Issue Brief + May 2012

food & Watcr Watch - 2S StiIIman Strcct, Suitc 200, San francisco, CA 94107 - www.foodandwatcrwatch.org
F
rom the Sacramento Valley to Los Angeles County, the oil and gas industry has been fracking in
California without clear regulatory oversight for many years. Now, the next generation of drilling
und ruckng nvovng much more ud und chemcus nected ut much hgher pressure, und
creutng much more vuste, pouton und rsk hus urrved on the \est Coust. Cuornuns v regret
t the drng und ruckng ndustry succeeds n extructng us much o und gus us possbe, us qucky
us possbe, rom the Monterey Shue und other tght rock ormutons thut e beneuth the stute.
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Fracking has long been used in California to stimulate oil
producton, oten to revork ugng or dumuged ves.
1
The
new generation of drilling and fracking, however, marks a
rudcu depurture. lndeed, vhen Zoduc Lxporuton lnc.
announced in February 2012 that it had drilled a horizontal
well more than 14,000 feet below Kings County, and that it
hud then stmuuted the ve n l0 stuges to produce o,
the compuny's presdent stuted, 1hs type o deep hgh pres-
sure und hgh temperuture operuton s nev to Cuornu.
2

Across the United States, this new generation of drilling and
ruckng technoogy hus uneushed u rush to extruct uncon-
ventonu o und gus resources, purtcuury shue gus und
tight oil.
3
Nov, nev ntensve drng, ruckng und ucdz-
ng methods ure expected to drve uture o extructon rom
the spruvng Monterey Shue n Cuornu.
4

l ths huppens, t voud be u boon or the o und gus
ndustry, but Cuornuns v puy u steep prce:
- Deeper und onger drng und hgher-voume, more-
intense fracking will mean much more toxic waste and
subsequent dsposu probems,
- lncreusng demund or resh vuter, eukng toxc vuste pts,
ve-cementng uures und necton o chemcus under-
ground u pose serous short- und ong-term vuter rsks,
- Drng und ruckng hundreds o nev ves n u regon
euch yeur cun resut n serous ur pouton probems,
umong other pubc heuth und suety probems,
- lncreused unconventonu drng und ruckng or o
and gas will only intensify the already alarming threats of
global climate change.
California does not need to go down this road. The state
should avoid enrolling its citizens in this large, uncontrolled
pubc heuth experment. An mmedute bun on ruckng n
California would set a sustainable course for the state, one
demonstrating that the goals of economic and environmental
prosperty cun both be met.

lruckng s short or ructurng. lud typcuy u mx o vu-

ter, sund und chemcus s pumped underground ut u hgh
enough pressure to ructure the rock thut surrounds u purt
2
o u ve. 1he ructures, propped open by the nected sund,
provde u ceurer puthvuy or uny o or gus to ov. Hghy
corrosive acids are also used to rework aging or damaged oil
ves once pumped underground, the ucds eut uvuy ut sur-
roundng rock, creutng chunnes or o or gus to ov.
5
Such
use o ucds s cued ucdzng, or ucd ruckng vhen
done ut pressures hgh enough to ructure the rock surround-
ing a well.
6

Most o Cuornu's nuturu gus eds e beneuth the vuter-
shed o the Sucrumento Rver, vhe the Sun }ouqun, Suntu
Muru, Venturu und Los Angees usns contun most o the
stute's o eds.
7
California law governing the regulation of
o und gus operutons decures, us the pocy o the stute,
thut uny permt to remove o und gus grunts the permsson
to do vhut u prudent operutor usng reusonube dgence
voud do.ncudng, but not mted to, the necton o ur,
gus, vuter, or other uds ncudng ucds nto the produc-
tve strutu, the uppcuton o pressure heut or other meuns or
the reducton o vscosty o the hydrocurbons, the suppyng
of additional motive force, or the creating of enlarged or new
channels for the underground movement of hydrocarbons
nto producton ves, vhen these methods or processes
empoyed huve been upproved by the Stute C und Cus
supervsor.
8

Clearly, given that the industry has been conducting well
vorkovers or decudes n Cuornu, conventonu ruckng
und ucdzng treutments ure umong the methods upproved
by the Stute C und Cus Supervsor. Yet ths hus gone on vth
next-to-no scrutny rom Cuornu reguutors:
- 1he stute muntuns no normuton ubout vhut ves huve
been fracked, when they were fracked or what chemicals
vere used durng ruckng, n purt becuuse no reguutons
requre the reportng und dscosure o such normuton.
9

- 1he ony specc reerence to revork operutons n
Cuornu uv hus to do vth munduted ng o records on
uny revorkng o u ve, but the ng o true und repro-
ducbe copes o u eectrcu, physcu, or chemcu ogs,
tests, or surveys s ony requred such ogs ure mude.
10
- ln 2002, the Cuornu Lnvronmentu lrotecton Agency
conducted un unuyss o o exporuton und producton
wastes to determine if these wastes were being handled
propery, but the unuyss dd not ncude dutu on vorkover
wastes from fracking or acidizing.
11

ln 20ll n Cuornu, there vere 2,294 nev ves dred,
2,343 ves competed or producton und 3,376 notces
ed or the revorkng o exstng ves.
12
Cccdentu letro-
eum Corporuton uone dred ubout 675 nev ves und
conducted about 500 workovers.
13
Yet becuuse the stute
Sucrumento usn gus eds (red) und Venturu und Los Angees usn
o eds (green). Courtesy o the Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton/
Dvson o C, Cus, und Ceothermu Resources.
3
does not keep truck, the porton o ve competons und the
porton o ve vorkovers thut nvoved ruckng or ucdzng
uren't pubcy knovn.
lruclocus.org un onne regstry vhere compunes cun vo-
untury dscose normuton on specc ruckng operutons
shows that at least 91 wells were fracked in California from
}unuury 20ll to Apr 20l2, ncudng tvo n Los Angees
County.
14

D

ln gruntng the o und gus ndustry the reedom to do vhut

u prudent operutor usng reusonube dgence voud do,
Cuornu uv ceury stutes the pocy gou: to urther the
elimination of waste by increasing the recovery of under-
ground hydrocurbons.
15
This is ironic the notion that leav-
ing oil and gas in the ground is wasteful given the massive
volume of waste that results from oil and gas extraction
operutons.
ln ts 2002 study, Cuornu's Lnvronmentu lrotecton
Agency reported thut n l995, the estmuted totu voume
o Cuornu drng vuste, both sod und qud, vus over
1.8 million barrels, enough to cover more than 235 acres
one-oot deep.
16
Assuming the same amount of waste for
every foot drilled from the beginning of 1995 through 2009,
lood & \uter \utch estmutes thut the o und gus ndustry
generated 5,659 acre-feet of drilling waste over 15 years in
California.
17
ut ths l5-yeur tmerume hurdy overups vth the current
technoogcu eru, n vhch t s possbe to ruck u tvo-me
long horizontal section of a well in 30 or more stages, all
up to tvo mes or more beov ground.
18
l such ntensve
drng und ruckng become vdespreud n Cuornu,
more ugoons o toxc vuste cun be expected to coor und
contumnute the stute's Centru Vuey. lncreusng umounts
o such vuste voud pose purtcuur probems generuted
und dsposed o n und uround Los Angees, vhch sts ubove
urge pockets o the Monterrey Shue.
Dr cuttngs, ubout the sze o course gruns o sund, ure
couted vth used drng uds thut cun contun hurmu
contaminants such as benzene, cadmium, arsenic, mercury
and radium-226.
19
Dumpng dr cuttngs n unds coud
expose vorkers to hurmu eves o some o these envron-
mental toxins.
20
Rudum-226 contumnuton voud persst or
more thun l,000 yeurs uter the und cosed, runng the
productvty o the und or muny generutons.
21

Dumpng ouds o drng cuttngs n unds coud eud to
operutonu probems us ve. 1he und nngs coud be
degraded, resulting in leaks of radioactive material and other
harmful contaminants.
22
Also, layers of drilling cutting wastes
coud pug up the ov o und uds, cuusng sps out the
sdes o the und.
23

The estimated 5,659 acre-feet of this drilling waste from
1995 to 2009 in California is dwarfed by the volume of
wastewater brought to the surface along with any oil or gas.
24

lor decudes, Cuornu's o und gus ndustry hus nected
vuter und steum underground to more eusy pump heuvy,
viscous oil out of reserves.
25
ln 2009, the ndustry nected
underground a total of about 1.4 billion barrels, or about
180,000 acre-feet of water or steam into onshore oil and
gas wells.
26
lt s not ceur vhether ths estmute, vhch s the
totu voume used n vuterood, steumood und cycc
steum nectons, ncudes vuter thut s nected us purt o
ruckng ud.
27

lroduced vuter s uny vuter produced rom u ve, uong
with oil or gas.
28
This wastewater is a varying mix of any wa-
ter nected underground und uny nuturuy occurrng ormu-
ton vuter thut hus ong been trupped deep underground.
29

lroduced vuter potentuy contuns extreme eves o nutu-
rally occurring but harmful contaminants, including arsenic,
lead, hexavalent chromium, barium, strontium, benzene,
poycycc uromutc hydrocurbons, touene, xyene, corrosve
salts and naturally occurring radioactive material, such as ra-
4
dium-226.
30
Durng ucdzng, the nected ucds cun uctuuy
increase the amount of toxic metals released from the rock
and brought to the surface in wastewater.
31

ln 20ll n Cuornu, onshore o und gus ves generuted
more than 2.5 trillion barrels, or about 326,000 acre-feet of
produced vuter.
32
Cver l26 mon burres o ths vustevu-
ter vus generuted ut the lngevood C led o Los Angees
County.
33
As with the amount of drilling waste, the amount
o produced vuter v ony ncreuse n the vuke o vde-
spreud drng und ruckng o the Monterey Shue. \orse, un
increasing amount of this wastewater will include the frack-
ng ud chemcus thut return to the suruce uter they ure
nected.
34
d
Water pollution
lt s ve knovn thut muny o the chemcus used n ruckng,
and that return to the surface in fracking wastewater, are far
rom sue. Nuphthuene, benzene und ucryumde ure ust u
ev o the knovn or suspected curcnogens dented us n-
cuded n muny ruckng uds.
35
Cther envronmentu toxns
present n muny ruckng uds, such us touene, ethyben-
zene und xyenes, cun resut n nervous system, kdney und/
or ver probems.
36

Snce conventonu treutment uctes ure not equpped to
treat radioactive material and other contaminants known
to be in some fracking wastewater, such contaminants can
smpy ov through conventonu treutment uctes und get
dschurged nto pubc rvers und streums.
37

Dsposu o drng und ruckng vuste n evuporuton pts
uso creutes serous probems vhen these pts euk. A ury n
Kern County in 2009 found that 96 million barrels of waste-
vuter rom drng operutons hud euched rom hodng
ponds onto u urmer's property, resutng n contumnuton o
the uquer beneuth hs und.
38
An nvestguton by lrolubcu
n 2008 dented more thun l,000 cuses o vuter contum-
nation near drilling sites, according to local and state govern-
ment documents rom ust Coorudo, Nev Mexco, Aubumu,
Cho und lennsyvunu,
39
most of which involved surface
euks und sps.
ut groundvuter s uso ut rsk o contumnuton rom beov,
not ust rom the suruce. Cnce ruckng ud s nected un-
derground, much o t stuys underground ndentey, vhere
t mxes vth und dspuces uny nuturuy contumnuted
formation water.
Recent mathematical modeling demonstrates that the risk
o groundvuter contumnuton rom ths process contnues
for years and merits serious concern.
40
There is a network
o derent puthvuys through vhch contumnunts ncud-
ng ruckng ud chemcus, uny suts, metus und rudouc-
tive material dissolved in formation water, and methane and
other guses coud ov nto und contumnute groundvuter.
1he derent puthvuys ncude u ve beng deveoped thut
has a failed well casing, any nearby older and abandoned
wells with failed well casings, new fractures created during
fracking, and existing natural fractures and faults.
41
Despte ndustry cums to the contrury, such contumnuton
hus occurred. A l987 L.S. Lnvronmentu lrotecton Agency
report ound thut ge used n ruckng ud hud contumnuted
u vuter ve n \est Vrgnu, und thut scentc ussessment
o other cuses o potentu contumnuton vus hndered by
court settlements that sealed the information.
42
A more recent
study pubshed n the Proceedings of the National Academy
of Sciences found that average methane concentrations in
shallow drinking water wells in active gas areas were 17
tmes hgher thun those n non-uctve ureus, possby due to
leaky well casings.
43
lnuy, n December 20ll, the L.S. LlA
reeused u drut report on contumnuted groundvuter neur
drng und ruckng operutons n luvon, \yomng, con-
cudng thut the dutu ndcutes key mpuct to ground vuter
thut cun be expuned by hydruuc ructurng.
44

Air Pollution
Drng und ruckng ure uso resutng n serous ocu und
regonu ur pouton probems ucross the country, us ve
as contributing to global climate change. Fracking creates a
mutphuse ov o ud, churucterzed us u hgh-pressure
mxture o sund, quds und guses.
45
After fracking, when
some o ths mutphuse ud returns to the suruce, u ot o
the guses n t ure vented drecty nto the ur vhe the q-
uds pour nto hodng pts or tunks.
46

Some ur poutunts mpcuted n cuncer und other serous
heuth probems ure ubeed huzurdous ur poutunts und ure
regulated under the Clean Air Act, and at least 24 of these
huzurdous ur poutunts, ncudng hydrogen uorde, eud
und methuno, ure knovn to huve been n hundreds o prod-
ucts used in fracking.
47

Voute orgunc compounds, ncudng benzene und tou-
ene, which are also harmful to human health, can likewise
be discharged during fracking.
48
1hese compounds mx vth
emssons rom heuvy-duty truck truc, urge generutors und
compressors ut ve stes to orm ground-eve ozone, vhch
cun urther combne vth purtcuute mutter to orm smog.
49

Lxposure to smog hus been nked to vurous cuncers, curdo-
vuscuur dseuse, dubetes, und premuture deuths n uduts
und to usthmu, premuture brth, und cogntve dects n
children.
50

\he t s dcut to druv drect cuusu nks betveen ur
pouton rom drng und ruckng operutons, on one hund,
and individual cases of illness on the other, the evidence for
concern is growing.
51
1hs dcuty stems n purt rom the
uct thut dutu coecton s humpered by the uck dscosure
o ruckng ud chemcus used.
52
Hovever, u recent study
ound thut peope vng vthn hu u me o ruckng operu-
tons uce sgncunty hgher cuncer rsk, und hgher rsk o
5
deveopng other heuth probems becuuse o ur pouton,
compured to peope vho ve urther uvuy.
53
ut the ur pouton concerns ure not ust ocu. Czone rom
gus drng operutons hus uso creuted u regonu ur pou-
ton probem n \yomng, vhere ground-eve ozone eves
on several days in 2011 were higher than the highest record-
ed level in Los Angeles in all of 2010.
54
lt voud be unor-
tunate if increased drilling and fracking in the Los Angeles
usn not decreused emssons n \yomng ensured thut
ths ddn't huppen more oten.
Finally, on a global scale, drilling and fracking result in sig-
ncunt greenhouse gus emssons,
55
which of course threaten
the cmute on vhch ve depend.
56

Earthquakes
Dsposng o ruckng vustevuter by nectng t deep beov
ground hus cuused numerous smu eurthquukes ucross the
Lnted Stutes, so t s not unreusonube to expect the sume
in California.
57
lt s unknovn vhether ncreused ruckng n
Cuornu und underground dsposu o the resutng vuste-
water would increase the chance of a larger, more destructive
eurthquuke n the stute.
Cn the other hund, regurdess o ts cuuse, u urge eurthquuke
coud compromse the ntegrty o ves thut ether ure u-
reudy producng or ure st beng dred und rucked. lor the
hundreds o thousunds o Cuornuns vng neur the lnge-
vood C led n Los Angees County und uong uctve uut
nes, such unknovns usty genune precuuton.

ln ute 20ll, Covernor }erry rovn red tvo top reguutors,

oovng ndustry compunts thut ther oce's revev o
permts or nev ves vus tukng too ong.
58
1he rngs cume
despte u horrc uccdent, months beore, n vhch un o
vorker vus boed uve vhen u snkhoe, creuted by nected
steam, formed near an oil well.
59

1he resut hus been streumned permttng thut bodes ve
or un ndustry seekng to deveop und udupt nev extructon
methods to tup the Monterey Shue und other tght rock
formations in the state.
60
Cven the vuter needed
or drng und ruckng n the Sun }ouqun, Suntu
Muru, Los Angees und Venturu usns, Covernor rovn's
decudes-ong push to bud u lerpheru Cunu uround the
Sucrumento-Sun }ouqun Rver Detu to send more vuter to
southern purts o the stute uso bodes ve or the ndustry.
61

ln lern County, or exumpe, much o the vuter used by the
oil and gas industry arrives via the Central Valley and State
\uter lroects, und the pun or u lerpheru Cunu voud
boster ths suppy.
62

lurthermore, vuter rom the lerpheru Cunu beng sod to
the o ndustry to dr und ruck voud udd nsut to the pub-
c nury o hov the stute renqushed contro o the stute-
unded lern \uter unk to urgey prvute nterests.
63
\he
these nterests ure ve postoned to muke urge prots o
o the o ndustry's grovng demund or vuter, Cuornuns
voud be et puyng the costs to bud the nrustructure to
deliver it, as well as left with the legacy of drilling and frack-
ng pouton.
d
Cuornuns shoud not be orced to on the urge, uncon-
troed pubc heuth experment thut s unconventonu o
und gus deveopment.
64
Stute egsuton to requre dscosure
o ruckng chemcus v ony provde the pubc vth u
heuds-up on the chemcus thut coud be contumnutng ther
groundvuter u decude or tvo rom nov. Lkevse, requrng
advance notice to families when oil or gas wells nearby will
be rucked v do nothng to uddress the potentu hurms.
1he souton s to bun ruckng nov. 1he negutve mpucts o
maximum extraction would be far-reaching for our water,
ur, und und cmute. 1hese mpucts voud ur outvegh the
the shortsghted, exuggeruted und sometmes ust pun use
promses mude ubout the economc und energy securty ben-
ets o vdespreud drng und ruckng.
65

l Nugy, Cuudu Zugreun. Depurtment o 1oxc Substunces Contro, Cuornu Lnv-

ronmentu lrotecton Agency. C exporuton und producton vustes ntutve.
Muy 2002 ut 6, Shurp, Renee und Auyuud. Lnvronmentu \orkng Croup.
Cuornu reguutors: see no ruckng, speuk no ruckng. lebruury 20l2 ut 9 to l0.
2 Zoduc Lxporuton lnc. lress Reeuse. Zoduc updutes stutus o l-l0 ve compe-
ton. lebruury l3, 20l2.
3 leey, Ceneru l.X. et u. Securng Amercu's luture Lnergy. 1he nev Amercun o
boom: mpcutons or energy securty. Muy 20l2 ut 5 to l2.
4 lreemun, }ohn und Ler, Duvd L. Ruymond }umes & Assocutes. A goden opportu-
nty n the Coden Stute: u Monterey Shue prmer. December 20, 20l0 ut l, 1ght
C Reservors Cuornu 20l2. Conerence ugendu. ukersed, Cuornu. Muy
3031, 2012.
Food & Water Watch vorks to ensure the ood, vuter und sh ve consume s sue, uccessbe
und sustunube. So ve cun u enoy und trust n vhut ve eut und drnk, ve hep peope tuke
churge o vhere ther ood comes rom, keep ceun, uordube, pubc tup vuter ovng reey to
our homes, protect the envronmentu quuty o oceuns, orce government to do ts ob protectng
ctzens, und educute ubout the mportunce o keepng shured resources under pubc contro.
Copyright May 2012 by food & Watcr Watch. All rights reserved. This issue brief can be viewed or downloaded at www.foodandwaterwatch.org.
5 Nugy ut 6, Sum, Lsu. C & Cus Accountubty lroect. Cur drnkng vuter
resources ut rsk: vhut LlA und the o und gus ndustry don't vunt us to knov ubout
hydruuc ructurng. Apr 2005 ut l9.
6 Trehan, Rakesh et al. Acdzng optmzuton: Monterey Shue, Cuornu. luper
presented ut the Socety o letroeum Lngneers \estern Regonu Meetng, ukers-
ed, Cuornu. Murch l923, 20l2 ut 3, Sum ut l9.
7 Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton. Mup o o, gus und geothermu eds n
Cuornu. 200l. Avuube ut tp://tp.consrv.cu.gov/pub/o/mups/Mup_S-l.pd.
Accessed Muy 7, 20l2.
8 Cuornu lubc Resources Code 3l06(b) (20l2).
9 Shurp und Auyuud ut 7 to 8 und l3, Hugstrm, Lur. Sedgvck Luv. lruckng n
Cuornu: expected ncreuse n stute ruckng operutons prompts egsutve ucton.
August 2011.
l0 Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton. Cuornu Luvs or Conservuton o letro-
eum & Cus. Apr 20l2 ut l7.
11 Nagy at 1, 6 and 10.
l2 Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton, Dvson o C, Cus und Ceothermu Re-
sources. 20ll lremnury Report o Cuornu C und Cus lroducton Stutstcs.
Apr 20l2 ut 2.
l3 Chuzen, Stephen l. lresdent und CLC, Cccdentu letroeum Corporuton. lresentu-
ton ut the Hovurd \e 40th Annuu Lnergy Conerence. Murch 27, 20l2 ut l9.
l4 lruclocus. Dutu uvuube ut http://vvv.hydruucructurngdscosure.org/
rucocusnd/. Accessed Muy 4, 20l2.
l5 Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton (20l2) ut 7.
16 Nagy at 13.
l7 Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton, Dvson o C, Cus und Ceothermu Re-
sources. 2009 Annuu Report o the Stute C & Cus Supervsor. 20l0 ut 9.
l8 lreemun und Ler ut 2, Nutonu letroeum Counc. lrudent deveopment: reu-
zng the potentu o North Amercu's ubundunt nuturu gus und o resources.
September 20ll ut l46, Lnversty o North Dukotu, Lnergy und Lnvronmentu
Reseurch Center. Competon und Stmuuton. Avuube ut http://vvv.undeerc.
org/bukken/competon.uspx. Accessed Muy 6, 20l2.
l9 Resnko, Murvn et u. Rudouctve \uste Munugement Assocutes. Report pre-
pured or Resdents or the lreservuton o Lovmun und Chemung. Rudouctvty
n Murceus Shue. Muy l9, 20l0 ut 7, Mu, Amy und Dunne Donney. Nuturu
Resources Deense Counc. letton or Ruemukng lursuunt to Secton 6974(u) o
the Resource Conservuton und Recovery Act. September 8, 20l0 ut l0.
20 Resnikoff et al. at 7 to 8.
21 Ibid. at 7 to 8.
22 Ibid. ut 8, North Curonu Depurtments o Lnvronment und Nuturu Resources, Com-
merce, und }ustce und RAll-LSA. Drut. North Curonu C und Cus Study under
Sesson Luv 20ll-276. Murch 20l2 ut l90.
23 Ibid. at 189 to 190.
24 Nagy at 10 and 13.
25 Mer, }eremy. Cuornu drought s no probem or lern County o producers.
Circle of Blue. August 24, 2010 at 3.
26 Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton (20l0) ut l73 und 20l.
27 Ibid.
28 Nugy ut 6 und l0, Lnted Stutes Lnvronmentu lrotecton Agency (L.S. LlA). lun
to Study the lotentu lmpucts o Hydruuc lructurng on Drnkng \uter Resourc-
es. (LlA/600/R-ll/l22). November 20ll ut 43.
29 Nugy ut 6 und l0, L.S. LlA lun to study. (20ll) ut 43, Sders, Duvd. lermts
ov ugun or rsky o drng process n vuke o rovn rngs. The Sacramento
Bee. Muy 3, 20l2.
30 Lrbnu, lun. Reguuton ux us gus ves' tunted vuter hts rvers. The New York
Times. lebruury 26, 20ll, 76 L.S. led. Reg. 66286, 66296 (Cctober 26, 20ll), Mu
und Donney (20l0) ut 8 to 9.
31 Sumi at 19 to 20.
32 Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton (20l2) ut l2 und l7.
33 Ibid. at 4.
34 Sum ut 24 to 25, L.S. LlA lun to study. ut 43.
35 Lnted Stutes House o Representutves. Commttee on Lnergy und Commerce.
Mnorty Stu Report. Chemcus used n hydruuc ructurng. Apr 20ll ut 9.
36 Ibid. at 10.
37 Lrbnu (lebruury 26, 20ll), 76 L.S. led. Reg. 66286, 66296 (Cctober 26, 20ll).
38 Mer, }eremy. 1he coonzuton o lern County. Orion Magazine. }unuury/lebru-
ary 2011 at 7.
39 Lustgurten, Abruhm. ured Secrets: ls nuturu gus drng endungerng L.S. vuter
suppes: ProPublica. November 13, 2008.
40 Myers, 1om. lotentu contumnunt puthvuys rom hydruucuy ructured shue to
uquers. Ground Water. Apr l7, 20l2.
41 Ibid. ut 3 to 4, ruutto, Cuudo et u. lrom mud to cement budng gus ves.
6PSLSK9L]PL^Autumn 2003 ut 63, Dusseuut, Muurce . et u. \hy oves
euk: cement behuvor und ong-term consequences. luper presented ut the Socety
o letroeum Lngneers lnternutonu C und Cus Conerence und Lxhbton, e-
ng, Chnu. November 7l0, 2000 ut l.
42 Lrbnu, lun. A 1unted \uter \e, und Concern 1here Muy e More. The New
York Times. August 3, 2011.
43 Csborn, Stephen C. et u. Methune contumnuton o drnkng vuter uccompunyng
gus-ve drng und hydruuc ructurng. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences, vo. l08, ss. 20. Muy l7, 20ll ut 8l73 und 8l75.
44 L.S. LlA. lnvestguton o Cround \uter Contumnuton neur luvon, \yomng.
Drut. (LlA 600/R-00/000). December 20ll ut x.
45 76 L.S. led. Reg. 52758, (August 23, 20ll), L.S. LlA lun to study. ut 70.
46 76 L.S. led. Reg. 52758, (August 23, 20ll), Mclenze, Lsu M. et u. Humun
heuth rsk ussessment o ur emssons rom deveopment o unconventonu nuturu
gus resources. :JPLUJLVM[OL;V[HS,U]PYVUTLU[ vo. 424. Muy 20l2 ut 79 to 87.
47 L.S. House o Representutves (Apr 20ll) ut ll.
48 Coborn, 1heo et u. Nuturu Cus Cperutons rom u lubc Heuth lerspectve.
0U[LYUH[PVUHS1V\YUHSVM/\THUHUK,JVSVNPJHS9PZR(ZZLZZTLU[ vol. 17, iss. 5.
September 20ll ut l04l und l042.
49 Ibid. at 1042.
50 Stengruber, Sundru. lthucu Coege. 1estmony on Heuth lmpucts o Hydruuc lruc-
turng 1echnques. Assemby Stundng Commttee on Lnvronmentu Conservuton
und Heuth. Nev York Stute Assemby. Muy 26, 20ll ut ll und l2.
5l umberger, Mchee und Robert L. Csvud. lmpucts o gus drng on humun und
unmu heuth.5L^:VS\[PVUZ:JPLU[PJ:VS\[PVUZ vol. 22, iss. 1. January 2012 at
5l to 77, Lustgurten, Abruhm und Nchous lusnetz. Scence ugs us heuth prob-
ems emerge neur gus eds. lrolubcu. September l6, 20ll.
52 umberger und Csvud ut 5l to 77, Lustgurten und lusnetz.
53 Mclenze et u. ut 79 to 87.
54 Cruver, Meud. \yomng s beset by u bg-cty probem: Smog. The Associated
Press. Murch 8, 20ll.
55 Coysten, Hennng und Aessundru lrentce. Lxcusve: L.S. shue cuuses rse n
vuste gus pouton. 9L\[LYZMuy 2, 20l2, Myhrvod, Nuthun und len Cuderu.
Creenhouse guses, cmute chunge und the trunston rom cou to ov-curbon
eectrcty. ,U]PYVUTLU[HS9LZLHYJO3L[[LYZ vo. 7, ss. l. lebruury 20l2 ut 4 to 5,
letron, Cubree et u. Hydrocurbon emssons churucterzuton n the Coorudo
lront Runge: A pot study. 1V\YUHSVM.LVWO`ZPJHS9LZLHYJO([TVZWOLYLZ vol.
ll7. lebruury 2l, 20l2, \gey, 1om M.L. Cou to gus: the nuence o methune
eukuge. Climatic Change, vo. l08, ss. 3. Cctober 20ll ut 60l to 607, Hovurth,
Robert \. et u. Methune und the greenhouse-gus ootprnt o nuturu gus rom shue
ormutons. Climatic Change, vo. l06, no. 4. }une 20ll ut 679, 1yndu Centre or
Cmute Chunge Reseurch. Lnversty o Munchester. Shue gus: u provsonu us-
sessment o cmute chunge und envronmentu mpucts. }unuury 20ll ut 6.
56 lntergovernmentu lune on Cmute Chunge. Cmute Chunge 2007: Synthess
Report. 2007 ut 48.
57 Sorughun, Mke. \ustevuter necton ve spurked eurthquuke Cho ocus.
E&E Publishing, LLC. Murch 9, 20l2.
58 Mshuk, Mchue }. rovn ordered rng o reguutor vho took hurd ne on o
rms. 3VZ(UNLSLZ;PTLZ}unuury 29, 20l2, Sders (20l2).
59 Ibid.
60 Ibid.; 1ght C Reservors Cuornu 20l2.
6l Cuornu Depurtment o Conservuton (20l0) ut l73, l98 to l99, Cuornu Depurt-
ment o Conservuton (200l), uchunun, \yutt. Cuornu vuter proect von't be
decded ut po. San Francisco Chronicle. lebruury 27, 20l2, \uker, Rchurd und
Mchue Storper. 1he expundng Cuornu vuter system. ln lockemun, \um }.
et u. (Lds.). (l98l). San Francisco Bay: Use and Protection. AAAS lucc Dvson ut
173.
62 Mer (20ll) ut 3 to 4.
63 lubc Ctzen. Hov corporutons ure cushng n Cuornu's vuter. December
2003 at 6 to 8.
64 umberger und Csvud ut 5l, Lustgurten und lusnetz.
65 Chrstopherson, Susun und Ned Rghtor. Hov shue gus extructon uects drng
ocutes: vhut pocy mukers need to knov. International Journal of Town and City
Management. Sprng 20l2 ut 2, Neder, Chrs. Lnergy ndependence, or mpendng
o shocks: SmartPlanet. February 22, 2012.