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EV -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 TYPE OF LIGHTING SITUATION Night, away from city lights, subject under starlight only. Night, away from city lights, subject under crescent moon. Night, away from city lights, subject under half moon. Meteors (during showers, with time exposure). Night, away from city lights, subject under full moon. Night, away from city lights, snowscape under full moon. Subjects lit by dim ambient artificial light. Subjects lit by dim ambient artificial light. Distant view of lighted skyline. Lightning (with time exposure). Total eclipse of moon. Fireworks (with time exposure). Candle lit close-ups. Christmas lights, floodlit buildings, fountains, and monuments. Subjects under bright street lamps. [Church/ceremony interiror] Night home interiors, average light. School or church auditoriums. Subjects lit by campfires or bonfires. [Bridal portraits indoors church/ceremony interior] Brightly lit home interiors at night. Fairs, amusement parks. [Bridal portraits indoors] Bottom of rainforest canopy. Brightly lighted nighttime streets. Indoor sports. Stage shows, circuses. Las Vegas or Times Square at night. Store windows. Campfires, bonfires, burning buildings. Ice shows, football, baseball etc. at night. Interiors with bright florescent lights. Landscapes, city skylines 10 minutes after sunset. Neon lights, spotlighted subjects. Landscapes and skylines immediately after sunset. Crescent moon (long lens). Sunsets. Subjects in open shade. [Ideal for group photos] Half moon (long lens). Subject in heavy overcast. Gibbous moon (long lens). Subjects in cloudy-bright light (no shadows). Full moon (long lens). Subjects in weak, hazy sun. Subjects in bright or hazy sun (Sunny f/16 rule). Subjects in bright daylight on sand or snow. Rarely encountered in nature. Some man made lighting. Rarely encountered in nature. Some man made lighting. Rarely encountered in nature. Some man made lighting. Rarely encountered in nature. Some man made lighting. Rarely encountered in nature. Some man made lighting. Extremely bright. Rarely encountered in nature. Extremely bright. Rarely encountered in nature.
8 min 16 min 32 min 4 min 8 min 16 min 2 min 4 min 8 min 1 min 2 min 4 min 30 sec 1 min 2 min 15 sec 30 sec 1 min 8 sec 4 sec 2 sec 1 sec 1/2 sec 1/4 sec 1/8 sec 1/15 sec 1/30 sec 1/60 sec S
15 sec 30 sec H 8 sec 4 sec 2 sec 1 sec 1/2 sec 1/4 sec 1/8 sec 1/15 sec 1/30 sec 15 sec U 8 sec 4 sec 2 sec 1 sec 1/2 sec 1/4 sec 1/8 sec 1/15 sec 1/30 sec S P E E D S T T E R
U 10 9
1/125 sec 1/60 sec 1/30 sec 1/15 sec 1/8 sec 1/4 sec 1/2 sec 1/250 sec 1/500 sec 1/1000 sec 1/2000 sec 1/4000 sec 1/8000 sec 1/15000 sec 1/30000 sec 1/60000 sec 1/125 sec 1/250 sec 1/500 sec 1/1000 sec 1/2000 sec 1/4000 sec 1/8000 sec 1/60 sec 1/30 sec 1/125 sec 1/250 sec 1/500 sec 1/1000 sec 1/2000 sec 1/4000 sec 1/60 sec 1/125 sec 1/250 sec 1/500 sec 1/1000 sec 1/2000 sec 1/4000 sec 1/15 sec 1/30 sec 1/60 sec 1/125 sec 1/250 sec 1/500 sec 1/8 sec 1/4 sec 1/15 sec 1/30 sec 1/60 sec 1/125 sec 1/250 sec 1/8 sec 1/15 sec 1/30 sec 1/60 sec 1/125 sec 1/250 sec
M 11 10 9
B 12 11 10 9 8 E 13 12 11 10 9
R 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 S 15 14 13 12 11 10 9
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16
1/2000 1/1000 1/250 1/125 1/60 1/500 sec sec sec sec sec sec 1/4000 1/2000 1/500 1/250 1/125 1/1000 sec sec sec sec sec sec
1/125000 1/60000 1/30000 1/15000 1/8000 1/4000 1/100 1/500 1/250 1/2000 sec sec sec sec sec sec sec 0 sec sec sec 1/250000 1/12500 1/60000 1/30000 1/1500 1/8000 1/200 1/100 1/500 1/4000 sec sec 0 sec sec sec 0 sec sec 0 sec 0 sec sec 1/500000 1/25000 1/12500 1/60000 1/3000 1/1500 1/400 1/200 1/100 1/8000 sec sec 0 sec 0 sec sec 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec 1/100000 1/50000 1/25000 1/12500 1/6000 1/3000 1/15000se 1/800 1/400 1/200 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec c 0 sec 0 sec 0 sec
Some Useful Photographic Guidelines Sunny f/16 Anchor Point: On a bright day (EV 15) the correct exposure for any subject is f/16 at a shutter speed nearest to the reciprocal of the film speed (I.E. ISO 100 film = 1/125). Doubling Rule: Within any exposure factor (Exposure Value, film speed, aperture, shutter speed) each step is double (or half of) the preceding step. Tripod Rule: Use one for every photograph. If your shutter speed is slower than the reciprocal of the focal length of your lens (I.E.< 1/200 sec. with a 200 mm lens), use a tripod. If your subject is moving, double this shutter speed. If you are moving (such as in a boat or plane) triple the speed. If you are doing macro work (.25 magnification or greater), always use a tripod. If you're using a format larger than 35mm, use a tripod. To be safe, weld your camera to the tripod. Film Speed: As you increase film speed, problems with grain and sharpness will increase. Apparent Subject Motion: Increasing shutter speed will reduce apparent subject motion. Decreasing shutter speed will increase apparent subject motion. Depth of Field (the distance in front and behind of the subject that is acceptably in focus): Increasing aperture (lower f/stop #) will decrease depth of field. Decreasing aperture (higher f/stop #) will increase depth of field.
half stop increments one and a half stops to the underexposure side (no need to bracket to the over exposure side -- EV12 takes care of it for you). If you must shoot into a light background, your best bet is to shoot a silhouette. Examples are backlit fog on a lake with fishermen in boats in the shot. In this case, start with EV 15 and bracket in half stop increments to three stops on the under exposure side. Your backlit photography will be better if you use a long lens (with an appropriate lens shade!). Make sure your lens is scrupulously clean. If you are shooting people, use a warming filter (such as 81B), and adjust exposure by increasing exposure by 1/2 to one stop. The Ultimate Backlight -- Sunrises & Sunsets: When the sun is in your shot, go for silhouettes. Begin with EV 15 and bracket in full stops to four stops under. Night Shots: Don't shoot them at night, shoot at dusk. Look through your camera with the aperture fully stopped down. This has the effect of taking color out of the scene and allowing you to judge tonality more accurately. When your subject and the sky seem to be the same shade of gray, open up the lens and make your exposure. With a middle tone subject, this will usually take place 30-45 minutes after sundown. Use EV9 as a basis for exposure. Bracket in half stop increments to two stops over and two stops under. You will like at least half of the shots. Shoot the Moon With a Long Lens: Use EV14. Bracket in half stop increments to one stop over and one stop under. Shooting Scenics in Woods or Where There Are A Lot of Shadows: Shoot under overcast (EV12 or 13) situations. Fast Moving Subjects -- Sports, Etc.: Pick a vantage point that lets you shoot in front light, if possible. Utilize a dark background if available. Use a telephoto lens and a tripod, if possible. Use Chart B to select a film speed that will allow you to use a shutter speed TWICE the reciprocal of your focal length (i.e. a 300mm lens at 1/500 sec). Shooting from an Airplane or Boat: Use Chart B to find a film speed that will let you shoot at THREE times the reciprocal of the focal length (i.e. 1/1000 sec for a 300mm lens). Macro or Micro Shots: Make adjustments for loss of light due to extension of the lens or bellows, as given in the instruction manual, or on the lens barrel. Better yet, use your in camera meter! It will need the exercise. Excessively Long Exposure Times: Times above 10 seconds or so. Here you run into reciprocity failure (a fancy name for "it will take a LOT longer than you think!") Follow the directions that come with every film package. You will run into this problem whether you are using a meter or not. Bracket liberally! http://www.fredparker.com/ultexp1.htm