1.

INTRODUCTION
The flow of a fluid has to conform with a number of scientific principles in particular the conservation of mass and the conservation of energy. The first of these when applied to a liquid flowing through a conduit requires that for steady flow the velocity will be inversely proportional to the flow area. The second requires that if the velocity increases then the pressure must decrease. Cussons P6231 Bernoulli's Apparatus demonstrates both of these principles and can also be used to examine the onset of turbulence in an accelerating fluid stream. Both Bernoulli's equation and the Continuity equation are essential analytical tools required for the analysis of most problems in the subject of Mechanics of Fluids.

2. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS

Cussons P6231 Bernoulli's Apparatus consists essentially of a two dimensional rectangular section convergent divergent duct designed to fit between Cussons P6103 Constant Head Inlet Tank and P6104 Variable Head Outlet Tank. An eleven tube static pressure manometer bank is attached to the convergent divergent duct. A dye injection system is provided which allows for a single filament of dye to be introduced into the entrance to the convergent section to enable laminar and turbulent flow regimes to be demonstrated. The differential head across the test section can be varied from zero up to a maximum of 450mm. The test section, which is manufactured from acrylic sheet, is illustrated in figure 1 below.

The convergent divergent duct is symmetrical about the centre line with a flat horizontal upper surface into which the eleven static pressure tappings are drilled. The lower surface is at an angle of 4 29'. The width of the channel is 635 mm. The height of the channel at entry and exit is 19525 mm and the height at the throat is 635 mm. The static tappings are at a pitch of 25 mm distributed about the centre and therefore about the throat. The flow area at each tapping is tabulated below the dimensions which are shown in figure 2.

Table : Area of each section: Tapping 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Number Flow Area 102.56 90.11 77.66 65.22 52.77 40.32 52.77 65.22 77.66 90.11 102.56 2 (mm )

Theory:

Bernoullis Theorem p v2 z cons tan t g 2 g Where: p : pressure head g

v2 : kinetic head 2g
z : potential head

Losses
p1 v1 p v z1 2 2 z2 H f g 2 g g 2 g
2 2

Where: H1 H11 H f pressure Recovery

Recovery pressure = h11 h6

Loss pressure = h1 h6

degree of pressure recovery R

h11 h6 h1 h6

3. Bernoulli's Theorem

4. EXPERIMENTS
4.1 Cussons P6231 Bernoulli's Apparatus allows two experiments to be conducted
Experiment 1 Verification of Bernoulli's Equation Experiment 2 Demonstration of Laminar and Turbulent Flow

4.2 Equipment Preparation

Position the Inlet Head Tank P6103 and the Variable Head Outlet Tank P6104 on the mounting studs provided on the Hydraulic Bench working surface and connect the Bernoulli Apparatus between them using the union connections. Connect the Bench Feed hose to the Inlet Head Tank and attach an overflow hose to the overflow outlet of the Inlet Head Tank. Attach the Dye Reservoir to the top of the Inlet Head Tank using the attached mounting clip and ensure that the spring clip is attached to the rubber hose so that ink cannot flow to the injector needle. Fill the ink reservoir with a water miscible dye, washable blue ink is recommended. Make sure that the dye is free to flow through the dye injector needle when the spring clip is adjusted. If a blockage of the ink does occur in the injector needle, this is usually caused by a failure to wash out all the ink when the equipment has been previously used. The blockage can normally be rectified by flushing the dye injection system thoroughly with clean water. Remove the brass blanking plug from the side of the Inlet Head Tank and insert the Dye Injector Needle so that the tip protrudes approximately 20mm into the transparent Bernoulli Test section. In order to record the height of the water level in each of the manometer tubes, a sheet of paper should be positioned as in figure 1.

EXPERIMENT 1 - VERIFICATION OF BERNOULLI'S EQUATION Aim. To verify Bernoulli's equation by demonstrating the relationship between pressure head and kinetic head. Equipment Preparation. Prepare the equipment to the following specification Inlet Test Section Exit Manometer P6103 Constant Head Inlet Tank with overflow extension fitted. P6231 Bernoulli's Apparatus P6104 Variable Head Outlet Tank Insert a sheet of graph paper 440mm high by 325mm wide behind the manometer tubes to provide an easy method of obtaining a record of the results.

Experimental Procedure. 1. Start the pump and initiate a flow of water through the test section. Regulate the flow to the inlet head tank so that there is a small but steady overflow from P6103. Adjust the swivel tube of the outlet tank to obtain a differential head of 50mm.

2. Measure the height of the water level in each manometer tube by marking the paper positioned behind the tubes and record on the test sheet. Measure the time taken to fill the bench measuring tank from zero to 10 litres and record. 3. Increase the differential head between the inlet and outlet head tanks by 50mm increments, until the water level in the centre manometer tubes drops off the scale. For each condition record the heights of liquid in the manometer tubes by once again marking the paper positioned behind the tubes and measure the flow rate. Results and Analysis. 1. Record the results on a copy of the result sheet provided. 2. Calculate the flow rate for each set of results. 3. For each set of results calculate at the cross-section adjacent to each manometer tube, the flow velocity and the Reynolds number. 4. Plot a graph of head against distance and also H + V2 / 2g against distance.

5.video of the experiment

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Index Address INTRODUCTION , DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS Theory Bernoulli's Theorem EXPERIMENTS video of the experiment Index