


8.3 n = 81 x = 47 o = 5.89
90% C.I. z
.05
=1.645


n
z x
o
= 47 1.645
81
89 . 5
= 47 1.08 = 45.92 < < 48.08


8.4 n = 70 o
2
= 49 x = 90.4

x = 90.4 Point Estimate

94% C.I. z
.03
= 1.88


n
z x
o

=
90.4 1.88
70
49
= 90.4 1.57 = 88.83 < < 91.97


8.5 n = 39 N = 200 x

= 66 o = 11
96% C.I. z
.02
= 2.05


1

N
n N
n
z x
o
= 66 2.05
1 200
39 200
39
11

=

66 3.25 = 62.75 < < 69.25

x = 66 Point Estimate


8.6 n = 120 x = 18.72 o = 0.8735
99% C.I. z
.005
= 2.575

x = 18.72 Point Estimate


n
z x
o

=
18.72 2.575
120
8735 . 0
= 8.72 .21 = 18.51 < < 18.93
8.7 N = 1500 n = 187 x = 5.3 years o = 1.28 years
95% C.I. z
.025
= 1.96

x = 5.3 years Point Estimate


1

N
n N
n
z x
o
= 5.3 1.96
1 1500
187 1500
187
28 . 1

=

5.3 .17 = 5.13 < < 5.47


8.8 n = 24 x = 5.625 o = 3.23
90% C.I. z
.05
= 1.645


n
z x
o
= 5.625 1.645
24
23 . 3
= 5.625 1.085 = 4.540 < < 6.710


8.9 n = 36 x = 3.306 o = 1.17
98% C.I. z
.01
= 2.33


n
z x
o
= 3.306 2.33
36
17 . 1
= 3.306 .454 = 2.852 < < 3.760


8.10 n = 36 x = 2.139 o = .113

x = 2.139 Point Estimate

90% C.I. z
.05
= 1.645


n
z x
o

= 2.139 1.645
36
) 113 (.
= 2.139 .031 = 2.108 < < 2.170



8.11 95% confidence interval n = 45

x = 24.533 o = 5.124 z = + 1.96


n
z x
o
= 24.533 + 1.96
45
124 . 5
=

24.533 + 1.497 = 23.036 < < 26.030


8.12 The point estimate is 0.5765. n = 41

The assumed standard deviation is 0.14

95% level of confidence: z = + 1.96

Confidence interval: 0.533647 < < 0.619353

Error of the estimate: 0.619353 - 0.5765 = 0.042853


8.13 n = 13 x = 45.62 s = 5.694 df = 13 1 = 12

95% Confidence Interval and o/2=.025

t
.025,12
= 2.179


n
s
t x = 45.62 2.179
13
694 . 5
= 45.62 3.44 = 42.18 < < 49.06


8.14 n = 12 x = 319.17 s = 9.104 df = 12 - 1 = 11

90% confidence interval

o/2 = .05 t
.05,11
= 1.796


n
s
t x = 319.17 (1.796)

12
104 . 9
= 319.17 4.72 = 314.45 < < 323.89



8.15 n = 41 x = 128.4 s = 20.6 df = 41 1 = 40

98% Confidence Interval
o/2 = .01

t
.01,40
= 2.423


n
s
t x = 128.4 2.423
41
6 . 20
= 128.4 7.80 = 120.6 < < 136.2

x = 128.4 Point Estimate


8.16 n = 15 x = 2.364 s
2
= 0.81 df = 15 1 = 14

90% Confidence interval
o/2 = .05

t
.05,14
= 1.761


n
s
t x = 2.364 1.761
15
81 . 0
= 2.364 .409 = 1.955 < < 2.773


8.17 n = 25 x = 16.088 s = .817 df = 25 1 = 24

99% Confidence Interval

o/2 = .005

t
.005,24
= 2.797


n
s
t x = 16.088 2.797
25
) 817 (.
= 16.088 .457 = 15.631 < < 16.545

x = 16.088 Point Estimate

8.18 n = 51 x = 1,192 s = 279 df = n - 1 = 50

98% CI and o/2 = .01 t
.01,50
= 2.403


n
s
t x = 1,192 + 2.403 = 1,192 + 93.88 = 1,098.12 < < 1,285.88

The figure given by Runzheimer International falls within the confidence
interval. Therefore, there is no reason to reject the Runzheimer figure as
different from what we are getting based on this sample.



8.19 n = 20 df = 19 95% CI t
.025,19
= 2.093

x = 2.36116 s = 0.19721

2.36116 + 2.093
20
1972 . 0
= 2.36116 + 0.0923 = 2.26886 < < 2.45346

Point Estimate = 2.36116

Error = 0.0923



8.20 n = 28 x = 5.335 s = 2.016 df = 28 1 = 27

90% Confidence Interval o/2 = .05

t
.05,27
= 1.703


n
s
t x = 5.335 1.703
28
016 . 2
= 5.335 + .649 = 4.686 < < 5.984



8.21 n = 10 x = 49.8 s = 18.22 df = 10 1 = 9

95% Confidence o/2 = .025 t
.025,9
= 2.262


n
s
t x = 49.8 2.262
10
22 . 18
= 49.8 + 13.03 = 36.77 < < 62.83

51
279
41
446 . 8
8.22 n = 14 98% confidence o/2 = .01 df = 13

t
.01,13
= 2.650

from data: x = 152.16 s = 14.42

confidence interval:
n
s
t x = 152.16 + 2.65
14
42 . 14
=

152.16 + 10.21 = 141.95 < < 162.37

The point estimate is 152.16



8.23 n = 41 df = 41 1 = 40 99% confidence o/2 = .005

t
.005,40
= 2.704

from data: x = 11.098 s = 8.446

confidence interval:
n
s
t x = 11.098 + 2.704 =

11.098 + 3.567 = 7.531 < < 14.665



8.24 The point estimate is x which is 25.4134 hours. The sample size is 26 skiffs.
The confidence level is 98%. The confidence interval is:
x t
s
n
x t
s
n
s s = 22.8124 < < 28.0145
The error of the confidence interval is 26.011.


8.25 a) n = 44 p =.51 90% C.I. z
.05
= 1.645


n
q p
z p

= .51 1.645
44
) 49 )(. 51 (.
= .51 .124 = .386 < p< .634


b) n = 300 p = .82 95% C.I. z
.025
= 1.96


n
q p
z p

= .82 1.96
300
) 18 )(. 82 (.
= .82 .043 = .777 < p < .863


c) n = 1150 p = .48 90% C.I. z
.05
= 1.645


n
q p
z p

= .48 1.645
1150
) 52 )(. 48 (.
= .48 .024 = .456 < p < .504


d) n = 95 p = .32 88% C.I. z
.06
= 1.555


n
q p
z p

= .32 1.555
95
) 68 )(. 32 (.
= .32 .074 = .246 < p < .394



8.26 a) n = 116 x = 57 99% C.I. z
.005
= 2.575

p =

116
57
=
n
x

= .49


n
q p
z p

= .49 2.575
116
) 51 )(. 49 (.
= .49 .12 = .37 < p < .61


b) n = 800 x = 479 97% C.I. z
.015
= 2.17

p =
800
479
=
n
x
= .60


n
q p
z p

= .60 2.17
800
) 40 )(. 60 (.
= .60 .038 = .562 < p < .638

c) n = 240 x = 106 85% C.I. z
.075
= 1.44

p =
240
106
=
n
x
= .44


n
q p
z p

= .44 1.44
240
) 56 )(. 44 (.
= .44 .046 = .394 < p < .486


d) n = 60 x = 21 90% C.I. z
.05
= 1.645

p =
60
21
=
n
x
= .35


n
q p
z p

= .35 1.645
60
) 65 )(. 35 (.
= .35 .10 = .25 < p < .45



8.27 n = 85 x = 40 90% C.I. z
.05
= 1.645

p

=
85
40
=
n
x
= .47


n
q p
z p

= .47 1.645
85
) 53 )(. 47 (.
= .47 .09 = .38 < p < .56


95% C.I. z
.025
= 1.96


n
q p
z p

= .47 1.96
85
) 53 )(. 47 (.
= .47 .11 = .36 < p < .58


99% C.I. z
.005
= 2.575


n
q p
z p

= .47 2.575
85
) 53 )(. 47 (.
= .47 .14 = .33 < p < .61


All other things being constant, as the confidence increased, the width of the
interval increased.

8.28 a) n = 1003 p = .255 99% CI z
.005
= 2.575


n
q p
z p

= .255 + 2.575
1003
) 745 )(. 255 (.
= .255 + .035 = .220 < p < .290

b) n = 10,000 p = .255 99% CI z
.005
= 2.575


n
q p
z p

= .255 + 2.575
000 , 10
) 745 )(. 255 (.
= .255 + .011 = .244 < p < .266

The confidence interval constructed using n = 1003 is wider than the
confidence interval constructed using n = 10,000. One might conclude that, all
other things being constant, increasing the sample size reduces the width of the
confidence interval.



8.29 n = 560 p = .47 95% CI z
.025
= 1.96


n
q p
z p

= .47 + 1.96
560
) 53 )(. 47 (.
= .47 + .0413 = .4287 < p < .5113


n = 560 p = .28 90% CI z
.05
= 1.645


n
q p
z p

= .28 + 1.645
560
) 72 )(. 28 (.
= .28 + .0312 = .2488 < p < .3112



8.30 n = 1250 x = 997 98% C.I. z
.01
= 2.33

p =
1250
997
=
n
x
= .80


n
q p
z p

= .80 2.33
1250
) 20 )(. 80 (.
= .80 .026 = .774 < p < .826



8.31 n = 3481 x = 927

p =
3481
927
=
n
x
= .266

a) p = .266 Point Estimate

b) 99% C.I. z
.005
= 2.575


n
q p
z p

= .266 + 2.575
3481
) 734 )(. 266 (.
= .266 .019 =

.247 < p < .285



8.32 n = 89 x = 48 85% C.I. z
.075
= 1.44

p =
89
48
=
n
x
= .54


n
q p
z p

= .54 1.44
89
) 46 )(. 54 (.
= .54 .076 = .464 < p < .616



8.33 p = .63 n = 672 95% Confidence z
.025
= + 1.96


n
q p
z p

= .63 + 1.96
672
) 37 )(. 63 (.
= .63 + .0365 = .5935 < p < .6665



8.34 n = 275 x = 121 98% confidence z
.01
= 2.33

p =
275
121
=
n
x
= .44


n
q p
z p

= .44 2.33
275
) 56 )(. 44 (.
= .44 .07 = .37 < p < .51
8.35 a) n = 12 x = 28.4 s
2
= 44.9 99% C.I. df = 12 1 = 11

_
2
.995,11
= 2.60320 _
2
.005,11
= 26.7569


7569 . 26
) 9 . 44 )( 1 12 (
< o
2
<
60320 . 2
) 9 . 44 )( 1 12 (


18.46 < o
2
< 189.73

b) n = 7 x = 4.37 s = 1.24 s
2
= 1.5376 95% C.I. df = 7 1 = 6

_
2
.975,6
= 1.23734 _
2
.025,6
= 14.4494


4494 . 14
) 5376 . 1 )( 1 7 (
< o
2
<
23734 . 1
) 5376 . 1 )( 1 7 (


0.64 < o
2
< 7.46

c) n = 20 x = 105 s = 32 s
2
= 1024 90% C.I. df = 20 1 = 19

_
2
.95,19
= 10.11701 _
2
.05,19
= 30.1435


1435 . 30
) 1024 )( 1 20 (
< o
2
<
11701 . 10
) 1024 )( 1 20 (


645.45 < o
2
< 1923.10

d) n = 17 s
2
= 18.56 80% C.I. df = 17 1 = 16

_
2
.90,16
= 9.31224 _
2
.10,16
= 23.5418


5418 . 23
) 56 . 18 )( 1 17 (
< o
2
<
31224 . 9
) 56 . 18 )( 1 17 (


12.61 < o
2
< 31.89
8.36 n = 16 s
2
= 37.1833 98% C.I. df = 16-1 = 15

_
2
.99,15
= 5.22936 _
2
.01,15
= 30.5780


5780 . 30
) 1833 . 37 )( 1 16 (
< o
2
<
22936 . 5
) 1833 . 37 )( 1 16 (


18.24 < o
2
< 106.66



8.37 n = 20 s = 4.3 s
2
= 18.49 98% C.I. df = 20 1 = 19

_
2
.99,19
= 7.63270 _
2
.01,19
= 36.1908


1908 . 36
) 49 . 18 )( 1 20 (
< o
2
<
63270 . 7
) 49 . 18 )( 1 20 (


9.71 < o
2
< 46.03

Point Estimate = s
2
= 18.49



8.38 n = 15 s
2
= 3.067 99% C.I. df = 15 1 = 14

_
2
.995,14
= 4.07466 _
2
.005,14
= 31.3194


3194 . 31
) 067 . 3 )( 1 15 (
< o
2
<
07466 . 4
) 067 . 3 )( 1 15 (


1.37 < o
2
< 10.54



8.39 n = 14 s
2
= 26,798,241.76 95% C.I. df = 14 1 = 13

Point Estimate = s
2
= 26,798,241.76

_
2
.975,13
= 5.00874 _
2
.025,13
= 24.7356


7356 . 24
) 76 . 241 , 798 , 26 )( 1 14 (
< o
2
<
00874 . 5
) 76 . 241 , 798 , 26 )( 1 14 (


14,084,038.51 < o
2
< 69,553,848.45
8.40 a) o = 36 E = 5 95% Confidence z
.025
= 1.96

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
5
) 36 ( ) 96 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 199.15

Sample 200


b) o = 4.13 E = 1 99% Confidence z
.005
= 2.575

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
) 13 . 4 ( ) 575 . 2 (
=
E
z o
= 113.1

Sample 114


c) E = 10 Range = 500 - 80 = 420

1/4 Range = (.25)(420) = 105

90% Confidence z
.05
= 1.645

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
10
) 105 ( ) 645 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 298.3

Sample 299

d) E = 3 Range = 108 - 50 = 58

1/4 Range = (.25)(58) = 14.5

88% Confidence z
.06
= 1.555

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
3
) 5 . 14 ( ) 555 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 56.5

Sample 57



8.41 a) E = .02 p = .40 96% Confidence z
.02
= 2.05

n =
2
2
2
2
) 02 (.
) 60 )(. 40 (. ) 05 . 2 (
=

E
q p z
= 2521.5

Sample 2522

b) E = .04 p = .50 95% Confidence z
.025
= 1.96

n =
2
2
2
2
) 04 (.
) 50 )(. 50 (. ) 96 . 1 (
=

E
q p z
= 600.25

Sample 601

c) E = .05 p = .55 90% Confidence z
.05
= 1.645

n =
2
2
2
2
) 05 (.
) 45 )(. 55 (. ) 645 . 1 (
=

E
q p z
= 267.9

Sample 268

d) E =.01 p = .50 99% Confidence z
.005
= 2.575

n =
2
2
2
2
) 01 (.
) 50 )(. 50 (. ) 575 . 2 (
=

E
q p z
= 16,576.6

Sample 16,577



8.42 E = $200 o = $1,000 99% Confidence z
.005
= 2.575

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
200
) 1000 ( ) 575 . 2 (
=
E
z o
= 165.77

Sample 166

8.43 E = $2 o = $12.50 90% Confidence z
.05
= 1.645

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
) 50 . 12 ( ) 645 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 105.7

Sample 106



8.44 E = $100 Range = $2,500 - $600 = $1,900

o ~ 1/4 Range = (.25)($1,900) = $475

90% Confidence z
.05
= 1.645

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
100
) 475 ( ) 645 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 61.05

Sample 62



8.45 p = .20 q = .80 E = .02

90% Confidence, z
.05
= 1.645

n =
2
2
2
2
) 02 (.
) 80 )(. 20 (. ) 645 . 1 (
=

E
q p z
= 1082.41

Sample 1083



8.46 p = .50 q = .50 E = .05

95% Confidence, z
.025
= 1.96

n =
2
2
2
2
) 05 (.
) 50 )(. 50 (. ) 96 . 1 (
=

E
q p z
= 384.16

Sample 385



8.47 E = .10 p = .50 q = .50

95% Confidence, z
.025
= 1.96

n =
2
2
2
2
) 10 (.
) 50 )(. 50 (. ) 96 . 1 (
=

E
q p z
= 96.04

Sample 97



8.48 x = 45.6 o = 7.75 n = 35

80% confidence z
.10
= 1.28


35
75 . 7
28 . 1 6 . 45 =
n
z x
o
= 45.6 + 1.68

43.92 < < 47.28


94% confidence z
.03
= 1.88


35
75 . 7
88 . 1 6 . 45 =
n
z x
o
= 45.6 + 2.46

43.14 < < 48.06


98% confidence z
.01
= 2.33


35
75 . 7
33 . 2 6 . 45 =
n
z x
o
= 45.6 + 3.05

42.55 < < 48.65

8.49 x = 12.03 (point estimate) s = .4373 n = 10 df = 9

For 90% confidence: o/2 = .05 t
.05,9
= 1.833


10
) 4373 (.
833 . 1 03 . 12 =
n
s
t x = 12.03 + .25

11.78 < < 12.28

For 95% confidence: o/2 = .025 t
.025,9
= 2.262


10
) 4373 (.
262 . 2 03 . 12 =
n
s
t x = 12.03 + .31

11.72 < < 12.34

For 99% confidence: o/2 = .005 t
.005,9
= 3.25


10
) 4373 (.
25 . 3 03 . 12 =
n
s
t x = 12.03 + .45

11.58 < < 12.48



8.50 a) n = 715 x = 329 95% confidence z
.025
= 1.96


715
329
= p = .46


715
) 54 )(. 46 (.
96 . 1 46 .

=

n
q p
z p = .46 + .0365

.4235 < p < .4965

b) n = 284 p = .71 90% confidence z
.05
= 1.645


284
) 29 )(. 71 (.
645 . 1 71 .

=

n
q p
z p = .71 + .0443

.6657 < p < .7543


c) n = 1250 p = .48 95% confidence z
.025
= 1.96


1250
) 52 )(. 48 (.
96 . 1 48 .

=

n
q p
z p = .48 + .0277

.4523 < p < .5077


d) n = 457 x = 270 98% confidence z
.01
= 2.33


457
270
= p = .591


457
) 409 )(. 591 (.
33 . 2 591 .

=

n
q p
z p = .591 + .0536

.5374 < p < .6446



8.51 n = 10 s = 7.40045 s
2
= 54.7667 df = 10 1 = 9

90% confidence, o/2 = .05 1 - o/2 = .95

_
2
.95,9
= 3.32512 _
2
.05,9
= 16.9190


9190 . 16
) 7667 . 54 )( 1 10 (
< o
2
<
32512 . 3
) 7667 . 54 )( 1 10 (


29.133 < o
2
< 148.235


95% confidence, o/2 = .025 1 - o/2 = .975

_
2
.975,9
= 2.70039 _
2
.025,9
= 19.0228


0228 . 19
) 7667 . 54 )( 1 10 (
< o
2
<
70039 . 2
) 7667 . 54 )( 1 10 (


25.911 < o
2
< 182.529



8.52 a) o = 44 E = 3 95% confidence z
.025
= 1.96

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
3
) 44 ( ) 96 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 826.4

Sample 827


b) E = 2 Range = 88 - 20 = 68

use o = 1/4(range) = (.25)(68) = 17

90% confidence z
.05
= 1.645


2
2 2
2
2 2
2
) 17 ( ) 645 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 195.5

Sample 196


c) E = .04 p = .50 q = .50

98% confidence z
.01
= 2.33


2
2
2
2
) 04 (.
) 50 )(. 50 (. ) 33 . 2 (
=

E
q p z
= 848.3

Sample 849


d) E = .03 p = .70 q = .30

95% confidence z
.025
= 1.96


2
2
2
2
) 03 (.
) 30 )(. 70 (. ) 96 . 1 (
=

E
q p z
= 896.4

Sample 897

8.53 n = 17 x = 10.765 s = 2.223 df = 17 - 1 = 16

99% confidence o/2 = .005 t
.005,16
= 2.921


17
223 . 2
921 . 2 765 . 10 =
n
s
t x = 10.765 + 1.575

9.19 < < 12.34



8.54 p = .40 E=.03 90% Confidence z
.05
= 1.645

n =
2
2
2
2
) 03 (.
) 60 )(. 40 (. ) 645 . 1 (
=

E
q p z

= 721.61

Sample 722



8.55 n = 17 s
2
= 4.941 99% C.I. df = 17 1 = 16

_
2
.995,16
= 5.14216 _
2
.005,16
= 34.2671


2671 . 34
) 941 . 4 )( 1 17 (
< o
2
<
14216 . 5
) 941 . 4 )( 1 17 (


2.307 < o
2
< 15.374



8.56 n = 45 x

= 213 o = 48

98% Confidence z
.01
= 2.33


45
48
33 . 2 213 =
n
z x
o
= 213 16.67

196.33 < < 229.67

8.57 n = 39 x

= 37.256 o = 3.891

90% confidence z
.05
= 1.645


39
891 . 3
645 . 1 256 . 37 =
n
z x
o
= 37.256 1.025

36.231 < < 38.281



8.58 o = 6 E = 1 98% Confidence z
.98
= 2.33

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
1
) 6 ( ) 33 . 2 (
=
E
z o
= 195.44

Sample 196



8.59 n = 1,255 x = 714 95% Confidence z
.025
= 1.96


1255
714
= p = .569


255 , 1
) 431 )(. 569 (.
96 . 1 569 .

=

n
q p
z p = .569 .027

.542 < p < .596


8.60 n = 41 s = 21 128 = x

98% C.I. df = 41 1 = 40

t
.01,40
= 2.423

Point Estimate = $128


41
21
423 . 2 128 =
n
s
t x = 128 + 7.947

120.053 < < 135.947

Interval Width = 135.947 120.053 = 15.894




8.61 n = 60 x = 6.717 o = 3.06 N = 300

98% Confidence z
.01
= 2.33


1 300
60 300
60
06 . 3
33 . 2 717 . 6
1

N
n N
n
s
z x =


6.717 0.825

5.892 < < 7.542



8.62 E = $20 Range = $600 - $30 = $570

1/4 Range = (.25)($570) = $142.50

95% Confidence z
.025
= 1.96

n =
2
2 2
2
2 2
20
) 50 . 142 ( ) 96 . 1 (
=
E
z o
= 195.02

Sample 196

8.63 n = 245 x = 189 90% Confidence z
.05
= 1.645


245
189
= =
n
x
p = .77


245
) 23 )(. 77 (.
645 . 1 77 .

=

n
q p
z p = .77 .044

.726 < p < .814



8.64 n = 90 x = 30 95% Confidence z
.025
= 1.96


90
30
= =
n
x
p = .33

90
) 67 )(. 33 (.
96 . 1 33 .

=

n
q p
z p = .33 .097

.233 < p < .427



8.65 n = 12 x = 43.7 s
2
= 228 df = 12 1 = 11 95% C.I.

t
.025,11
= 2.201


12
228
201 . 2 7 . 43 =
n
s
t x = 43.7 + 9.59

34.11 < < 53.29


_
2
.99,11
= 3.05350 _
2
.01,11
= 24.7250


7250 . 24
) 228 )( 1 12 (
< o
2
<
05350 . 3
) 228 )( 1 12 (


101.44 < o
2
< 821.35
8.66 n = 27 x = 4.82 s = 0.37 df = 26

95% CI: t
.025,26
= 2.056


27
37 . 0
056 . 2 82 . 4 =
n
s
t x = 4.82 + .1464

4.6736 < < 4.9664

Since 4.50 is not in the interval, we are 95% confident that does not
equal 4.50.



8.67 n = 77 x

= 2.48 o = 12

95% Confidence z
.025
= 1.96


77
12
96 . 1 48 . 2 =
n
z x
o
= 2.48 2.68

-0.20 < < 5.16

The point estimate is 2.48

The interval is inconclusive. It says that we are 95% confident that the average
arrival time is somewhere between .20 of a minute (12 seconds) early and 5.16
minutes late. Since zero is in the interval, there is a possibility that, on average,
the flights are on time.



8.68 n = 560 p =.33

99% Confidence z
.005
= 2.575


560
) 67 )(. 33 (.
575 . 2 33 .

=

n
q p
z p = .33 .05

.28 < p < .38

8.69 p = .50 E = .05 98% Confidence z
.01
= 2.33


2
2
2
2
) 05 (.
) 50 )(. 50 (. ) 33 . 2 (
=

E
q p z
= 542.89

Sample 543



8.70 n = 27 x = 2.10 s = 0.86 df = 27 - 1 = 26

98% confidence o/2 = .01 t
.01,26
= 2.479


27
86 . 0
479 . 2 10 . 2 =
n
s
t x = 2.10 0.41

1.69 < < 2.51



8.71 n = 23 df = 23 1 = 22 s = .0631455 90% C.I.

_
2
.95,22
= 12.33801 _
2
.05,22
= 33.9245


9245 . 33
) 0631455 )(. 1 23 (
2

< o
2
<
33801 . 12
) 0631455 )(. 1 23 (
2

.0026 < o
2
< .0071



8.72 n = 39 x = 1.294 o = 0.205 99% Confidence z
.005
= 2.575


39
205 . 0
575 . 2 294 . 1 =
n
z x
o
= 1.294 .085

1.209 < < 1.379




8.73 The sample mean fill for the 58 cans is 11.9788 oz. with a standard deviation of
.0536 oz. The 99% confidence interval for the population fill is 11.9607 oz. to
11.9969 oz. which does not include 12 oz. We are 99% confident that the
population mean is not 12 oz., indicating that the machine may be under filling
the cans.



8.74 The point estimate for the average length of burn of the new bulb is 2198.217
hours. Eighty-four bulbs were included in this study. A 90% confidence interval
can be constructed from the information given. The error of the confidence
interval is + 27.76691. Combining this with the point estimate yields the 90%
confidence interval of 2198.217 + 27.76691 = 2170.450 < < 2225.984.



8.75 The point estimate for the average age of a first time buyer is 27.63 years. The
sample of 21 buyers produces a standard deviation of 6.54 years. We are 98%
confident that the actual population mean age of a first-time home buyer is
between 24.0222 years and 31.2378 years.



8.76 A poll of 781 American workers was taken. Of these, 506 drive their cars to
work. Thus, the point estimate for the population proportion is 506/781 =
.647887. A 95% confidence interval to estimate the population proportion shows
that we are 95% confident that the actual value lies between .61324 and .681413.
The error of this interval is + .0340865.