Outline

ES309 Elements of Electrical Engineering Lecture #2

Jeffrey Miller, Ph.D. Chapter 2 Review

Voltage and Current Sources

Electrical Source
Device capable of converting nonelectric energy to electric energy and vice versa (i.e. discharging battery, generator, motor)

Types of Sources
Independent Source
Establishes a voltage or current in a circuit without relying on voltages or currents elsewhere in the circuit

Ideal voltage source

Circuit element that maintains a prescribed voltage across its terminals regardless of the current flowing in those terminals

Ideal current source

Circuit element that maintains a prescribed current through its terminals regardless of the voltage across those terminals NOTE: Ideal voltage and current sources make it impossible for us to relate current and voltage to each other. Why?

Dependent Source (aka Controlled Source)

Establishes a voltage or current in a circuit whose value depends on the value of a voltage or current elsewhere in the circuit

Ideal Independent Sources

Ideal Dependent Sources

Active vs Passive Elements

Active Element
Models a device capable of generating electric energy

Permissible Interconnection?

Passive Element
Models a physical device that cannot generate electric energy Resistors, inductors, and capacitors

Permissible Interconnection?

Permissible Interconnection?

Permissible Interconnection?

Permissible Interconnection?

Permissible Interconnection?

Permissible Interconnection?

Permissible Interconnection?

Permissible Interconnection?

Find the voltage vx required

Resistance

Resistance
Capacity of materials to impede the flow of current or the flow of electric charge Some of this electric energy is converted to thermal energy and dissipated in the form of heat (toasters, stoves, irons, space heaters) Metals such as copper and aluminum have very small values of resistance

Ohms Law
v = iR Voltage drop across resistor v = -iR Voltage rise across resistor

Conductance and Power

Conductance measured in Siemens or mho (ohm backwards), symbolized by an inverted Omega
G=1/R

Power measured in Watts p = vi when v = iR p = i2 R p = v2 / R NOTE: Power will be negative for sources that generate power and positive for components that dissipate power

Voltage, Current, Power Problem

Voltage, Current, Power Problem

Voltage, Current, Power Problem

Voltage, Current, Power Problem

Kirchhoffs Laws
Named after Gustav Kirchhoff, who published a paper in 1848 Kirchhoffs Current Law
The algebraic sum of all the currents at any node in a circuit equals 0

Signs in Kirchhoffs Laws

For Kirchhoffs Current Law
If you assign a positive sign to a current leaving a node, you must assign a negative sign to a current entering a node, or vice versa

For Kirchhoffs Voltage Law

If you assign a positive sign to a voltage rise across a node, you must assign a negative sign to a voltage drop across a node, or vice versa

Kirchoffs Voltage Law

The algebraic sum of all the voltages around any closed path in a circuit equals 0

Using Ohms and Kirchhoffs Laws

Using Ohms and Kirchhoffs Laws

Using Ohms and Kirchhoffs Laws

i1 i0 6A = 0 -120V + v0 + v1 = -120V + 10 i0 + 50 i1 = 0

Using Ohms and Kirchhoffs Laws

i1 i0 6A = 0 i1 = 6A + i0 -120V + 10 i0 + 50 i1 = 0 -120V + 10 i0 + 50 (6A + i0) = 0 -120V + 10 i0 + 300V + 50 i0 = 0 180V + 60 i0 = 0 60 i0 = -180V i0 = -3A i1 = 6A + (-3A) i1 = 3A

Power in Circuit
P50 = (3A)2 * 50 = 450W P10 = (-3A)2 * 10 = 90W P120V = -120V i0 = -120V * -3A = 360W P6A = -v1 * 6A = -(50 * 3A) * 6A = -900W P50 + P10 + P120V = 900W P6A = -900W Therefore, the solution verifies that the power delivered equals the power absorbed.

Homework
Chapter 2
#2, 3, 4, 5, 18, 19, 22, 25 DUE Tuesday, September 25, 2007