Electronic Elements Exercise 1 Name: Huangqixin Scores:

1) You want to design a heater with a power of 2.3kW for using the 230V-net. You use konstantan resistance wire with = 0.5 mm2 /m. The current intensity inside the wire should not exceed 40A/ mm2 otherwise the wired would melt. a) What is the diameter of the wire you choose? b) What is the whole length of the wire? c) How to put this wire into the heater? d) What would be the length of the wire if you choose Cu-wire of the same diameter and the same power? Can one use Cu in principle for a heater or not? Answer (1): a) we know the formula: P=UI so I=P/U=2.3kW/230V=10A and the wire should not exceed 40A/mm2 or the wire would melt so the diameter is limited: 3.14(d/2)240A/mm2>10A then we get: d> 0.564mm and for safety wed better choice the wire with 1mm diameter. b) we know the formula: P=UI=U2/R so R=U2/P=2302/(2.3103)=23 Since R=l /S, so l= RS/ =233.14(d/2)2 /(0.5 mm2 /m) =36.11m c) Maybe we can put them into the heater as a coil, but Im not sure. d) If we use Cu-wire of the same diameter and the same power, the length must be much longer because the of Cu-wire is smaller. In my opinion, it is not suitable to use Cu in principle for a heater because the the of Cu-wire is very small and Cu is a kind of heavy icon.

2) Use the characteristic U = f( I ) and sketch the resistors R1 = 100 Ohm, R2 = 200 Ohm and R3 = 1kOhm into this characteristic. a) What happens for R = 0 and R = ? b) sketch the area where a resistor of 0.1 W admitted power may operate. Answer(2):

a) For R=0 the f(I) line is vertical to the x-axis, just cover the y-axis. For R= the f(I) line is vertical to the y-axis, just cover the x-axis. b)

3) An electric bulb has 50W/230V. The connecting wire to the bulb is 1.2mm in diameter. The wolfram wire inside the bulb is only 0.03mm thick. What are the corresponding current densities J in the wire and inside the bulb? Answer (3): We can use the formula: P=U/I calculate the current: I=U/P=50W /230V =0.217A The corresponding current density J1 in the wire is : J1=I/S1=0.217A/(3.14(1.2mm/2)2)=0.20A/mm2 The corresponding current density J2 inside the bulb is: J2=I/S2=0.217A/(3.14(0.03mm/2)2)=307.14A/mm2

4) Suppose there is a solar plant in the desert Gobi, giving 800MW power. A 400kV power line to Beijing has a length of 300km. The wire is of Al with a diameter of 20mm. The current is 2000A. The temperature of the power line is 100 degree Celsius (because of the high current density). Al has a specific resistance of 0.0278 mm2 /m and a temperature coefficient of 0.004/K. a) What is the power loss of 1m wire of the power line? b) What is the voltage drop from Gobi to Beijing? c) What is the total power loss of the power line? d) Could there something be done better or not? Answer (4): a) the resistance of 1m wire of the power line: R20=l/S=0.0278 mm2 /m1m/(3.14(20mm/2)2)=8.8510-5 R100=R20+0.004*80=1.1710-4 the power loss of 1m wire of the power line P=I2R=2000A21.1710-4=468W b) the voltage drop from Gobi to Beijing: Ud=IRa=2000A300103m1.1710-4/m=70200V c) the total power loss of the power line: P=UdI=70200V2000A=1.404108W d) we can improve it in 2 ways. First: we can higher the voltage of the power line. Second: we can make the resistance of the power line lower by increase the diameter of the wire or change a new wire with smaller . Of course, this way is not feasible in the real world.