Mechanics of Materials

CIVL 3322 / MECH 3322

Centroids and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Centroids

x=

x A
i i=1 n

A
i=1

y=

y A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

z=

z A
i i=1 n

A
i=1

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Parallel Axis Theorem

If

you know the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis of a figure, you can calculate the moment of inertia about any parallel axis to the centroidal axis using a simple formula

I z = I z + Ay 2
3 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

P07_045

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

P07_045

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
Lets

start with an example problem and see how this develops

x=
1 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

1 in

1 in 1in 3 in
6 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
We

want to locate both the x and y centroids

x=
1 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

1 in

1 in 1in 3 in
7 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
There

isnt much of a chance of developing a function that is easy to integrate in this case
x=
1 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

1 in

1 in 1in
8 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

3 in

An Example
We

can break this shape up into a series of shapes that we can find the centroid of
x=
1 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

1 in

1 in 1in
9 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations 3 in

An Example
There

are multiple ways to do this as long as you are consistent n

x=
1 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

1 in

1 in 1in 3 in
10 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
First,

we can develop a rectangle on the left side of the diagram, we will label that n as area 1, A1
x=
1 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

1 in

A1

1 in 1in
11 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

3 in

An Example
A

second rectangle will be placed in the bottom of the figure, we will label it A2
1 in

x=

x A
i =1 n i

1 in

A1 A2

A
i =1

1 in

1in 3 in
12 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
A

right triangle will complete the upper right side of the figure, label it A3
1 in

x=
A3 A2
1 in

x A
i =1 n i

1 in

A1

A
i =1

1in 3 in
13 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
Finally,

we will develop a negative area to remove the quarter circle in the lower left hand corner, label it A4
1 in

x=
A3 A2

x A
i =1 n i

1 in

A1
A4

A
i =1

1 in

1in
14

3 in Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
We

will begin to build a table so that keeping up with things will be easier The first column will be the areas
1 in

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 -0.7854

x=

x A
i =1 n i

1 in

A1 A4

A3 A2
3 in

A
i =1

1 in

1in

15

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
Now

we will calculate the distance to the local centroids from the y-axis (we are calculating an x-centroid)
Area (in ) 2 3 1.5
2

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2

1 in

x=

x A
i =1 n i

1 in

A1 A4

A3 A2
3 in

A
i =1

-0.7854 0.42441

1 in

1in

16

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
To

calculate the top term in the expression we need to multiply the entries in the last two columns by one another
Area (in ) 2 3 1.5
2

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2

xi*Area (in ) 1 7.5 3

3

1 in

x=

x A
i =1 n i

1 in

A1 A4

A3 A2
3 in

A
i =1

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333

1 in

1in
17 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
If

we sum the second column, we have the bottom term in the division, the total area
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

1 in

x=
A3 A2
3 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602

1 in

A1 A4

1 in

1in

18

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
And

if we sum the fourth column, we have the top term, the area moment
Area (in ) 2 3 1.5
2

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2

xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3

1 in

x=
A3 A2
3 in

x A
i =1 n i

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 1 in

A
i =1

A1 A4

1 in

1in

19

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
Dividing

the sum of the area moments by the total area we calculate the x-centroid
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
1 in 1 in

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

x=
A3 A2
3 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 x bar 1.9541

A1 A4

1 in

1in

20

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
You

can always remember which to divide by if you look at the final units, remember that a centroid is a distance
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
1 in 1 in

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

x=
A3 A2
3 in

x A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 x bar 1.9541

A1 A4

1 in

1in

21

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
We

can do the same process with the y centroid

Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
1 in 1 in

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

y=
A3 A2
3 in

y A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 x bar 1.9541

A1 A4

1 in

1in

22

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
Notice

that the bottom term doesnt change, the area of the figure hasnt changed
Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3
1 in 1 in

ID A1 A2 A3 A4

y=
A3 A2
3 in

y A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 x bar 1.9541

A1 A4

1 in

1in

23

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
We
ID A1 A2 A3 A4

only need to add a column of yis

Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3 yi (in) 1 0.5 1.333333
n

y=

y A
i =1 n i

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 5.714602 11.16667 x bar 1.9541

1 in

A
i =1

1 in

A1 A4

A3 A2
3 in 1 in

1in

24

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
Calculate

the area moments about the xxi*Area (in3) 1 7.5 3 yi (in) 1 0.5 1.333333 yi*Area (in3) 2 1.5 2
n

axis
ID A1 A2 A3 A4 Area (in2) 2 3 1.5 xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2

y=

y A
i =1 n i

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 x bar 1.9541

1 in

A
i =1

1 in

A1 A4

A3 A2
3 in 1 in

1in

25

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
Sum
ID A1 A2 A3 A4

the area moments

xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2 xi*Area (in ) 1 7.5 3
3

Area (in ) 2 3 1.5

2

yi (in) 1 0.5 1.333333

yi*Area (in3) 2 1.5 2

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 5.166667 x bar 1.9541
1 in

y=

y A
i =1 n i

A
i =1

1 in

A1 A4

A3 A2
3 in 1 in

1in

26

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

An Example
And
ID A1 A2 A3 A4

make the division of the area moments by the total area

Area (in ) 2 3 1.5
2

xi (in) 0.5 2.5 2

xi*Area (in ) 1 7.5 3

3

yi (in) 1 0.5 1.333333

yi*Area (in3) 2 1.5 2

y=

y A
i =1 n i

-0.7854 0.42441 -0.33333 0.42441 -0.33333 5.714602 11.16667 5.166667 x bar y bar 1.9541 0.904117 1 in
1 in

A
i =1

A1 A4

A3 A2
3 in 1 in

1in

27

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Parallel Axis Theorem

If

you know the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis of a figure, you can calculate the moment of inertia about any parallel axis to the centroidal axis using a simple formula

I y = I y + Ax I x = I x + Ay
Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

28

Parallel Axis Theorem

Since

we usually use the bar over the centroidal axis, the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis also uses the bar over the axis designation

I y = I y + Ax 2 I x = I x + Ay
29 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Parallel Axis Theorem

If

you look carefully at the expression, you should notice that the moment of inertia about a centroidal axis will always be the minimum moment of inertia about any axis that is parallel to the centroidal axis.

I y = I y + Ax I x = I x + Ay
Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

30

Another Example
We

can use the parallel axis theorem to find the moment of inertia of a composite figure

31

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
y
6" 6" 3"

x
6"

32

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
We

can divide up the area into smaller areas with shapes from the table

y
6"

6"

3"

I II III
6"

33

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
Since the parallel axis theorem will require the area for each section, that is a reasonable place to start
ID I II III Area (in2) 36 9 27

y
6"

6"

3"

I II III
6"

34

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
We can locate the centroid of each area with respect the y axis.

ID I II III

Area (in2) 36 9 27

xbari (in) 3 7 6

y
6"

6"

3"

I II III
6"

35

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
From the table in the back of the book we find that the moment of inertia of a rectangle about its y-centroid axis is 3 y 6" 3" y

1 I = bh 12
Area (in2) 36 9 27

ID I II III
36

xbari (in) 3 7 6

6"

I II III
6"

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
In this example, for Area I, b=6 and h=6

1 3 ( 6in )( 6in ) 12 I y = 108in 4 Iy =

ID I II III
37

y
6"

6"

3"

Area (in2) 36 9 27

xbari (in) 3 7 6

I II III
6"

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
For the first triangle, the moment of inertia calculation isnt as obvious
y
6" 6" 3"

I II III
6"

38

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
The way it is presented in the text, we can only find the Ix about the centroid
y
h

6"

3"

x 6"
b

I II III
6"

39

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
The change may not seem obvious but it is just in how we orient our axis. Remember an axis is our decision.
h

x
b

y
6"

6"

3"

x
b

I II III
6"

h
40 Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
So the moment of inertia of the II triangle can be calculated using the formula with the correct orientation.

1 3 bh 36 1 3 I y = ( 6in )( 3in ) 36 I y = 4.5in 4 Iy =

y
6"

6"

3"

I II III
6"

41

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
The same is true for the III triangle

1 3 bh 36 1 3 I y = ( 6in )( 9in ) 36 I y = 121.5in 4 Iy =

y
6"

6"

3"

I II III
6"

42

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
Now we can enter the Iybar for each sub-area into the table
SubArea I II III

Area (in2) 36 9 27

xbari (in) 3 7 6

Iybar (in4) 108 4.5 121.5

y
6"

6"

3"

I II III
6"

43

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
We can then sum the Iy and the A(dx)2 to get the moment of inertia for each sub-area y 6" 3"
6"

I II III x
6"

SubArea

Area (in2)

xbari (in) 3 7 6

Iybar (in4) 108 4.5 121.5

A(dx)2 (in4) 324 441 972

Iybar + A(dx)2 (in4) 432 445.5 1093.5

I II III

36 9 27

44

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

I II III

(in2) 36 9 27

(in) 3 7 6

(in4) 108 4.5 121.5

(in4) 324 441 972

(in4) 432 445.5 1093.5 1971

Another Example
And if we sum that last column, we have the Iy for the composite figure
y
6" 6" 3"

I II III x
6"

SubArea I II III

Area (in2) 36 9 27

xbari (in) 3 7 6

Iybar (in4) 108 4.5 121.5

A(dx)2 (in4) 324 441 972

Iybar + A(dx)2 (in4) 432 445.5 1093.5 1971

45

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
We perform the same type analysis for the Ix
y
6" 6" 3"

I II III
6"

ID I II III

Area (in2) 36 9 27

46

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
Locating the y-centroids from the x-axis
y
6" 6" 3"

Sub-Area I II III

Area (in2) 36 9 27

ybari (in) 3 2 -2

I II III
6"

47

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
Determining the Ix for each sub-area
y
6" 6" 3"

I II III
6"

Sub-Area I II III

Area (in2) 36 9 27

ybari (in) 3 2 -2

Ixbar (in4) 108 18 54

48

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
Making the A(dy)2 multiplications
y
6" 6" 3"

I II III
6"

SubArea

Area (in2)

ybari (in) 3 2 -2

Ixbar (in4) 108 18 54

A(dy

)2

(in4) 324 36 108

I II III
49

36 9 27

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Another Example
Summing and calculating Ix
y
6" 3"

SubArea I II III

Area (in2) 36 9 27

ybari (in) 3 2 -2

Ixbar (in4) 108 18 54

A(dy

)2

Ixbar + A(dy)2 (in4) 432 54 162 648

6"

I II III
6"

(in4) 324 36 108

50

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Homework Problem 1
Calculate the centroid of the composite shape in reference to the bottom of the shape and calculate the moment of inertia about the centroid z-axis.

51

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Homework Problem 2
Calculate the centroid of the composite shape in reference to the bottom of the shape and calculate the moment of inertia about the centroid z-axis.

52

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations

Homework Problem 3
Calculate the centroid of the composite shape in reference to the bottom of the shape and calculate the moment of inertia about the centroid z-axis.

53

Centroid and Moment of Inertia Calculations