4G TECHNOLOGY

ABSTRACT
The ever increasing growth of user demand, the limitation of the third generation of wireless mobile communication systems and the emergence of new broadband technologies on the market have brought researches and industries to a thought reflection on the 4G. 4G is an abbreviation for Fourth Generation, is term used to describe the next complete evolution in wireless communications. A 4G system will be able to provide a comprehensive IP solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be given to the user on an Anytime, Anywhere basis, and at higher data rates than the previous generations. As the second generation is a total replacement of the first generation networks and handsets; and the third generation was a total replacement of second generation networks and handsets; so too the fourth generation cannot be an incremental evolution of current 3G technologies, but rather the total replacement of current 3G network technologies and handsets. The international telecommunication regulatory and standardization bodies are working for commercial deployment of 4G networks roughly in the 2010-2015 time scale. There is no formal definition for what 4G is; however, there are certain objectives that are projected for 4G. These objectives include, that 4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system. 4G will be capable of providing higher data rates both indoors and outdoors, with premium quality and high security. A descendant to 2G and 3G aiming to provide the very high data transfer rates. This technology can provide very speedy wireless internet access to not only stationary users but also to the mobile users. This technology is expected to trounce the deficiencies of 3G technology in terms of speed and quality. 4G can be best described in one word MAGIC, which stands for Mobile multimedia Anytime Anywhere Global mobility support, integrated wireless and personalized services.

1. INTRODUCTION
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The first generation wireless mobile communication systems were introduced in early eighties and second generation systems in the late 1980s was intended primarily for transmission of voice. The second generation of wireless mobile communication systems was a huge success story because of its revolutionary technology and the services that it brought to its users. Besides high quality speech services, global mobility was a strong and convincing reason for users to buy 2G terminals. The third generation has been launched in several parts of the world, but the success story of 2G is hard to repeat. One reason for this assertion is that the evolution from 2G towards 3G has brought only few novel additional services, which leave the business model largely unchanged and may not be enough to encourage the customers to change their equipment. Following the paradigm of generational changes, it was originally expected that the fourth generation would follow sequentially after 3G and emerge between 2010 and 2015 as an ultra-high-speed broadband wireless network. There is clearly a need for methodological change in the design of 4G. The approaching 4G wireless system are projected to solve still remaining problems of 3G systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from high-quality video to high-definition video through high-data rates wireless channels. The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband wireless access communication systems, not only cellular telephone systems. Fourth generation wireless system is a packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput. It is designed to be cost effective and to provide high spectral efficiency. The 4G wireless communication technology uses Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, Software Defined Radio and Smart Antennas. The continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscribers, wireless network access, mobile services and applications. Already, as we move from 2G to 3G the convergence of communications and computing is central to the realisation of the new generation of services and applications. Digital technology enables dynamic adaptation of systems, and intercommunicating software embedded in networks and terminals
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allows efficient control of the new networks. This is accentuated as we move from 3G to 4G, extending the range and bit rate of services and bringing about the convergence of fixed, mobile and broadcast networks, service provision and terminal types. In the 1G to 2G transition, as well as a transition from analogue to digital we saw a mono-service to multi-service transition. From 2G to 3G, as well as a mono-media to multimedia transition we are also seeing a transition from person-to-person to person-to-machine interactions, with users accessing video, Internet/intranet and database feeds. The 3G to 4G transition, supported by such technologies, will see a transition towards a pre-dominance of automated and autonomously initiated machine-to-machine interactions. 4G, then, must itself be dynamic and adaptable in all aspects, with built-in intelligence. Thus a software system rather than a hard-and-fixed physical system is indicated. Integration, needed to reflect the convergence issues already mentioned, is also a key to 4G, in particular integration of the radio access and the core network elements, which must be designed as a whole rather than segmented as in the past

2. HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile services from the first generation to the fourth generation are as follows.

4G TECHNOLOGY

The first generation wireless mobile communication systems were introduced in early eighties. The earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental problems were solved by these early systems. Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around the world during the 1980s. The 2G systems designed in the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G systems provided circuit switched data communication services at a low speed. The initial systems used analog frequency modulation where as the second as well as the subsequent mobile systems use digital communication techniques with TDM, FDM or CDMA. The third generation wireless systems which are just getting introduced in the world markets offer considerably higher data rates, and allow significant improvements over the 2G systems. The 3G wireless systems were proposed to provide voice and paging services to provide interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access and variety of other services. However, these systems offer wide area network coverage of 384 kbps peak rates and limited coverage for 2 Mbps. An interim step is being taken between 2G and 3G, the 2.5g. an important aspect of 2.5g is that the data channels are optimised for packet data, which introduce access to the internet from mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA or laptop. However, the demand for higher access speed multimedia communication in todays society, which greatly depends on computer communication in digital format, seems unlimited. Following the paradigm of generational changes, it was originally expected that the fourth generation would follow sequentially after 3G and emerge between 2010 and 2015 as an ultra-high-speed broadband wireless network. The development from first generation analogue systems (1985) to second generation (2G) digital GSM (1992) was the heart of the digital revolution. But much more than this it was a huge success for standardisation emanating from Europe and gradually spreading globally. However, world-wide roaming still presents some problems with pockets of US standards IS-95 (a code division multiple access [CDMA]
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rather than a time division multiple access [TDMA] digital system) and IS- 136 (a TDMA variant) still entrenched in some countries. Extensions to GSM (2G) via GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) (E-GPRS) as well as WAP and i-mode (so called 2.5G) will allow the transmission of higher data rates as well as speech prior to the introduction of 3G. Third generation (3G) systems were standardised in 1999. These include IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications 2000), which was standardised within ITU-R and includes the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) European standard from ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute), the US derived CDMA 2000 and the Japanese NTT DoCoMo W-CDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) system. Such systems extend services to (multirate) high-quality multimedia and to convergent networks of fixed, cellular and satellite components. The radio air interface standards are based upon W-CDMA (UTRA FDD and UTRA TDD in UMTS, multicarrier CDMA 2000 and single carrier UWC-136 on derived US standards). The core network has not been standardised, but a group of threeevolved GSM (MAP), evolved ANSI41 (from the American National Standards Institute) and IP-based are all candidates. Bluetooth (another standard not within the 3G orbit, but likely to be associated with it) is a short-range system that addresses such applications. Thus services from a few bits per second up to 2Mbit/s can be envisioned. Whereas 2G operates in 900 and 1800/1900MHz frequency bands, 3G is intended to operate in wider bandwidth allocations at 2GHz. These new frequency bands will provide wider bandwidths for some multimedia services and the first allocations have been made in some countries via spectrum auctions (e.g. in the UK, Holland and Germany) or beauty contests (in France and Italy). The opportunity has also been taken to increase competition by allowing new operators into the bands as well as extending existing operator licences. These new systems will comprise microcells as well as macrocells in order to deliver the higher capacity services efficiently. 3G and 2G will continue to coexist for some time with optimisation of service provision between them. Various modes of delivery will be used to improve coverage in urban, suburban and rural areas, with satellite (and possibly HAPShigh
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altitude platform stations) playing a role. The story of the evolution of mobile radio generations is summed up in Fig. 2.

Fig 2: Evolution of mobile radio generation Already, as we move from 2G to 3G the convergence of communications and computing is central to the realisation of the new generation of services and applications. Digital technology enables dynamic adaptation of systems, and intercommunicating software embedded in networks and terminals allows efficient control of the new networks. This is accentuated as we move from 3G to 4G, extending the range and bit rate of services and bringing about the convergence of fixed, mobile and broadcast networks.

3. ABOUT 4G

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This new generation wireless is intended to complement and replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data, pictures, video, and so on, are the key features of 4G infrastructure. The future 4G infrastructures will consists of a set of a various networks using IP as a common protocol so that the users are in control because they will be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the developing trends of mobile communication, 4G will have broader bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker hand-off and will focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services of interests to the users. These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the personal preferences of different users and support the users quality of services. Connection with the network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of information will be the mobile telephone, PDA and laptop to seamlessly access the voice communication, high speed information services, and the entertainment broadcast services. The fourth generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to private; operator driven broadband networks to personal areas; and ad hoc networks. The 4G systems will incorporate with 2G and 3G, as well as with digital broadcasting systems. In addition 4G systems will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all encompassing integrated perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation intends to integrate from satellite broadband to high altitude platforms to cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (wireless local loop) and FWA (fixed wireless access) and PAN (personal area networks).

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Technology Design Began Implementation Services

1G 1970 1984 Analog voice, Synchrono us data To 9.6 kbps AMPS, TACS, NMT, etc 1.9 kbps FDMA PSTN

2G 1980 1991 Digital voice, short messages

2.5G 1985 1999 Higher capacity, packetized data

3G 1990 2002 Higher capacity, broadband data up to 2 Mbps

Standards Data Bandwidth Multiplexing Core Networks

TDMA,C DMA,GS M, PDC 14.4kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN

GPRS, EDGE, 1xRTT 384 kbps TDMA, CDMA

WCDMA, CDMA 2000 2 Mbps CDMA

4G 2000 2010? Higher capacity, completely IP oriented, multimedia, data to hundreds of megabytes. Single Standard

200 Mbps CDMA? Internet

PSTN, Packet packet network network Table 3: Comparison of Features

LEGEND:
1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps AMPS EDGE access TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access Systems PSTN Access WCDMA = Wideband CDMA = Public Switched Telephone Network CDMA = Code Division for Multiple GPRS = General Packet Radio = Advanced Mobile Phone Service = Enhanced Data for Global Evolution GSM = Global System for Mobile PDC = Personal Digital Cellular FDMA = frequency division multiple

3.1 Terminal Heterogeneity and Network Heterogeneity

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In order to be a step ahead of 3G, 4G must not only provide higher data rate but also a clear and tangible advantage in peoples everyday life. Therefore, we believe that the success of 4G will consist of a combination of terminal heterogeneity and network heterogeneity. Terminal heterogeneity refers to the different type of terminals in terms of their display size, energy consumption, portability/weight, complexity, and so forth. Network heterogeneity is related to the increasing heterogeneity of wireless networks due to the proliferation in the number of access technologies available like UMTS, WiMAX, Wi-Fi and Blootooth). These heterogeneous wireless access networks typically differ in terms of coverage, data rate, latency, and loss rate. Therefore, each of them is practically designed to support a different set of specific services and devices. Furthermore, the capabilities of the terminal in use will determine whether new services are to be provisioned, so as to offer the best enjoyment to the user and prevent declining interest and elimination of service offering. This concept is referred to as service personalization. It implicitly constrains the limitation may be solved by the development of devices with evolutionary design. A naive example can clearly this concept: in the case where a user has a watch-phone on which he would like to see a football match, simply by pressing a button on the watchs side, a self extracting monitor with a larger display can emerge. Therefore, having the most adaptable device in terms of design can provide customers with the most complete application package, thus maximising the number of services supported. By mean of a personalization transfer. In the case where the user has a watch-phone on which he would like to see a video, he does not need to possess larger display terminals, as all the publicly available terminals can be borrowed and a strong preliminary consideration of the user are a more relevant and appropriate approach to the design. The following are some possible features of the 4G systems:

Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and

other

broadband services.
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High speed, high capacity and low cost per bit. Global mobility, service portability, scalable mobile networks. Seamless switching, variety of services based on Quality of Services requirements. Better scheduling and call admission control techniques.

3.2 Limitations of 3G and Drivers for 4G

From its basic conception to the time of roll-out took around ten years for 2G; a similar period will apply to 3G, which will commence service in 2001/2 and reach full deployment by 2005. Thus by 2010 it will be time to deploy 4G networks and, working backwards with the ten year cycle, it is clear that the year 2000 is appropriate to start with visions for 4G and a research programme aimed at the key issues. The Mobile VCEs second phase research programme has been constructed to meet this aim. The starting point was to look at current trends. Here we see a phenomenal growth in mobiles with an estimated global user base that will exceed one billion by 2003. Already mobile communications exceed fixed communications in several countries and it is foreseen that mobile communications will subsume fixed by 2010 (fixedmobile convergence will be complete). Currently short messaging is booming, especially among the younger generation, with averages of upwards of 100 messages per month dominating monthly bills. Business take-up of SMS via information services is also increasing and providing a start for mobile e-commerce, but this is currently very much limited by the bit rates available. This will be improved with the introduction of GPRS. In Europe the WAP system (using Wireless Markup LanguageWML) has been slow to gain market ground; in contrast, in Japan NTT DoC0oMos i-mode system had over 10 million subscribers by summer 2000 and is picking up 50000 new customers per day. Customers are already browsing the Internet, exchanging e-mail, conducting banking and stock transactions, making flight reservations and checking news and weather via HTML- based (Hyper Text Markup Language) text information on their phones. Java is expected to be available on i-mode
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phones soon, allowing the download of agents, games etc. and the introduction of location-based services. In Japan, the number of net phones has now passed the number of wired Internet customers and is setting the trend that others will surely follow when 3G opens up more bandwidth and improved quality. Thus 3G will provide a significant step in the evolution of mobile personal communications. Mobility appears to be one of the fundamental elements in the evolution of the information society. As service provision based on network centric architectures gradually gives way to the edge-centric architectures, access is needed from more and more places at all times. But can 3G deliver? It is true that 3G can support multimedia Internet-type services at improved speeds and quality compared to 2G. The W-CDMA based airinterface has been designed to provide improved high-capacity coverage for medium bit rates (384 kbit/s) and limited coverage at up to 2Mbit/s (in indoor environments). Statistical multiplexing on the air also improves the efficiency of packet mode transmission. However, there are limitations with 3G as follows: Extension to higher data rates is difficult with CDMA due to It is difficult to provide a full range of multirate services, all with

excessive interference between services. different QoS and performance requirements due to the constraints imposed on the core network by the air interface standard. For example, it is not a fully integrated system. In addition, the bandwidth available in the 2GHz bands allocated for 3G will soon become saturated and there are constraints on the combination of frequency and time division duplex modes imposed by regulators to serve different environments efficiently. By the year 2010, one of the key enabling technology developments will be embedded radiothe widespread availability and use of the $1 radio chip, which will evolve from short-range wireless developments such as Bluetooth. Embedded radio will eventually become as common as embedded microprocessors are today, with perhaps 50 such devices in the typical home, the user
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being mostly unaware of their presence. As they interact, in response to the user arriving home for example, they will form a home area network (HAN). Similarly, such devices will be present in large numbers in vehicles (the vehicular area network, or VAN), in personal belongings (the personal area network, or PAN), in the public environment, etc. Such chips will serve as a means of short-range communication between objects and devices, offering capabilities for monitoring and control, in most cases without the knowledge or intervention of the user. As a person moves between these environments such short-range links will allow their personal profiles and preferences to move with them, with the hotel room automatically configuring itself to their personal preferred temperatures, TV channels/interests, lighting etc. However, the integration of such links with wide-area mobile access will enable far more powerful service concepts, as mobile agents access this pervasive network of sensors and access information on the users behalf to perform and even pre-empt their needs and wishes. In the 1G to 2G transition, as well as a transition from analogue to digital we saw a mono-service to multi-service transition. From 2G to 3G, as well as a mono-media to multimedia transition we are also seeing a transition from person-to-person to person-to-machine interactions, with users accessing video, Internet/intranet and database feeds. The 3G to 4G transition, supported by such technologies, will see a transition towards a pre-dominance of automated and autonomously initiated machine-to-machine interactions. Such developments will of course be accompanied by ongoing evolution of already anticipated 3G services, such as: send/receive e-mail Internet browsing (information) on-line transactions (e-business) location-dependent information company database access large-file transfer.
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These services in themselves represent an increase in requirements for accessing information, for business and commercial transactions, as well as for a raft of new location-dependent information services, all including significantly higher bit-rate requirements. There is a requirement for a mixture of unicast, multicast and broadcast service delivery with dynamic variation between application services both spatially and temporally. Above all, there is a demand for ease of user access and manipulation, with minimal user involvementcomplexity hidden from the userand intelligence to learn and adapt with use. From the above it will be seen that 4G will need to be highly dynamic in terms of support for: the users traffic air interfaces and terminal types radio environments quality-of-service types mobility patterns. 4G, then, must itself be dynamic and adaptable in all aspects, with built-in intelligence. Thus a software system rather than a hard-and-fixed physical system is indicated. Integration, needed to reflect the convergence issues already mentioned, is also a key to 4G, in particular integration of the radio access and the core network elements, which must be designed as a whole rather than segmented as in the past. Key drivers to 4G will be:

a multitude of diverse devices (distributed, embedded, wearable) predominance of machine-to-machine communications location-dependent and e-business applications the extension of IF protocols to mobility and range of QoS privacy and security dynamic networking and air-interfaces improved coverage mechanisms
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3.3 4G visions mapping to research topics

The Mobile VCE vision for 2010 is embodied in the five key elements shown in Fig. 3.1 and detailed as follows:

Fully converged services: Personal communications, information

systems, broadcast and entertainment will have merged into a seamless pool of content available according to the users requirement. The user will have access to a wider range of services and applications, available conveniently, securely and in a manner reflecting the users personal preferences.

Ubiquitous mobile access: The dominant mode of access to this pool

of content will be mobile, accounting for all voice communications, the majority of highspeed information services, and a significant proportion of broadcast and entertainment services. Mobile access to commercial and retail services will be the norm, replacing current practices in most cases.

Diverse user devices: The user will be served by a wide variety of

low-cost mobile devices to access content conveniently and seamlessly. These devices will commonly be wearablein some cases disposable and will normally be powered independently of the mains. Devices will interact with users in a multi sensory manner, encompassing not only speech, hearing and sight but also the other human senses, and biological and environmental data pertinent to the application. Special devices tailored for people with disabilities will be common place

Autonomous networks: Underlying these systems will be highly

autonomous adaptive networks capable of self-management of their structure to meet the changing and evolving demands of users for both services and capacity. Efficient and cost-effective use of the radio spectrum will be an essential element of their operation, and here, too, autonomy and self- management will be the norm.

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Software dependency: Intelligent mobile agents will exist

throughout the networks and in user devices, and will act continually to simplify tasks and ensure transparency to the user. These mobile agents will act at all levels, from managing an individual users content preferences to organising and reconfiguring major elements of networks.

Fig 3.1: Key elements of 4G vision Research challenges Analysis of the underlying technical challenges raised by the above vision and its five elements has produced three research areas: Networks and services, Software based systems, Wireless access. These form the basis of the Mobile VCE Phase 2 research programme. Networks and services The aim of 3G is to provide multimedia multi rate mobile communications anytime and anywhere, though this aim can only be partially met. It will be uneconomic to meet this requirement with cellular mobile radio only. 4G will extend the scenario to an all-IP network (access + core) that integrates broadcast, cellular, cordless, WLAN (wireless local area network), short-range systems and fixed wire. The vision is of integration across these networkair interfaces and of a variety of radio environments on a common, flexible and expandable platform a network of networks with distinctive radio access connected to a seamless IP-based core network

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Fig 3.2: seamless connection of networks

The functions contained in this vision will be: interfaces A vertical view of this 4G vision (Fig. 3.3) shows the layered structure of hierarchical cells that facilitates optimisation for different applications and in different radio environments. In this depiction we need to provide global roaming across all layers. a connection layer between the radio access and the IP core internetworking between access schemes inter and intra ability to interface with a range of new and existing radio including mobility management system, handover, QoS negotiations, security and mobility

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Fig 3.3 vertical hierarchial networks Both vertical and horizontal handover between different access schemes will be available to provide seamless service and quality of service. Network re-configurability is a means of achieving the above scenario. This encompasses terminal re-configurability, which enables the terminal to roam across the different air interfaces by exchanging configuration software (derived from the software radio concept). It also provides dynamic service flexibility and trading of access across the different networks by dynamically optimising the network nodes in the end-to- end connection. This involves reconfiguration of protocol stacks, programmability of network nodes and re-configurability of base stations and terminals. The requirement is for a distributed reconfiguration control. Fig. 3.4 demonstrates both internal node and external network re-configurability.For internal reconfiguration the functionality of the network nodes must be controlled before, during and after reconfiguration and compliance to transmission standards and regulations must be facilitated. External reconfiguration management is required to monitor traffic, to ensure that the means for transport between terminals and network gateways (or other end points) are synchronised (e.g. by conforming to standards) and to ensure that the databases/content servers needed for downloadable reconfiguration software are provided.
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Fig 3.4: Reconfiguration of mobile systems The research challenges are to provide mechanisms to implement internal and external configuration, to define and identify application programming interfaces (APIs) and to design mechanisms to ensure that reconfigured network nodes comply with regulatory standards. An example of evolved system architectures is a combination of ad hoc and cellular topologies. A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile routers (and connected hosts) connected by wireless links. The routing and hosts are free to move randomly and organise themselves

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arbitrarily; thus the network wireless topology can change rapidly. Such a network can exist in a stand-alone form or be connected to a larger internet (as shown in Fig. 3.5).

Fig 3.5: An integrated ad hoc wireless system In the current cellular systems, which are based on a star-topology, if the base stations are also considered to be mobile nodes the result becomes a network of mobile nodes in which a base station acts as a gateway providing a bridge between two remote ad hoc networks or as a gateway to the fixed network. This architecture of hybrid star and ad hoc networks has many benefits; for example it allows self-reconfiguration and adaptability to highly variable mobile characteristics (e.g. channel conditions, traffic distribution variations, load-balancing) and it helps to minimise inaccuracies in estimating the location of mobiles. Together with the benefits there are also some new challenges, which mainly reside in the unpredictability of the network topology due to mobility of the nodes; this unpredictability, coupled with the local-broadcast capability,
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provides new challenges in designing a communication system on top of an ad hoc wireless network. The following will be required: support wireless service location protocols wireless dynamic host configuration protocols distributed LAC and QoS-based routing schemes. In mobile IP networks we cannot provide absolute quality-of-service guarantees, but various levels of quality can be guaranteed at a cost to other resources. As the complexity of the networks and the range of the services increase there is a trade-off between resource management costs and quality of service that needs to be optimised. The whole issue of resource management in a mobile IP network is a complex trade-off of signalling, scalability, delay and offered QoS. As already mentioned, in 4G we will encounter a whole range of new multi rate services, whose traffic models in isolation and in mixed mode need to be further examined. It is likely that aggregate models will not be sufficient for the design and dynamic control of such networks. The effects of traffic scheduling, MAC and CAC (connection admission control) and mobility will be required to devise the dimensioning tools needed to design 4G networks. Software systems We have already seen in the previous subsection that to effect terminal and network node re-configurability we need a middleware layer. This consists of network intelligence in the form of object-oriented distributed processing and supporting environments that offer the openness necessary to break down traditional boundaries to interoperability and uniform service provision. The mobile software agent approach is an especially important building block as it offers the ability to cope with the complexities of distributed systems. Such building blocks may reside at one time in the terminal and then in the network; or they may be composed of other objects that
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distributed MAC (medium access control) and dynamic routing

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themselves are mobile. Within the mobile system there exists a range of objects whose naming, addressing and location are key new issues. A further step in this development is the application of the Web-service-model rather than the client/server principle; recent industry tendencies show a shift towards this paradigm and XML (extensible Mark up Language) is seen as the technology of the future for Web-based distributed services. However this technology has yet to prove its scalability and suitability for future application in mobile networks. In addition to the network utilities there will be a range of applications and services within 4G that also have associated with them objects, interfaces (APIs) and protocols. It is the entirety of different technologies that underlies the middleware for the new 4G software system. The killer application for 4G is likely to be the personal mobile assistant (PMA)in effect the software complement to the personal area networkthat will organise, share and enhance all of our daily routines and life situations. It will provide a range of functions including: Ability to learn from experiences and to build on personal Decision capability to organise routine functions with other

experiences, i.e. to have intelligence PMAs and network data bases, e.g. diary, travel arrangements, holidays, prompts (shopping, haircut, theatre, birthdays, etc.) A range of communication modes: voice, image (with image superimposition via head-up displays such as glasses or retinal overlays), multiparty meetings (including live action video of us and our current environment), etc. of any sort warnings Vehicle positioning and route planning, auto pilot and pedestrian Provision of navigation and positioning information and thus of Detecting and reporting the location of children, pets and objects location-dependent services:

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services and car dealers)

Automatic reporting of accidents (to insurance companies, rescue Knowledge provision via intelligent browsing of the Internet E-business facilities for purchasing and payment Health monitoring and provision of warnings Of course the key to all this is mobilitywe need to have the PMA whenever and wherever we are, and this places additional complexity on network and service objects and the agents that process them. Aspects of security pervade the whole of this area. Rules of authentication, confidentiality, scalability and availability must now be applied to objects that are continuously mobile. A whole set of conditions that are valid at one time and place maybe invalid if transferred to another. Integrity and correctness issues must be considered when mechanisms that support applications are used in practice in the presence of other; distributed algorithms. For issues such as liveness, safety and boundednessconsistency, isolation and durability execution semantics need to be evidenced for extension to the mobile environment. Distributed management tools, in a complementary way, will allow a certain level of monitoring (including collection of data for analysis), control and troubleshooting. The management tools currently available do not encompass mobility efficiently and hence this is another important area of research. The aim of the research in this area is to develop tools that can be used in 4G software systems. The following specific scenarios are being addressed in order to focus the issues:

E-commerce, including micro transactions, share trading and Home services, ranging from terminal enhancements (e.g.

internal business transactions enhancing the display capabilities by using the TV screen as a display unit for the terminal) to security systems and housekeeping tasks

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scenario.

Transportation systems: Itinerary support, ticketing and location Infotainment on the move: This will demonstrate the need for Telemedicine and assistance services: Emergency team support,

services are to be targeted in this area. software and terminal reconfiguration and media-adaptation. remote/virtual operations and surveillance of heart patients are possible stages for this

This list of scenarios can be expanded arbitrarily and also into non-consumer areas (i.e. military and emergency services), however the preconditions for service delivery and demands on the network infrastructure remain the same: they will have to be adaptable to meet the user- requirements current in 2010. Support for these scenarios may be given by intelligent agents, which may represent the terminal within the network to manage the adaptations or customisations of the communication path. On an application or service layer they may additionally be used to complete business transactions for the user (e.g. booking a theatre ticket or a flight) or to support other services. Furthermore, distributed software entities (including the variety of models from objects, via agents, to the Web-service model) will encompass management and support for applications and services as well as for user and terminal mobility. Wireless access In the previous two sections we have looked at the type of network and the software platforms needed to reconfigure, adapt, manage and control a diversity of multimedia, multi rate services and network connections. We have seen that there will be a range of radio access air interfaces optimised to the environments and the service sets that they support. The re-configurability and the middleware flow through to the wireless access network. The radio part of the 4G system will be driven by the different radio environments, the spectrum constraints and the requirement to operate at varying and much higher bit rates and in a packet mode. Thus the drivers are:
Adaptive re-configurabilityalgorithms 23

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Spectral efficiencyair interface design and allocation of bandwidth Environment coverageall pervasive Softwarefor the radio and the network access It has been decided within Mobile VCE not to become involved in technology issues or in the design of terminals. This is a large area, which is much closer to products and better suited to industry. The remaining drivers are all considered within the research programme. It is possible, in principle, to increase significantly the effective bit rate capacity of a given bandwidth by using adaptive signal processing at both the base station and the mobile. In 3G systems adaptive signal processing has been restricted to the base station and so the challenge is to migrate this to the terminal and, most importantly, to make the two ends co-operative. Such techniques require close cooperation between the base and mobile stations in signalling information on channel quality, whilst making decisions and allocating resources dynamically. In addition, the capabilities of both ends of the link must be known reciprocally as the channel varies in both time and space. In order to optimise a link continuously, the wireless network must acquire and process accurate knowledge of metrics that indicate the current system performance, e.g. noise, inter- and intra-system interference, location, movement variations, and channel quality prediction. Such information and its accuracy must be passed to the higher layers of the system protocol that make decisions and effect resource allocation. The emphasis on the base station in 3G systems is obvious as this has the resources, real estate and capacity to implement the spatialtemporal digital signal processing needed for antenna arrays together with advanced receiver architectures. The challenge will be to migrate this to the much smaller terminal via efficient electronics and algorithms that will still allow a range of services and good call time. The availability of individual link metrics can also be used at a network level to optimise dynamically the network radio resources and to produce a self-planning network. Arguably the most significant driver in the wireless access is the bandwidth availability and usage and whereabouts in the spectrum
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it will fall. Currently 3G technology is based around bands at 2GHz, but limited spectrum is available, even with the addition of the expansion bands. The higher bit rates envisaged for 4G networks will require more bandwidth. Where is this to be found? The scope for a world-wide bandwidth allocation is severely constrained and, even if this were feasible, the bandwidth would be very limited. The requirements are thus for much more efficient utilisation of the spectrum and, perhaps, new ideas for system co-existence. If the bandwidth is fixed we need to seek a spectrally more efficient air interface and this involves a consideration of various multiple access, modulation, coding, equalisation/interference cancellation, power control, etc. schemes. In view of our previous comments it is clear that all components of this air interface must be dynamically adaptive. As the whole network is to be IP based this will mean extremely rapid adaptation on a burst basis. In 4G systems we need to accomplish this at much higher and variable bit rates as well as in different environments (indoor, outdoor, broadcast, etc.) and in the presence of other adaptive parameters in the air interface. In time-domain systems equalisers would need to be adaptive and this raises questions of complexity. For CDMA, systems could use multi codes and adaptive interference cancellation, which again raise complexity issues. Alternatively one could move to OFDM-like systems (as in WLANs), which offer some reduction in complexity by operating in the frequency domain but raise other issues, such as synchronisation. The choice of the air interfaces multiple access scheme and adaptive components will need to be based upon the ease of adaptation and re-configurability and on the complexity. There are also significant research challenges in this area of flexible advanced terminal architectures that are not rooted solely in physical layer problems. A further aspect of spectrum efficiency relates to the way in which regulators allocate bandwidth. m. There would then be a need for a set of rules to govern the dynamic allocation of the spectruma self organising set of systems to maximise the use of spectrum and balance the load. Given the degree of co-operation and the processing already envisioned this should be a realistic aim.

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4. GOALS OF 4G
The goal of 3G is to replace the current proliferation of core mobile networks with a single worldwide core network standard, based on IP for control, video, packet data, and voice. This will provide uniform video, voice, and data services to the mobile host, based entirely on IP. The objective is to offer seamless multimedia services to users accessing an IP-based infrastructure through heterogeneous access technologies. IP is assumed to act as an adhesive for providing global connectivity and mobility among networks.

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Fig 4: 4G-Next Generation Network An all IP based 4G wireless network has inherent advantage over its predecessors. It is compatible with and independent of the underlying radio access technology. An IP wireless network replaces the old Signalling Systems (SS7) telecommunications protocol, which is considered massively redundant. This is because SS7 signal transmission consumes a larger part of network bandwidth even when there is no signalling traffic for the simple reason that it uses a call setup mechanism to reserve bandwidth, rather time/frequency slots in the radio waves. IP networks, on the other hand, are connectionless and use the slots only when they have data to send. Hence there is optimum usage of the available bandwidth. Today, wireless communications are heavily biased toward voice, even though studies indicate that growth in wireless data traffic is rising exponentially relative to demand for voice traffic. Because an all IP core layer easily scalable, it is ideally suited to meet this challenge. The goal is a merged data/voice/multimedia network.
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4G then must itself be dynamic and adaptable in all aspects, with built-in intelligence. Thus a software system rather than a hard-and-fixed physical system is indicated. Integration, needed to reflect the convergence issues already mentioned, is also a key to 4G, in particular integration of the radio access and the core network element, which must be designed as a whole rather than segmented as in the past.

5. KEY TECHNOLOGIES
The key technologies used in 4G communication are given below.

1. OFDM 2. UWB 3. MILLIMETER WIRELESS 4. SMART ANTENNAS 5. LONG TERM POWER PREDICTION 6. SCHEDULING AMONG USERS 7. ADAPTIVE MODULATION AND POWER CONTROL 8. SDR 6.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
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OFDM, a form of multi-carrier modulation, works by dividing the data stream for transmission at a bandwidth B into N multiple and parallel bit streams, spaced B/N apart. Each of the parallel bit streams has a much lower bit rate than the original bit stream, but their summation can provide very high data rates, N orthogonal sub-carriers modulate the parallel bit streams, which are then summed up prior to the transmission.

Fig 5.1: OFDM Spectrum Using OFDM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize the radio channel usage. It ensures very robust transmission in multi-path environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDM also provides a frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance. It is also compatible with other enhancement. Each OFDM symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of sub carriers. This is not only provides additional flexibility for resource allocation, but also enables cross-layer optimization usage.

IP NETWORK

OFDM TRANSMITTER

MODULATION

RF TRANSMITTER

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IFFT MAKING IF ANALOG

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Fig 5.2: Block Diagram for Transmission

An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and encoding the data prior to the modulation. An IFFT (Inverse Fast Fourier Transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstruct the data by reversing the process. With orthogonal sub-carriers, the receiver can separate and process each sub-carrier without interference from other sub-carriers. More impervious to fading and multi-path delays than other wireless transmission techniques, OFDM provides better link and communication quality.

5.2 Ultra Wide Band

A UWB transmitter spreads its signal over a wide portion of the RF spectrum, generally 1GHz wide or more, above 3.1GHz. The FCC has chosen UWB frequencies to minimize interference to other commonly used equipment, such as television and radios. This frequency range also puts UWB equipment above the 2.4GHz range of microwave ovens and modem cordeless phones, but below 802.11 a wireless Ethernet, which operates at 5GHz. UWB equipment transmits very narrow RF pulses-low power and short pulse period means the signal. Although of wide bandwidth, falls below the threshold detection of most RF receivers. Traditional RF equipment uses an RF carrier to transmit a modulated signal in the frequency domain, moving the signal from a base band to the carrier frequency the transmitter uses. UWB is a carrier-free, since the technology works by modulating a pulse, on the order of tens of microwatts, resulting in a waveform occupying a very wide frequency domain. The wide bandwidth of a UWB signal is a two-edge sword. The signal is relatively secure against interference and has
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the potential to interfere with other wireless transmissions. In addition, the low power constraints placed on UWB by the FCC, due to its potential interference with other RF signals, significantly limits the range of UWB equipment. One distinct advantage of UWB is its immunity to multi-path distortion and interference. Multi-path propagation occurs when a transmitted signal takes different paths when propagating from source to destination. The various paths are caused by the signals bouncing off objects between the transmitter and receiver-for example furniture and walls in a house, or trees and buildings in an outdoor environment. One part of the signal may go directly to the receiver while another; deflected part will encounter delay and take longer to reach the receiver. Multi-path delay causes information symbols in the signal to overlap, confusing the receiver- this is known as inter-symbol interference (ISI). Because the signals shape conveys transmitted information, the receiver will make mistakes when demodulating the information in the signal. For long enough delays, bit errors in the packet will occur since the receiver cant distinguish the symbol and correctly interpret the corresponding bits. The short time-span of UWB waveforms-typically hundreds of picoseconds to a few nanoseconds-means that delays caused by the transmitted signal bouncing off objects are much longer than the width of the original UWB pulse, virtually eliminating ISI from overlapping signals. This makes UWB technology particularly useful for intra-structure and mobile communications applications, minimizing S/N reduction and bit errors.

5.3 Millimetre Wireless

Using millimetre-wave band (above 20GHz) for wireless service is particularly interesting due to the availability in this region of bandwidth resources committed by the governments of some countries to unlicensed cellular and other wireless applications. If deployed in a 4G system, millimetre wireless would constitute only one of several frequency bands, with the 5GHz band most likely dominant.

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5.4 Smart Antennas

A smart antenna system comprises multiple antenna elements with signal processing to automatically optimize the antennas radiation and/or reception patterns in response to the signal environment. One smart-antenna variation in particular, MIMO, shows promise in 4G systems, particularly since the antenna systems at both transmitter and receiver are usually a limiting factor when attempting to support increased data rates. MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output is a smart antenna system where smartness is considered at both transmitter and receiver. MIMO represents space-division multiplexing information signals are multiplexed on spatially separated N multiple antennas and received on M antennas. Fig: 5.3 shows a general block diagram of a MIMO system. Some systems may not employ the signal-processing block on the transmitter side. MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of IFDM generally simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by M antenna is received by N antennas. Processing of the received signals may deliver several performance improvements: range, quality of received signal and spectrum efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path signals are received. The performance in cellular deployment is still subject to research and simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas in the link. Multiple antennas at both the transmitter and the receiver provide essentially multiple parallel channels that operate simultaneously on the same frequency band and at the same time. This results in high spectral efficiencies in a rich scattering environment, since you can transmit multiple data streams or signals over the channel simultaneously. Field experiments by several organisations have shown that MIMO systems, combined with adaptive coding and modulation, interference cancellation, and beam-forming technologies, can boost useful channel capacity by at least an order of magnitude.
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Fig 5.3: General Block Diagram of MIMO Systems

Fig 5.4: Smart Antenna Technology

Features of smart antennas include:

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Beam radio signals directly at the user to follow the user as they move. Allow the same radio frequency to be used for other users without worry of Cant keep up transmission speeds while device is moving fast - Only 32Mb/s at Seamless handoff between towers/access points. One transmit antenna, two or more receive antennas. Allows connections to two access points at once.

interference. 62mph.

5.5 Long Term Power Prediction

Channels to different users will fade independently. If the channel properties of all users in a cell can be predicted a number of milliseconds ahead, then it would be possible to distribute the transmission load among the users in an optimal way while fulfilling certain specified constraints on throughput and delays. The channel time-frequency pattern will depend on the constraints on scattering environment and on velocity of the moving terminal. In order to take the advantage the channel variability, we use OFDM system with spacing between subcarriers such that no inter channel interference occurs for the worst case channel scenario. A time-frequency grid constituting of regions of one time slot and several sub-carriers is used such that the channel is fairly constant one each region. These time-frequency regions are then allocated to the different users by scheduling algorithm according to some criterion.

5.6 Scheduling Among Users

To optimize system throughput, under specified Qos requirements and delay constraints, scheduling will be used on different levels: 5.6.1 Among Sectors: In order to cope with co-channel interference among neighbouring sectors in adjacent cells, time slots are allocated according to the traffic
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load in each sector. Information on traffic load is exchanged infrequently via an inquiry procedure. In this way the interference can be minimized and higher capacity be obtained. After an inquiry to adjacent cells, the involved base stations to determine the allocation of slots to be used by each base station in each sector. This inquiry process can also include synchronization information to align the transmission of packets at different base stations to further enhance performance. 5.6.2 Among Users: Based on the time slots allocation obtained from inquiry process, the user scheduler will distribute time-frequency regions among the users of each sector based on their current channel predictions. Here different degrees of sophistication can be used to achieve different goals.

5.7 Adaptive Modulation and Power Control

In fading environment and for a highly loaded system there will almost exist users with good channel conditions. Regardless of the choice of criterion which could be either maximization of system throughput or equalization of user satisfaction, the modulated format for the schedules user is selected according to the predicts signal to noise and interference ratio. By using sufficiently small time-frequency bins the channel can be made approximately constant within bins. We can use a flat fading AWGN channel assumption. Furthermore since we have already determined the time slot allocation, via the inquiry process among adjacent cells described above we may use an aggressive power control scheme, while keeping the interference on an acceptable level. For every timeslot, the time-frequency bibs in the grid represent separate channel. For such channels the optimum rate and power allocation for maximizing the throughput can be calculated under a total average power constraint. The optimum strategy is to let one user, the one with best channel, transmit in each of the parallel channel.

5.8 Software Defined Radio

Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from todays high processing power to develop multi-band, multi-standard base station and terminals.
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Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to available radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase network capacity at a specific time, an operator will reconfigure its network adding several modems at a given Base Transceiver (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of multi-standard, pico/micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful aid to providing multi-standard, multi-band equipment with reduced development effort.

6. APPLICATIONS
4G technology is significant because users joining the network add mobile routers to the network infrastructure. Because users carry much of the network with them, network capacity and coverage is dynamically shifted to accommodate changing user patterns. As people congregate and create pockets of high demand, they also create additional routes for each other, thus enabling additional access to network capacity. Users will automatically hop away from congested routes to less congested routes. This permits the network to dynamically and automatically self-balance capacity, and increase network utilization. What may not be obvious is that when user devices act as routers, these devices are actually part of the network infrastructure. So instead of carriers subsidizing the cost of user devices (e.g., handsets, PDAs, of laptop computers), consumers actually subsidize and help deploy the network for the carrier

6.1 4G Car
With the hype of 3G wireless in the rear view mirror, but the reality of truly mobile broadband data seemingly too far in the future to be visible yet on the information super highway, it may seem premature to offer a test drive 4G. But the good news is, 4G is finally coming to a showroom near you.

6.2 4G and public safety

There are sweeping changes taking place in transportation and intelligent highways, generally referred to as Intelligent Transportation Systems
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(ITS). ITS is comprised of a number of technologies, including information processing, communications, control, and electronics. Using these technologies with our transportation systems, and allowing first responders access to them, will help prevent or certainly mitigate - future disasters. Communications, and the cooperation and collaboration it affords, is a key element of any effective disaster response. Historically, this has been done with bulky handheld radios that provide only voice to a team in a common sector. And this architecture is still cellular, with a singular point of failure, because all transmissions to a given cell must pass through that one cell. If the cell tower is destroyed in the disaster, traditional wireless service is eliminated. 4G wireless eliminates this spoke and hub weaknesses of cellular architectures because the destruction of a single node does not disable the network. Instead of a user being dependent on a cell tower, that user can hop through other users in dynamic, self forming, self-healing rings. This is reason enough to make this technology available to first responders. But there is more: mobility, streaming audio and video, high-speed Internet, real-time asset awareness, geo-location, and inbuilding rescue support. All this at speeds that rival cable modems and DSL. Combining 4G with ITS infrastructure makes both more robust. In 4G architectures, the network improves as the number of users increase. ITS offers the network lots of users, and therefore more robustness. Think of every light pole on a highway as a network element, a user that is acting as a router/repeater for first responders travelling on those highways. Think of every traffic light as a network element, ideally situated in the centre of intersections with a 360-degree view of traffic. This is the power of the marriage between 4G networks and ITS. Incorporating 4G architectures with ITS can create numerous public safety applications.

6.3 Sensors in public vehicles

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Putting a chemical-biological-nuclear (CBN) warning sensor on every government-owned vehicle instantly creates a mobile fleet that is the equivalent of an army of highly trained dogs. As these vehicles go about their daily duties of law enforcement, garbage collection, sewage and water maintenance, etc., municipalities get the added benefit of early detection of CBN agents. The sensors on the vehicles can talk to fixed devices mounted on light poles throughout the area, so positive detection can be reported in real time. And since 4G networks can include inherent geolocation without GPS, first responders will know where the vehicle is when it detects a CBN agent.

6.4 Cameras in traffic light

Some major cities have deployed cameras on traffic lights and send those images back to a central command centre. This is generally done using fibre, which limits where the cameras can be hung, i.e., no fibre, no camera. 4G networks allow cities to deploy cameras and backhaul them wirelessly. And instead of having to backhaul every camera, cities can backhaul every third or fifth or tenth camera, using the other cameras as router/repeaters. These cameras can also serve as fixed infrastructure devices to support the mobile sensor application described above.

6.5 First Responder Route Selection

Using fibre to backhaul cameras means that the intelligence collected flows one way: from the camera to the command centre. Using a 4G network, those images can also be sent from the command centre back out to the streets. Ambulances and fire trucks facing congestion can query various cameras to choose an alternate route. Police, stuck in traffic on major thoroughfares, can look ahead and make a decision as to whether it would be faster to stay on the main roads or exit to the side roads.

6.6 Traffic Control During Disasters

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If a hurricane hits the Gulf Coast of Florida and cars start driving east, 4G networks can allow officials to access traffic control boxes to change inland traffic lanes to green. Instead of having to send officers to every box on roads being overwhelmed by civilians who are evacuating, it can all be done remotely, and dynamically. In a September 11 type environment, lights could also be forced to red to prevent civilians from driving into harms way.

6.7 Multimedia video services

4G wireless systems are expected to deliver efficient multimedia services at very high data rates. Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and streaming video services. Streaming is performed when a user requires real-time video services, in which the server delivers data continuously at a play back rate. Bursting is basically file downloading using a buffer and this is done at the highest data rate taking advantage of the whole available bandwidth.

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7. MERITS AND DEMERITS

7.1 MERITS
MAGIC: Mobile multimedia, Anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, High speed and high capacity: Data rate of 20-100 Mbps is employed. Mobile speed Integrated wireless solution, and Customized personal services. will be up to 200km/hr. Frequency band is 2-8 GHz, it gives the ability for worldwide roaming to access cell anywhere. Better scheduling and call admission techniques. Support interactive multimedia, voice, video, wireless internet and other broadband Affordable cost.

services.

7.2 DEMERITS

Battery usage is more: Higher frequency reuse leads to smaller cells that may cause Need complicated hardware: The digital to analog conversion at high data rates,

intra-cell interference or higher noise figures due to reduced power levels. multi-user detection and estimation, smart antennas and complex error control techniques as well dynamic routing will need sophisticated signal processing. Voice over multi-hop network is likely to be an interesting problem because of strict A new IP protocol might be needed because of the variable QoS services and the Networking protocols that adapt dynamically to the changing conditions and security delay requirements of voice. network should do better than best effort. will be an important issue.

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8. FUTURE
We do have the good reasons for 4G development and a variety of current and evolving technologies to make 4G a reality. Highlighting the primary drivers for 4G wireless systems are cost, speed, flexibility, and universal access. Both service providers and users want to reduce the cost of wireless systems and the cost of wireless services. The less expensive the system, the more people want to own it. The high bandwidth requirements of upcoming streaming video necessitates a change in the business model the service providers use-from the dedicated channel per user model to one of a shared-use, as-packets-are-needed model. This will most likely be the model service provider use when 4G systems are common place. Increased speed is a critical requirement for 4G communication systems. Data rate increases of 10-50 times over 3G systems will replace streaming audio and video access into the hands of consumers who, with each wireless generation, demand a much richer set of wireless systems features. Power control will be critical since some services require much more power than do others. 4Gs flexibility will always allow the integration of several different LAN and WAN technologies. This will let the user apply one 4G appliances, most likely a cell-phone/PDA hybrid, for many different tasks-telephony, Internet access, gaming, real-time information, and personal networking control, to a name few. A 4G appliance would be as important in home-networking applications as it would as a device to communicate with family, friends, and co-workers. Finally, a 4G wireless phone would give a user capability of global roaming and access the ability to use a cell phone anywhere worldwide. At this point, the 4G wireless system would truly go into a one size fits all category, having a feature set that meets the needs of just about everyone

9. LIST OF FIGURES
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PAGE NO.
6 15 16 17 18 19 27 29 30 33 34

FIGURES
EVOLUTION OF MOBILE RADIO GENERATION KEY ELEMENTS OF 4G VISION SEAMLESS CONNECTION OF NETWORKS VERTICAL HEIRARCHIAL NETWORKS RECONFIGURATION OF MOBILE SYSTEMS AN INTEGRATED AD HOC WIRELESS SYSTEM 4G-NEXT GENERATION NETWORK OFDM SPECTRUM BLOCK DIAGRAM FOR TRANSMISSION GENERAL BLACK DIAGRAM OF MIMO SYSTEM SMART ANTENNA TECHNOLOGY

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10. LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

OFDM TDM CDMA PDA GSM GPRS WLL FWA WLAN PAN PDC EDGE Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Time Division Multiplexing Code Division Multiple Access Personal Digital Assistant Global System for Mobile General Packet Radio System Wireless Local Loop Fixed Wireless Access Wireless Local Area Network Personal Area Network Personal Digital Calculator Enhanced Data for Global Evolution

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11. CONCLUSION
4G is still in its formative stages. This may become commercially available in 2010 or above. 4G offers us to provide with a very efficient and reliable wireless communication system for seamless roaming over various networks including internet which uses IP network. As history of mobile communications shows, attempts have been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard. Projected 4G systems offer this promise of standard that can be embraced worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users and the wireless infrastructure. The 4G promises to fulfil the goal of PCC a vision that affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network, 4G will be a convergence platform providing clear advantage in terms of coverage, bandwidth, and power consumption. Moreover, it will offer a variety of new heterogeneous services, from pop-up advertisements to location based and IP datacasting ones. All these characteristics will be supported by reconfigurable/multimode devices and the implementation of interworking ones. The 4G system will be implemented in the coming years which will be a miracle in the field of communication engineering technology.

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12. REFERENCES
1 2 TUTFLEBEE, W. H. W.: Mobile VCE: the convergence of industry and academia, Electron. Commun. Eng. J., December 2000, 12, (6), pp.245248 IRVINE, J., et al.: Mobile VCE scenarios. A document produced as part of the Software Based Systems work area within the Mobile VCE Core 2 research programme, September 2000. See http://www.mobilevce.com 3 Wireless Strategic Initiative - An EU project. See http://www.ist-wsi.org 4 5 Foresight ITEC Group: Visions. See http://www.foresight. gov.uk http://www.four-g.net

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