1

After learning this chapter you will be able to :

NUMBER SYSTEM

Set Theory * Solve the problems relating to properties of union and intersection of sets * * * * * * * * * Understand the De Morgans Laws of sets Solve the problems relating to the relation between number of elements of sets Understand the meaning of sequence and series Identify A.P, G.P and H.P. Identify the specified terms of A.P, G.P and H.P. Find the sum of terms in A.P and G.P. Find the relation between A.M.,G.M. and H.M. Recall the matricies and the transpose of a matrix Understand the conditions necessary for addition, subtraction and multiplication of matrices.

Sequence

Matrices

SET THEORY
You have already learnt about the sets and their operations. Now we shall study more about the properties of sets. 1. Properties of Union and Intersection of sets (i) Commutative Property : Ex 1 : If A = { x : x N and 1 < x < 5} and B = {0, 2, 3} Find a) A B b) B A and compare both the sets. Solution : a) A = {x : x N and 1 < x < 5} A = {2, 3, 4} and B = {0, 2, 3} A B = {2, 3, 4} {0, 2, 3)
1

A B = {0, 2, 3, 4} ................ (i) B A = {0, 2, 3} {2, 3, 4} B A = {0, 2, 3, 4} ............. (ii) From (i) and (ii) A B = B A

A B

B A Union of Sets is Commutative

Ex 2 :

If A = {r, a, t} and B = {c, a, t} Verify that A B = B A. Solution : A B = {r, a, t} {c, a, t} A B = {a, t} ............. (i) B A = {c, a, t} {r, a, t} B A = {a, t} ............... (ii) From (i) and (ii) A B = B A.

A B

B A

Intersection of sets is Commutative (ii) Associative Property : Ex 1 : If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} B = {2, 3, 7, 10} and C = {3, 6, 7, 8, 9} then find i) A (B C) ii) (A B) C and Verify that A (B C) = (A B) C
2

Solution : (i) To find A (B C) B C = {2, 3, 7, 10} {3, 6, 7, 8, 9} B C = {2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} .............. (i)

(ii) To find (A B) C A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} {2, 3, 7, 10} A B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10} (A B) C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10} {3, 6, 7, 8, 9}
(A B) C = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} ................. (ii)

From (i) and (ii) A (B C) = (A B) C

Union of sets is associative

Ex 2 :

If A = {3, 4, 5, 9}, B = {4, 5, 6, 8} and C = {5, 7, 8, 9} Is the Intersection of these sets Associative? Solution : (i) To find A (B C) B C = {4, 5, 6, 8} {5, 7, 8, 9} B C = {5, 8} A (B C) = {3, 4, 5, 9} {5, 8} A (B C) = {5} .............. (i) (ii) To find (A B) C A B = {3, 4, 5, 9} {4, 5, 6, 8} A B = {4, 5} (A B) C = {4, 5} {5, 7, 8, 9}
(A B) C = {5}............... (ii)

From (i) and (ii) A (B C) = (A B) C Intersection of sets is associative (iii) Distributive Property : Ex 1 : If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, B = {1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and C = {2, 3, 4, 5, 7} then find (i) A (B C) and (ii) (A B) (A C). Show that both the sets are equal.
3

Solution : (i) To find A (B C) (B C) = {1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {2, 3, 4, 5, 7} (B C) = {5,7} A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {5, 7}

A (B C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} ............. (i)

(ii) To find (A B) (A C) (A B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {1, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (A B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} (A C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {2, 3, 4, 5, 7} (A C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} (A B) (A C) (A B) (A C) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7} .............. (ii) From (i) and (ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C)

Union of sets is distributive over Intersection of sets

Ex 2 : If A = {5, 10, 15, 20}, B = {5, 15, 20, 30, 35} and C = {5, 10, 25} then find (i) A (B C) and (ii) (A B) (A C). Show that A (B C) = (A B) (A C). Solution : (i) To find A (B C) B C = {5, 15, 20, 30, 35} {5, 10, 45} B C = {5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 45} A (B C) = {5, 10, 15, 20} {5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 35, 45} A (B C) = {5, 10, 15, 20}................. (i) (ii) To find (A B) (A C) A B = {5, 10, 15, 20} {5, 15, 20, 30, 35} A B = {5, 15, 20} A C = {5, 10, 15, 20} {5, 10, 25} A C = {5, 10} (A B) (A C) = {5, 10, 15, 20}.................. (ii) From (i) and (ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C) Intersection of sets is distributive over Union of sets

2. De Morgans Laws If U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}, A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} and B = {0, 3, 6, 9} b) B| c) (A B)| d) (A B)| (I) Find a) A| (II) Verify a) (A B)| = A| B| b) (A B)| = A| B| (I) a) To find A| [The Set contains elements of U which are not the elements of A ] | A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} A| = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}.............. (i) b) To find B| B| = U B A| = U A

[The Set contains elements of U which are not the elements of B] | B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {0, 3, 6, 9} B| = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}............... (ii) To find (A B)| A B = = | (A B) = = | (A B) =

c)

{0, 2, 4, 6, 8} {0, 3, 6, 9} {0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9} U (A B) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {0, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 9} {1, 5, 7} .............. (iii)

d) To find (A B)| A B = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8} {0, 3, 6, 9} A B = {0, 6} (A B)| = U (A B) = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} {0, 6} | (A B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9} .............. (iv) (II) a) Verification of (A B)| = A| B| From (i) and (ii), we get A| B| = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8} A| B| = {1, 5, 7} .................. (v) From (iii) and (v) (A B)| = A| B|
5

b)

Verification of (A B)| = A| B| A| B| = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} {1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8}

A| B| = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9}............... (vi)

From (iv) and (vi) (A B)| = A| B| I II (A B)| = A| B| (A B)| = A| B| The complement of Union of sets is the intersection of their complements The complement of intersection of sets is the union of their complements

These two laws are named after De Morgan Augustus as De Morgan's Laws 3. Relation between the number of elements of two sets : Let A = {a, b, c, d, e} and B = {c, f, g, b, h} Draw the Venn diagram for A B (i) From the above diagram find how many elements are in the set. a) A b) B c) A B d) A B

(ii) Check whether n(A) + n(B) = n(A B) + n(A B)

(i)

There are 5 elements in set A and denoted by (a) n(A) = 5 Similarly, b) n(B) = 5 c) n(A B) = 8 d) n(A B) = 2

(ii)

Verify that n(A) + n(B) = n(A B) + n(A B) From (a) and (b), n(A) + n(B) = 5 + 5 =10 ............... (i) From (c) and (d), n(A B) + n(A B) = 8 + 2 = 10 ............... (ii) From (i) and (ii), n(A) + n(B) = n(A B) + n(A B)
6

Note :

i) ii) iii)

n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B) n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B) If A and B are disjoint sets then A B = a) n(A B) = 0 b) n(A B) = n(A) + n(B)

Ex 1 : There are Seven passengers in a compartment of a train. Five can speak Hindi, Four can speak English and two can speak both the languages. Find how many passengers can speak (i) only Hindi (ii) only Enlgish. Draw Venn diagram. Solution : 1) 2) 3) Let A be the set of passengers who can speak Hindi n(A) = 5 Let B be the set of passengers who can speak English n(B) = 4 A B is the set of all passengers who can speak both English and Hindi in the compartment n(A B) = 2 The number of passengers who can speak only Hindi is = n(A) n (A B) = 5 2 = 3 The number of passengers who can speak only English is = n(B) n(A B) = 4 2 = 2
A B

4)

5)

Ex 2 : There are 60 Students in a class, every student learns atleast one of the subjects Kannada or English. 45 students offer Kannada and 30 English. How many Students offer i) Both the Subjects ii) Only Kannada iii) Only English. Draw Venn diagram Solution : 1) K is the set of students who offer Kannada n(K) = 45 2) E is the set of students who offer English. n(E) = 30 3) K E is the set of students in the class. n(K E) = 60
7

(i)

The number of students who offer both the subjects = n(K E) We know that, n(K E) = n(K) + n(E) n(K E) = 45 + 30 60 n(K E) = 75 60 = 15

(ii)

The number of Students who offer only Kannada = n(K) n(K E) = 45 15 = 30

(iii)

The number of students who offer only English = n(E) n(K E) = 30 15 = 15

Ex 3 : In a survey of 1000 persons in Bangalore, it was found that 800 read news paper X, 300 read news paper Y, and 200 read both the news papers. How many persons do not read both ? Given : i) ii) iii) iv) U is the set of persons under survey n(U) = 1000 A is the set of the persons who read newspaper X n(A) = 800 B is the set of the persons who read newspaper Y n(B) = 300 A B is the set of persons who read both newspaper X and Y
n (A B) = 200

To find : 1) A B is the set of persons who read either X or Y 2) (A B)| is the set of persons who read neither X nor Y Solution: 1) n(A B) = n(A) + n(B) n(A B) = 800 + 300 200 = 900 The number of persons who read one of the papers = 900
8

2) n(A B)| = n[U (A B)] = n(U) n(A B) = 1000 900 = 100 The number of persons who read neither X nor Y = 100

Exercise : 1.1 1) a) If A = {0, 2, 4, 6, 8,} and B = {x : x is an even digit less than 5} Find i) A B ii) B A iii) A B iv) B A b) If A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and B = {2, 4, 0, 8} Verify i) A B = B A ii) A B = B A 2) a) b) c) If A = {p, q, r, s}, B = {s, t, u} and C = {s, t, u, v, w} Find i) A (B C) ii) (A B) C iii) A (B C) iv) (A B) C If A = {1, 4, 9, 16}, B = {3, 4, 5} and C = {3, 9, 12} Verify i) A (B C) = (A B) C ii) A (B C) = (A B) C If A = {5, 7, 9}, B = {7, 9, 11} and C = {9, 11} Verify i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C) ii) A (B C) = (A B) (A C) If A = {1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 12}, B = {1, 4, 9} and C = {2, 4, 8, 10} Find i) A (B C) ii) A (B C) iii) (A B ) (A C) iv) (A B ) (A C) If A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}, B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and C = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13} Verify i) A (B C) = (A B) (A C) ii) A (B C) = (A B ) (A C) iii) (A B) C = (A C) (B C) iv) (A B) C = (A C) (B C)
9

3) a)

b)

c)

X = Y = Z = Show that

If

{ x : x is a prime number less than 12} { x : x is an even number less than 12} { x : x is an odd number less than 12} i) Union of sets is distributive over Intersection of sets. ii) Intersection of sets is distributive over Union of sets.

4)

U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} A = { x : x is a perfect square less than 10} B = {x: x is a multiple of 3 less than 10} Verify i) (A B)| = A| B| ii) (A B)| = A| B| A Florist has certain number of garlands. 110 of them have champak, 50 have jasmine flowers and 30 garlands have both the flowers. Find the total number of garlands with him. In a class of 60 students every one should select either Mathematics or Science or both. If 45 students select Mathematics, 30 students select Science, how many students did select both the subjects ? In a survey of 1000 families of T.V. viewers in a city, it was found that 750 families view Kannada programmes, 400 families view Hindi programmes and 300 families view both the programmes. Find how many families do view i) Kannada programmes only ii) Hindi programmes only iii) Neither of the programmes.

If

5) a)

b)

c)

SEQUENCE
1. Definition of a sequence : In our daily life we come across the arrangement of objects or numbers in an order such as arrangement of students in a row as per their roll numbers, arrangement of books in the library, etc. Serial no. of book Book Arrange the books according to assigned number . Number Book 1 D 2 B 3 C 4 A 5 E

10

An Arrangement of numbers depends on the given rule. Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 Given Rule Write 4 and then add 5 successively Write 4 and then multiply by 5 successively Write 4 and then subtract 3 successively Write alternatively 1 and 1 Write
1 and then add 1 to numerator 2 1 2 3 , , , ............................. 2 3 4

Arrangement of numbers 4, 9, 14, 19, 24 ................ 4, 20, 100, ........................ ............................................. ............................................

as well as denominator successively

A Sequence is an ordered arrangement of numbers according to a given rule. 2. The terms of a sequence : The individual numbers that form a sequence are the terms of a sequence. Ex : The numbers 1, 3, 5, 7, form a sequence 1, 3, 5, 7 are called the first, second, third and fourth . terms of the sequence respectively. The terms of a sequence in successive order is denoted by Tn. Order number of the terms 1st Corresponding Symbols T1 2 nd T2 3rd T3 .
..

nth .. Tn ..

The nth term Tn is called the general term of the sequence. 3. Finite and Infinite sequence : 1. A sequence having a finite number of terms is a finite sequence. T1, T2, T3, T4 ...........Tn is a finite sequence of n terms, here Tn is the last term. Ex : i) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 is the finite sequence of 10 terms. ii) 5, 10, 20, 40 .. 1000 is also a finite sequence.
11

2. A sequence having an infinite number of terms is an infinite sequence. T1, T2 , T3, .. is an infinite sequence. i) 3, 9, 27, 81 .. is an infinite sequence. ii) 6, 4, 2, 0, -2 . is also an infinite sequence. Worked Examples : I. Write the nth term for the following sequences : 1) 5, 8, 11, 14 .. Solution : We write first T1 = T2 = T3 = T4 = Tn = 5 and then add 3 successively. 5, 8=5+3 11 = 5 + 6 = 5 + 2 x 3 14 = 5 + 9 = 5 + 3 x 3 5 + (n 1) 3

2) 10, 100, 1000 Solution : We write natural powers of 10, successively. T1 = 101 T2 = 100 = 102 T3 = 1000 = 103 Tn = 10n 3)
1 1 1 , , .. 10 20 30 Solution : We write the reciprocals of multiples 10

T1 = T2 = T3 = Tn =

1 10 1 1 = 20 10 x 2 1 1 = 30 10 x 3 1 1 = 10 xn 10n
12

4)

1 2 3 4 , , , .. 2 3 4 5

Solution : We divide 1 by 1 + 1, 2 by 2 + 1, 3 by 3 + 1 and so on T1 = T2 = T3 =

1 1 = 1+1 2 2 2 = 2 +1 3 3 3 = 3 +1 4 n n +1

Tn =

We describe the sequence by listing the first few terms (at least three terms) of the sequence or defining an algebraic expression for the general term Tn, then to find the succeeding terms assign the values to n, as 1, 2, 3, 4 We denote sequence as {Tn}. II. Worked Examples : 1) Find the first four terms of the sequence whose nth term is 5n + 3. Solution : Here Tn = 5n + 3 To find T1, substitute n = 1 in Tn T1 = 5 x 1 + 3 = 5+3 = 8 To find T2, substitute n = 2 in Tn T2 = 5 x 2 + 3 = 10 + 3 = 13 To find T3, substitute n = 3 in Tn T3 = 5 x 3 + 3 = 15 + 3 = 18 Similarly, T4 = 5 x 4 +3 = 20 + 3 = 23

The first four terms of the sequence are 8, 13, 18, 23.
13

2)

If Tn = n2 +1, find the first four terms of the sequence. Solution : Tn = n2 +1

T1 = 12 + 1 = 1 + 1 = 2

T2 = 22 + 1 = 4 + 1 = 5 T3 = 32 + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10 T4 = 42 + 1 = 16 + 1 = 17 The first four terms of the sequence are 2, 5, 10 and 17. 3) If Tn = 4n + 1 find a) Tn-1 Solution : a)

b) Tn+1

Here Tn = 4n + 1 Tn-1 = = Tn-1 4(n 1) + 1 4n 4 + 1

To find Tn-1, Substitute n 1 in the place of n

= 4n 3 4(n + 1) + 1 4n + 4 + 1 4n + 5

b)

To find Tn+1, Substitute n + 1 in the place of n Tn+1 =

Tn+1 = Tn+1 =

4)

In a sequence, Tn = 4n2 1. Find the value of n so that Tn = 35 Solution :

Tn = 4n2 1 Tn = 35 is given 4n2 1 = 35 4n2 = 35 + 1 = 36

n2 = n =

36 = 9 4

9 = 3

n is always a natural number. Therefore n = 3

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4. Series The sum of terms of a sequence is called the series of the corresponding sequence. T1 + T2 + T3 + .. is an infinite series, whereas T1 + T2 + T3 + + Tn is a finite series of n terms. Usually the series of finite number of n terms is denoted by Sn or simply S. (i.e) Sn = T1 + T2 + T3 + Tn Worked Examples : 1) In the series, Tn = 3n + 1. Find S5 Solution : Now S5 = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5 Tn = 3n + 1 T1 = 3 (1) + 1 = 3 + 1 = 4 T2 = 3 (2) + 1 = 6 + 1 = 7 T3 = 3 (3) + 1 = 9 + 1 = 10 T4 = 3 (4) + 1 = 12 + 1 = 13 T5 = 3 (5) + 1 = 15 + 1 = 16
S5 = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5

Think! Sn Sn-1 = Tn

= 4 + 7 + 10 + 13 + 16
S5 = 50

2)

In a series Tn = xn-1 (x 0) Write the infinte series. Solution : Here Tn = xn-1 Find the first four terms.

T1 = x1-1 = x0 = 1 T2 = x2-1 = x1 T3 = x3-1 = x2 T4 = x4-1 = x3

The infinite series is 1 + x1 + x2 + x3 + ....................

15

Exercise : 1.2 1) Write the next four terms of the following sequences given. a) 5, 7, 9, 11 ...................
2 3 4 5 , , , ................... 1 2 3 4

b) 1,

1 1 1 , , .................. 2 4 8

c)

d) 4, -4, 4, -4 ..................

2) Write the first four terms of the sequence whose nth term is a) Tn = 2n-1 b) Tn = 5 - 2n c) Tn = 3n2 + 1 d) Tn = 3n-1 3) (a) If Tn = n find i) Tn+1 ii) Tn-1 (b) If Tn = n2 1 find i) Tn2 ii) Tn+1 (c) If Tn = 2n2 + 1 find the value of n if Tn = 73 (d) In a sequence Tn = 5 3n find i) Tn+1 ii) Tn+2 4) In a series (i) Tn = 2n 1 find S5 then find a) S1 b) S2 c) S3 d) S4

If (ii) Tn = (1)n

Hence Prove that S1 = S3 and S2 = S4

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION
1. The definition of an arithmetic progression : We have already studied about the sequence. Now let us discuss the particular kind of sequence which has a constant relationship between a pair of successive terms. Consider the sequence 1) 10, 12, 14, 16 . 2) 8, 5, 2, 1, 4

In Ex : 1, Let us calculate T2 T1 , T3 T2 , T4 T3 Similarly we have In Ex : 2, T2 T1 = T3 T2 = T4 T3 = .. = 2 T2 T1 = T3 T2 = T4 T3 = .............. = 3

Such kind of sequences are called arithmetic progressions.

16

Definition :- An Arithmetic Progression is a sequence in which the difference between a term and its preceding term is a constant. The constant is the common difference (c.d) and is denoted by d. (The Arithmetic Progression is abbreviated as A.P). 2. The general form and term of an A.P : T1, T2, T3 .. Tn .......... be an A.P T2 T1 = T3 T2 = T4 T3 = .. = Tn Tn-1 = d Let

T1 = a = a + (1 1) d T2 = T1 + d = a + d = a + (2 1)d T3 = T2 + d = a + 2d = a + (3 1)d T4 = T3 + d = a + 3d = a + (4 1)d . Tn = Tn-1 + d = a + (n 1)d

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ...................., a + (n 1)d is the general form of an arithmetic progression with a as the first term and having common difference d. This is the Standard form of an A.P. The last term a + (n 1) d is denoted by Tn or l

Note :

Tn = a + (n 1)d is the general term of an A.P

Note : 1. In an A.P succeeding term of a given term is obtained by adding d to it. [Tn+1 = Tn+ d]. 2. In an A.P preceding term of a given term is obtained by subtracting d from it [Tn-1 = Tn d]. Worked Examples : 1) The first term of an A.P. is 3 and common difference is 5. Find the A.P. Solution : a = 3, d = 5, Write the A.P. T1 = a = 3 T2 = T1 + d = 3 + 5 = 8 T3 = T2 + 5 = 8 + 5 = 13 T4 = T3 + 5 = 13 + 5 = 18 A.P. is 3, 8, 13, 18, ......................
17

2) Find the nth and the 20th terms of the A.P. 3, 7, 11, 15, ............... Solution : a = 3, d = T2 T1 = 7 3 = 4, Tn = ?, T20 = ? Tn = a + (n 1)d. Tn = 3 + (n 1)4 = 3 + 4n 4 Tn = 4n 1 T20 = 4(20) 1 (OR) T20 = 30 + (20 1)4 = 80 1 = 3 + 19 x 4 T20 = 79 T20 = 3 + 76 = 79 3) In an A.P prove that T10 = T6 + 4d. Solution : Tn = a + (n 1)d. L.H.S = T10 = a + (10 1)d L.H.S = a + 9d .................... (i) R.H.S = T6 + 4d = a + (6 1)d + 4d = a + 5d + 4d R.H.S = a + 9d ................. (ii) From (i) and (ii) T10 = T6 + 4d In general we can prove that Tp = Tq + (pq)d Note : i) d =

(Tp Tq ) (p q )

ii) In particular, d =

(Tn a ) (n 1)

4) The 20th and 30th terms of an A.P. are 201 and 301 respectively. Find c.d. Solution : Tp = T30 = 301,
d =

Tq = T20 = 201

(Tp Tq ) (p q)
(301 201) (30 20) =
100 = 10 10
18

d =

d = 10

5) How many terms are there in the A.P. 4, 1, 6, ............., (106) Solution : Given : a = 4, d = 5, Tn = 106, n = ? Tn = a + (n 1)d. a + (n 1)d = Tn 4 + (n 1) (5) = 106 4 5n + 5 = 106 5n + 9 = 106 5n = 106 9 5n = 115 n =
115 = 23 5
n = 23

There are 23 terms in the given A.P. 6) The fourth and eighth terms of an A.P. are in the ratio 1 : 2 and tenth term is 30, Find the Common difference and the first term. Write the A.P. Solution : It is given that T4 : T8 = 1 : 2 and T10 = 30 T4 1 T8 = 2 T10 = T4+ 6d and T10 = T8 + 2d

2T4 2(T10 6d) 2(30 6d) 60 12d 12d + 2d 10d

= = = = = =

T8 T10 2d 30 2d 30 2d 30 60 30
30 = 3 10

d =

d = 3

To find a a + (n 1)d = Tn a + (10 1)3 = 30 a + 9 x 3 = 30 a + 27 = 30 a = 3 a = 30 27 = 3 The A.P. is 3, 3 + 3, 3 + (2 x 3), 3 + (3 x 3), .................... i.e 3, 6, 9, 12, .....................
19

7) The angles of a triangle are in A.P. The smallest angle is 300. Show that the triangle is a right angled triangle. Solution : In triangle ABC, let us say A = 300 Since A, B, and C are in A.P. B = 30 0+d C = 300 +2d We know that A + B + C = 1800 300 + 300 + d + 300 + 2d = 1800 900 + 3d = 1800 3d = 1800 900 3d = 900 90 0 d = = 300 3 d = 300 The other two angles of the triangle are and B = 300 + d C = 300 + 2d = 300 + 300 = 600 = 300 + 2(300) = 900 The triangle ABC is a right angled triangle. 8) Find the three numbers of an A.P. whose sum is 12 and their product is 48. Solution : Let a be the middle number. Since three numbers are in A.P. the other two numbers are a d and a + d. (a d) + a + (a + d) = 12 3a = 12
12 = 4 3 a = 4 (a d) a (a + d) = 48 4 (4 d) (4 + d) = 48

and

a =

(4 d) (4 + d) 16 d2 16 12 d2

48 = 12 4 = 12 = d2 = 4

d = 2 d = 4 = 2 The three numbers are 2, 4 and 6 (or) 6, 4 and 2

20

3. The sum of a finite arithmetic series : A series whose terms are in A.P is an arithmetic series Ex : 1) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 is a finite arithmetic series and its sum is 55. 2) 1 + 2 + 3 + .. + 1000 is an arithmetic series of 1000 terms and its sum is 5,00,500. This can be calculated by actual adding or with the help of a calculator. But both these methods are very time consuming. For this there are very simple and interesting formulae for the sum of the first n natural numbers and sum of the first n terms of an A.P. (Arithmetic series) I 1) Find the sum of the first n natural numbers 1, 2, 3, . (n2), (n1) and n are the first n natural numbers Solution : Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + + (n 2) + (n 1) + n + Sn = n + (n 1) + (n 2) + + 3 + 2 + 1 2Sn = (n + 1) + (n + 1) + (n + 1) + . + (n + 1) + (n + 1) [ There are n terms in the R.H.S] 2Sn = n(n + 1)
Sn =

n(n + 1) 2

Usually the sum of the first n natural numbers is denoted by 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + + n =

20 1

1) 1 + 2 + 3 + . + 20 = =

n
20( 20 + 1) = 10 x 21 = 210 2

1000

2) 1 + 2 + 3 + ......+ 1000 = = Note :

n
1

1000(1000 + 1) = 500 x 1001 = 500500 2

(n 1) =

( n 1)( n 1 + 1) 2
21

or

n
1

n =

n(n +1) 2

( n 1) n 2

Activity : What is

n + (n 1) = ?

Count the number of rings and horizontal bars of this row. Count the vertical bars below or above this row then answer the following 1. How many rings are there in the design ? 2. How many horizontal bars are there in the design? 3. How many vertical bars are there in the design ? 4. If the radius of each ring 3.5 cm and length of each bar is 9 cm. what is the length of the steel bar used for the design ? 3) Find the sum of all positive multiples of 3 less than 50. Solution : 3, 6, 9, .., 48 are all the positive multiples of 3 < 50. Sn = 3 + 6 + 9 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + 48 = 3(1 + 2 + 3 + . . . . . . . . . . + 16) 16 = 3 n 1 = 3x =
16 17 2

Try : If a is constant then a + 2a + 3a + . . . . . + na = ?

816 = 408 2

II Find the sum of first n terms of an Arithmetic Progression Solution : Let a, a + d, a + 2d, .........., a +(n 1)d are the n terms of an A.P. (i.e) S n = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + .................. + [a + (n 1)d] = (a + a + a + .........upto n terms) + [d + 2d + 3d + ..........+ (n 1)d] = na + [1 + 2 + 3 + ..............+ (n 1)]d
Sn

n 1 = na + (n 1) d 1 = na + =
( n 1)( n 1 + 1) x d 2

2na + (n 1)n x d 2
22

Sn =

n [2a + (n 1)d] 2

Sn

n = [a + a + (n 1)d] 2 n (a + l) 2

Sn =

Do You Know ? Sum of n terms of an A.P is n times the A.M of the first and the last terms.

Worked Examples : 1) In an A.P of 21 terms, the first and the last terms are 4 and 64 respectively. Find the sum of the A.P. Solution : n = 21, l = 64, a = 4 Sn = S21 = S21 =
n (a + l) 2 21 (4 + 64) 2 21 x 68 = 21 x 34 = 714 2
S21 = 714

2) Find the sum of the first 25 terms of the series 3 + 7 + 11 + 15 + ............ Solution : Given Sn = S 25 = S 25 = S 25 = S 25 =
n [2a + (n 1)d] 2 25 [2 x 3 + (25 1)4] 2 25 (6 + 24 x 4) 2 25 (6 + 96) 2 25 x 102 = 25 x 51 = 1275 2
23

n = 25 a = 3 d = 4 S25 = ?

S25 = 1275

3) Find the sum of all natural numbers between 91 and 170 which are divisible by 5. Solution : The numbers between 91 and 170 which are divisible by 5 are 95, 100, 105, .............. 165 Sn = 95 + 100 + 105 + ............... + 165 First find the number of terms in the A.P. Tn = 165 = 165 a + (n 1)d a = 95 95 + (n 1)5 = 165 d = 5 95 + 5n 5 = 165 l = Tn = 165 5n + 90 = 165 5n = 165 90 5n = 75

n n

75 = 15 5 = 15

Sn S 15

= = =

n (a + l) 2 15 (95 + 165) 2

S15

15 x 260 2 = 15 x 130 = 1950

4) The sum of n terms of an arithmetic series is Sn = 2n2 + 6n. Find the first term and the common difference. Solution : Given : S n = 2n2 + 6n and S1 = T1 S 1 = 2(1)2 + 6(1) = 2+6 = 8 T1 = 8 a = 8 2 To find 'd' S2 = 2(2) + 6(2) = 2(4) + 12 S2 = 20 = 8 + 12 S2 = T1 + T2 T1 + T2 = 20
24

8 + T2 T2 T2 d

= = = = =

20 20 8 = 12 12 T2 T1 12 8

d = 4

5) How many terms of the series 10 + 8 + 6 + ............ should be added to get the sum 126. Solution : Sn = 126 a = 10, d = 2, Sn = 126
n [2a + (n 1)d] = 126 2

= 126 = 126 = 126 =0 =0 n2 18n + 7n 126 = 0 n(n 18) + 7 (n 18) = 0 (n 18) (n + 7) = 0 n 18 = 0 or n + 7 = 0 n = 18 or n = 7 As n is a positive integer n = 18 6) Sanganbasava rides a bicycle from his home to the ashram. He covers 125 meters at the end of first minute, 135 meters at the end of second minute and so on. If he reaches the Ashram at the end of 10 minutes. Find the distance between his home and ashram. Solution : We can observe that the distances covered by Sanganbasava in successive minutes are in A.P.

n [2 x 10 + (n 1)x 2] 2 n [20 2n + 2] 2 n [22 2n] 2 n(11 n) 11n n2 (i.e) n2 + 11n + 126 (i.e) n2 11n 126

a = 10 d = 2 Sn = 126

= 126 = 126

The required distance = S10 = 125 + 135 + 145 + ............... upto 10 terms.
25

a = 125, d = 10, n = 10 Sn =

n [2a + (n 1)d] 2 10 [2 x 125 + (10 1)10] 2

S 10 =

= 5[250 + 9 x 10] = 5(250 + 90) = 5 x 340 = 1700 meters S 10 = 1.7 Kilometers

The distance of the Ashram from his house is 1.7 Kms.

Exercise : 1.3 1) Which of the following sequences are in A.P. a) 3, 7, 11, 15 ............... b) 8, 4, 2, 1, ................... c) 1, 1, 3, 5, ......... 2) Find : a) Tn and T15 for the A.P 1, 4, 7, 10, .............. b) T20 for the A.P 8, 2, 4, 10, ................... a) n
1 25

3) A. Find B. a) If

b) n +
1

30

n
1

25

c) n
1

50

n
1

30

n = 55 find n

b) If

= 210 find n.

C. Find the sum of all natural numbers below 50 which are divisible by 7. 4) In an A.P A. a) If a = 11, d = 2, n = 10 find T10 and S10 b) If a = 12, d = 3, Tn = 84 find n c) If d = 4 and T35 = 123 find a d) If a = 3 and T20 = 60 find d B. i) How many terms are there in A.P 4, 1, 6, ..........., (106) ii) Test whether 25 is a term of the A.P 3, 9, 12, 15, ........... iii) Test whether 36 is a term of the A.P 4, 8, 12, 16, ..............
26

5) A. B.

Find the A.P in which a)Tn = 2n + 1 b) Tn = 4 5n

c) Sn = 5n2 + 3n

a) In an A.P. the fourth and seventh terms are 17 and 23 respectively, find d and a b) In an A.P. T10 = 20 and T20 = 10 find T30 c) The fifth and tenth terms are in the ratio 1 : 2 and T12 = 36, find A.P.

6) A. 1) 2) 3) 4) B. C.

Find the sum of the following Arithmetic series. 2 + 5 + 8 + .......... upto 12 terms 1 + 4 + 7 + ........... upto 22 terms 3 + 7 + 11 + ........... upto 35 terms Find the sum of the Arithmetic series which contains 25 terms and whose middle term is 20. In an A.P. If 1) Tn = 4n + 3 find S15 2) Tn = 5 2n find S20 1) Find the sum of all the first n odd natural numbers. 2) Find the sum of all natural numbers between 101 and 201 which are divisible by 4.

7) A) B)

Find the sum of the finite series a) 1 + 6 + 11 + 16 + .......... + 96 a) 3 + 5 + 7 +..........= 624 b) 1 + 4 + 7 + ........... +73. b) 15 + 12 + 9 + 6 +...........= 90 Find the number of terms in the following series if

8) a) Anup, Azhar and Anthony have 105 marbles altogether. Anup has 40 marbles If their shares are in A.P., find the number of marbles with the other two boys. b) The angles of a quadrilateral are in A.P. If the smallest angle is 150, find the angles of the quadrilateral. c) Veershree climbed 23 steps of Golgumbaz in the first minute. After that she climbed two steps less than what she had climbed in the previous minute. If she reached the whispering gallery of Golgumbaz after 7 minutes how many steps did she climb to reach the whispering gallery? d) Find the three numbers in A.P. whose sum and products are i) 6 and 6 ii) 15 and 18 iii) 15 and 1050
27

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION
1. The definition of a Geometric Progression : In the previous unit we have studied about the arithmetic progression in which the difference between a term and its preceding term was constant. Consider the following sequences : 1) 2, 4, 8, 16, ................ 2) 12, 6, 3,
3 , ................ 2

T2 T3 T4 Calculate T , T , T , ................... 1 2 3
T2 T3 T4 Then we have T = T = T = ....................= the ratio is constant. 1 2 3

Such sequences are Geometric Progressions. Definition : A Geometric progression is a sequence in which the ratio of a term and its preceding term is a constant. This constant is called the common ratio and is denoted by r (Geometric progression is abbreviated as G.P). 2. The General form and the general term of a Geometric progression : Let T1, T2, T3, ............. Tn be a G.P in which T1 = a and common ratio = r T2 T3 T4 Then T = T = T = ................. = r 1 2 3 T1 = a = ar1-1 T2 = T1 x r = ar = ar2-1 T3 = T2 x r = (ar)(r) = ar2 = ar3-1 T4 = T3 x r = ar2 x r = ar3 = ar4-1 ......................................... Tn = arn-1 Tn = Tn-1 x r = arn-1 a, ar, ar2, ......................ar n-1 is a Geometric Progression with the first term a and common ratio r. This is the standard form of a G.P. Activity : Take a rope of any length and divide it into 81 equal parts by folding it in different stages. Observe 1. The number of equal folds at each stage. 2. Find the length of each part at each stage. Tn = arn-1 is the general term of the G.P.
28

Note :

1. To Obtain the Succeeding term of a given term Tn multiply it by r. Tn+1 = Tn x r 2. To Obtain the Preceding term of a given term Tn divide it by r. Tn-1 =
Tn r

Worked Examples : 1) The first term and common ratio of a G.P are 3 and 4 respectively, find the G.P. Solution : a = 3, r = 4 T1 = a = 3 T2 = ar = 3 x 4 = 12 T3 = ar2 = 3 x 42 = 3 x 16 = 48 T4 = ar3 = 3 x 43 = 3 x 64 = 192 The G.P is 3, 12, 48, 192, .............. 2) In a sequence Tn = 2(1-n), Prove that the sequence is a G.P. Solution : Tn = 21-n T1 = 21-1 = 20 = 1 1 T2 = 21-2 = 2-1 = 2 1 1 T3 = 21-3 = 2-2 = 2 = 4 2 1 1 T4 = 21-4 = 2-3 = 3 = and so on 8 2 1 T2 1 2 = T1 = 2 1

1 4 T3 1 2 1 = 1 = x = T2 4 1 2 2

T2 T3 1 = T = = r The given sequence is a G.P. T1 2 2 3) Find the nth and 7th term of the G.P 1, 3, 9, 27, ............ Solution : a = 1, r = 3 Tn = arn-1 Tn = 1.(3)n-1 Tn = 3(n-1) T7 = 37-1 = 36 T7 = 729
29

4) Which term of the G.P 3, 6, 12, 24, ............ is 96? Solution : a = 3, r = 2, Tn = 96, n = ? Tn = arn-1 i.e., arn-1 = Tn 3.2 n-1 = 96 2n-1 =
96 = 32 3

2n-1 = 2 5 n1 = 5 n = 5+1 = 6

Hence the sixth term is 96. 5) In a G.P seventh term is eight times the fourth term and the fifth term is 12, find the G.P. Solution :

T7 = 8 x T4 =

T7 T4

8 1

(
8
r = 2

Tp

p-q Tq = r

8 ar 6 = 3 1 ar 3 r = 8

r3 To find a : T5 ar4 a x 24 a x16 a The required G.P is i.e.

= = = = = =

12 12 12 12
12 3 = 16 4
a =

3 4

3 3 3 2 3 3 , x 2 , x 2 , x 2 .............. 4 4 4 4

3 3 , , 3, 6 ............. 4 2
30

Note : 1) 1=1=1
1 1 = 1 = 10 0. 1 10 1 1 = 1 =100 0.01 100

2)

1 = 1= 1 100 1 1 = 0.1 1 = 10 10 1 1 = 0.01 2 = 100 10 1 1 = 0.001 3 = 1000 10

1 = 1 =1000 0.001 1000

In Note 1) Here we observe that as the denominator decreases the number increases. We conclude that when the denominator becomes nearer and nearer to zero, the number will become very large which is beyond our imagination and this is infinity and is denoted by (Infinity). i.e In Note 2) Here we observe that as the power of
1 = . 0

1 increases the number 10 1 is very large decreases. We conclude that when the power n of 10 1 quantity ( ) then will be nearer and nearer to zero. In general 10 n n if r < 1 then r = 0 when n is nearer to .

3.

To find the sum of n terms of a Geometric Progression with the first term a and the common ratio r. Let a, ar, ar2, ...............ar n-2, ar n-1 be the n terms of a G.P.
Sn = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + .................+ arn-2 + arn1

r. Sn = ar + ar2 + ar3 + ar4 + ............... arn-1 + arn

Sn rSn = a arn
31

 (1 r) Sn = a (1 rn)
Sn = (1 r )
a (1 r n )

when r < 1

a (r n 1) This formula can be written as Sn = (r 1) a ( r n 1) Sn = ( r 1)

4. Sum of infinite terms of a G.P. We know that Sn =
a (1 r n ) when r <1 and if r < 1, rn approaches zero as n approaches (1 r )

when r > 1

S =

a (1 0) (1 r )

When n approaches here we write S as

S = (1 r )

Worked Examples : 1) Find the sum of 2 + 4 + 8 + ............. to 10 terms. Solution : a = 2, r =

4 8 = = 2 > 1, n = 10 2 4

a (r n 1) Sn = (r 1) a (r n 1) 2(210 1) S10 = (r 1) = (2 1) S10 = 2(1024 1)

S10 = 2(1023)
S10 = 2046
32

2)

Find the sum of first 6 terms and S terms of the G.P 1, a = 1, r = Sn S6 =

1 , n = 6 3

1 1 1 , , ........... 3 9 27

Solution : (i)

a (1 r n ) (1 r )
a (1 r 6 ) (1 r )
1 6 1 3 1 1 1 3

r < 1

1 =

1 36 3 1 = 1 2 2 729 3 =
3 728 x 2 729

=
S6 =

3 729 1 2 729

364 243 S = 3 2

(ii)

S =

a 1 1 3 = = = 1 (1 r ) 2 2 1 3 3

3) Find the number of terms in the series 1 + 4 + 16 + .................. if the sum of the series is 341. Solution : a =1, r = 4, Sn = 341 r > 1, Sn =

a (r n 1) (r 1)

a (r n 1) = Sn (r 1)
33

1(4 n 1) = 341 (4 1) 4 n 1 = 341 3 4n 1 = 341 x 3 4n = 1023 + 1 4n = 1024 4 n = 45

n=5

The Series has 5 terms

4) Find the ratio of sum of the first four terms to the first eight terms of the G.P. Solution :

a (r n 1) Sn = (r 1)

a (r 4 1) ......... (1) S4 = ( r 1)

a (r 8 1) ........... (2) S8 = (r 1)
Divide (1) by (2) a ( r 4 1) (r 1) a (r 8 1) (r 1) (r 4 1) (r 4 1) = 4 2 (r 8 1) (r ) (1) 2

S4 S8

(r 4 1) (r 4 1)(r 4 + 1)

S4 : S8 = 1 : (r4 + 1)

Note :

i) S8 : S4 = r4 + 1

ii) S2n Sn = rn + 1
34

5) In a G.P. a = 3, r = 2 and Tn = 96 Show that Sn = 189. Solution : a = 3, r = 2, Tn = 96, Sn = ? Sn a (r n 1) = (r 1)

ar n a = (r 1)
= = =
Tn +1 a r 1

192 3 1 Sn = 189

OR arn-1 3(2)n-1 2n-1 2n-1 n1 n To find S6 : Sn S6 = Tn = 96

96 = 32 3 = 25 = 5 = 5+1= 6

n = 6

a (r 6 1) = (r 1) 3(26 1) = (2 1)
=
3(64 1) 1

= 3 x 63
S6 = 189
35

96 x 2 3 2 1

Tn+1 = Tn x r]

Exercise : 1.4 1) Which of the following sequences are in G.P? a) 5, 10, 20, ......................... b) 1, 1, 1, 1, ........................... c) 2, 4, 6, 8, ........................ 2) d) 1, 4, 9, 16, .............................

Find a) Tn and T8 for 1, 2, 4, 8, .............

1 1 1 ........ b) T6 for 1, , , 3 9 27

c) T9 for 2, 0.2, 0.02, 0.002, .......

3)

Find the G.P if 1) a) Tn = 2 x 5(n-1) d) S = 2) In a G.P. a) b) c) The first term is

2 and a = 1 3

b) Tn = 2 x 3(n-1) e) S = 3 and r =

c) T7 = 243 and r = 3
1 3

1 1 and sixth term is , find r. 3 729

If T8 = 32 and r = 2, find a. Which term of the G.P 1, 2, 4 ........................ will be 256.

4)

I. Find the sum of the following Geometric series a) 1 + 2 + 4 + ...................... upto 9 terms b) c) d) II. 6+3+
3 + .......................upto 8 terms 2 3 + 0.3 + 0.03 + 0.003 + .......................... upto 6 terms 1 1 + + ................................ 3 9

1+

upto

a) Find the first term of a G.P in which S6 = 1365 and r = 4 b) Find the common ratio of a G.P in which S2 = 6 and a = 2

5)

Find the sum of the following finite series a) c) 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 256.

1 1 1 + + ..................... 10 3 9 3 9 1 + 0.1 + 0.01 + ................... + (0.1)

b)

36

6)

How many terms of the series a) b) c) 2 + 4 + 8 + ................... make the sum 1022 3 + 9 + 27 + ................. make the sum 1092 2 + 6 + 18 + ................. make the sum 728 a) S3 : S6 for the series 4 + 12 + 36 + ................. b) S4 : S8 for the series 5 + 10 + 20 + ................ II. Find the G.P if a) T3 : T6 = 1 : 8 and T5 = 64 c) S10 : S5 = 33 : 1 and T6 = 32 b) T4 : T8 = 1 : 81 and T6 = 486 d) S8 : S4 = 97 : 81 and T5 = 16

7) I. Find

8)

a) In a G.P of 6 terms the first and last terms are 5 and 160, find the remaining terms b) Ganga marked a dot in the first square, 2 dots in the second, 4 in the third square and so on. How many dots should she mark in the 8th square? c) Sahil purchased certain number of laddus. He gave half of them to the first friend, half of the remaining to the second and so on. He and His fifth friend ate 33 laddus. How many laddus did Sahil purchase ?

HARMONIC PROGRESSION
1. The meaning of a Harmonic Progression : Consider the sequence
1 1 1 1 , , , , ................ 5 9 13 17

Taking the reciprocal of each of the terms of the sequence. We get 5, 9, 13, 17, .................. Observe that this is again a sequence which is an A.P with a = 5 and d = 4 A Harmonic Progression (H.P) is a sequence in which the reciprocal of terms of it form an arithmetic progression.
37

2. The General term of a Harmonic Progression 1 If Tn is the nth term of a H.P then T will be the nth term of the A.P n Since nth term of A.P = [a + (n 1)d]
1 T = a + (n 1)d n

1 Tn = a + (n 1)d is the general term of H.P

1 1 1 1 is the standard form of a H.P. , , , ....... a + ( n 1) d a a + d a + 2d

Note : 1) The reciprocal terms of a H.P form an A.P. 2) There is no formula to find the sum of n terms of a H.P as in the case of A.P and G.P. Worked Examples : 1) State which of the sequences are in H.P a) 1,
1 1 1 , , , ....... 2 3 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 , , , ....... c) , , , ......... 2 4 8 2 4 6

b)

1,

Solution : Taking the reciprocal of every term of the given sequences. a) 1, 2, 3, 4, ............ b) 1, 2, 4, 8, .......... c) 2, 4, 6, ........... Now the reciprocal of a) and c) are in A.P
They are Harmonic Progressions but in b) the reciprocals of the terms of the sequence are not in A.P It is not a H.P

2)

Show that 6, 4, 3 ..................... are in H.P. Hence find the nth and 20th terms. Solution : The Sequence of the reciprocals of given sequence is :

1 1 1 , , , ................................ 6 4 3 1 1 4 6 3 2 1 = 12 12
38

T2 T1 =

T3 T2 = =

1 1 3 4 43 1 = 12 12

 d =

1 1 and a = 12 6 1 1 + (n 1) 6 12 2 + n 1 12
Tn =

nth term of A.P = a + (n 1)d = =

( n + 1) 12

1 12 nth term of H.P Tn = a + (n 1)d = n +1

12 12 = T20 of H.P = 21 20 +1

Example : 7th term of a H.P is

3 12 and its 10th term is find T8, 2 17 2 17 and respectively 3 12

T7 and T10 of A.P will be

Tp Tq (p q )
8 17 12 = (3)
d =

2 17 3 12 = (7 10) =
9 1 x 12 3 2 3

1 4

But T7 = a + 6d =

a + 6 x a +

1 2 = 4 3 3 2 = 2 3
39

a =

5 2 3 49 = = 3 2 6 6
a =

5 6

1 5 5 7 + (8 1) = + T8 of A.P. = 4 6 4 6 10 + 21 12 11 12

T8 =
12 11

Think ! Can this problem be solved in an alternate method?

T8 of H.P. =

Exercise : 1.5 1) Which of the following are Harmonic progressions. a) 1,

1 1 1 , , , ................. 3 5 7 2 1 2 , , , ..................... 3 2 5

b)

1,

1 1 1 , , , ................... 3 6 12

c) 2) Find a) b) c)

1,

d)

1 1 1 1 , , , , ................ 2 5 10 17

Tn in T12 in T10 in

1 1 1 , , , ....... 2 5 8 1 1 1 1 , , , , ........... 8 13 18 23 1 1 , , 1, -1, ................. 5 3 1 12 1 find T19 42

3)

a) b)

In a H.P, T4 = In a H.P, T5 =

and T10 =

6 2 and T1 = find T7 and T12 19 9

40

ARITHMETIC, GEOMETRIC AND HARMONIC MEANS BETWEEN TWO NUMBERS I. Arithmetic Mean(A.M) : If a, A, b are in A.P, then A is called the Arithmetic Mean between a and b. Since a, A and b are in A.P Aa=bA A+A = a+b 2A = a + b A=
a+b is the formula to find the A.M between two numbers a and b. 2

Worked Examples :
1) Find the A.M between 5 and 17.

Solution : A = A =

a+b 2 5 + 17 22 = = 11 2 2
x.

A = 11

2) If 2x + 3, x 1 and 2 x are in A.P. find

Solution :

a = 2x + 3, A = x 1, b = 2 x A= x1=
a+b 2 2x + 3 + 2 x 2

x 1 x+5 = 1 2 2x 2 = x + 5 2x x = 5 + 2

x=7

II.

Geometric Mean between two numbers (G.M) : If a, G, b are in G.P , then G is called the Geometric Mean between a and b. Since a, G and b are in G.P.
G b = a G 2 G = ab

G=

ab

is the formula to find the G.M between two numbers a and b.

41

Worked Examples :
1) Find the G.M between 5 and 16.

Solution :

G = =

ab

(5x16)

G = 4 5
2) If 4, x + 2 and 9 are in G.P find x.

Solution :

a = 4, G = x + 2, b = 9

Since a, G, b are in G.P G = G = x+2

ab 4x 9

= 36 x+2=6 x = 6 2 x = 8

x+2

= 6 x + 2 = + 6 or x=62 or or x=4

III. Harmonic Mean between two numbers (H.M) : If a, H, b are in H.P, then H is called the Harmonic Mean between a and b. Since a, H and b are in H.P
1 1 1 , , are in A.P a H b

1 1 1 1 = H a b H 1 1 1 1 + = + H H a b 2 a+b = H ab
H(a+b) = 2ab

H=

2ab This is the formula to find the H.M between two numbers a and b. a+b
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Worked Examples : 1) Find the H.M between 6 and 3. Solution : H =

2ab a+b
2x6x3 6+3

a = 6 b = 3

H = H =

36 9

H= 4

IV. Relationship among A.M, G.M and H.M Theorem : If A,G,H are the A.M, G.M and H.M of two positive numbers a and b, then show that A,G and H are in G.P(G = Now A is A.M between a and b G is G.M between a and b H is H.M between a and b G =
G2 =

AH )

A= G= H=

a+b ...............(1) 2

ab .............. (2)
2ab ............... (3) a+b

ab

( ab )

= ab
2ab a + b = ab

a + b A.H = 2

G2 = AH or G = AH Thus G is the Geometric mean between A and H. A, G, H are in G.P Note : A.M, G.M, and H.M between 4 and 16 are 10, 8 and 6.4 respectively. Now 10 > 8 > 6.4 In general A G H
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Exercise : 1.6 a) Find x if the following numbers are in A.P 1) 4, x, 12 2) 2, (x 1), 4 Find x if the following numbers are in G.P 1) 16, x, 25 2) 5, x + 1, 20 If A, G, H are A.M, G.M, and H.M of the following pair of numbers a) 1 and 4 b) 2 and 8 c) 9 and 16 Verify that i) A, G, H are in G.P ii) A > G > H. 3) 6 a, x, 6 + a

b)

c)

MATRICES
Recall : A matrix is a rectangular arrangement of numbers in terms of rows and columns enclosed within brackets. Example : (i) Matrix 3 1 4 A = 1 2 3 Order of Matrix (2x3) matrix

(ii)

5 2 4 3 B = 1 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 C = 7 8 9

(3x2) matrix

(iii)

(3x3) matrix

The Horizontal arrangements are called 'Rows' and the vertical arrangements are called 'Columns'. In example (i) matrix A has 2 rows and 3 columns. Hence its order is 2x3. 1. Multiplication of a matrix by a scalar Consider a (2x3) matrix A = 4 5 6 Multiply both sides by 2, we get 2A = 2 4 5 6
44
1 2 3

1 2 3

= 2 x 4 2 x5 2x 6
2A = 8 10 12 Now Consider a (2x2) matrix 2 4 6

2 x1 2 x 2 2 x 3

5 2 = 4 3 Multiply both sides by K A 5 2 KA = K 4 3 KA = 4K 3K 2. Transpose of a matrix Consider a matrix A of order (2x3) A = 1 3 2 Obtain a matrix by changing the rows into corresponding columns of A. Transpose of a matrix is the 4 1 matrix obtained by changing its Then the transposed matrix is 5 3 rows into corresponding columns 6 2 or columns into corresponding This matrix is denoted by A|. rows. | A is called the transpose of the matrix A.
4 5 6

5K 2K

When a matrix is multiplied by a scalar K then all its elements have to be multiplied by K.

a m b n Example : A = c r
a b c A| = m n r

If the order of a given matrix A is (m x n) then the order of its transpose A| is (n x m)

If A is a matrix of order (3x2) then A| is a matrix of order (2x3)

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 1 2 3 2 3 1 is a symmetric matrix Recall (i) : A = 3 1 2

Think ! (A|)| = A

1 2 3 | 2 3 1 (by changing rows into columns) A= 3 1 2 If A = A| then the matrix A is a symmetric Matrix. A| = A or A = A|

Recall (ii) :

2 3 0 2 0 4 A= is a skew - symmetric matrix 3 4 0

0 2 3 2 0 4 3 4 0

A| =

Now multiply both sides by (1), we get

0 2 3 2 0 4 3 4 0

A| = (1)

A| =

2 3 0 2 0 4 3 4 0

If A = A| then the matrix A is a skew symmetric matrix.

A = A|

Recall (iii) : A = (1 2 3 4) is a row matrix

1 2 3 4

Now A| =

is a column matrix

Transpose of a row matrix is a column matrix

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Remember : Unit matrix (Identity matrix) is denoted by I 1 0 , (2x2) matrix I = 0 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 , (3x3) matrix I= 0 0 1

Worked Example 1 : (1) If A = 2 x 1 Solution :

1 x 2 is a symmetric matrix. find x 1
1 x 2 1

A = 2x 1

2 x 1 1 A| = x2 1 | In a symmetric matrix A = A x 2 1 2x 1 1 =
2 x 1 1 x2 1

x 2 = 2x 1

x 2x = 1 + 2 x = 1
x = 1

If two matrices are equal then their corresponding elements are equal.

Remember : a b is a symmetric matrix of order (2 x 2) then b = c (i) If c d o b (ii) If c o is a 2 x 2 skew symmetric matrix then b = c or b = c

47

Worked Example 2 : If A = 6 + x
0 2x is a skew symmetric matrix find x 0
0 2x is a skew symmetric Matrix 0

Solution : A = 6 + x 6 + x = 2x x + 2x = 6 3x = 6 3. Addition of Matrices

x = 2

4 5 6 7 and B = Consider A = 3 2 8 9 A and B have the same order (2 x 2) Form a new matrix by adding the corresponding elements of the matrices A and B. The matrix obtained is A + B. 4 5 6 7 Example : A + B = 3 2 + 8 9 4 + 6 5 + 7 10 12 = A+B = 3 + 8 2 + 9 11 11 If A and B are two matrices of the same order then the matrix obtained by adding the corresponding elements of A and B is the sum of the matrices A and B and it is denoted by (A + B). Example : x y p q = m n 2 3 4 5 and B = 6 7 Remember : To add two matrices, their orders must be same. Think : Is the addition of matrices commutative?
48

A + B

x y 2 3 p q + 4 5 = m n 6 7 x + 2 y+3 p + 4 q +5 = m + 6 n + 7

A+B

4. Subtraction of matrices 3 7 2 5 Consider A = 4 5 and B = 3 7 A and B have the same order (2x2). Form a new matrix by subtracting the corresponding elements of matrix B from the elements of A. The matrix obtained is A B. 3 7 2 5 AB = 4 5 3 7 3 2 7 5 then A B = 4 3 5 7
AB

Remember : To subtract two matrices, their orders must be the same. Know this : AB BA

1 2 = 1 2

If A and B are two matrices of the same order then their difference (AB) is the matrix obtained by subtracting the corresponding elements of matrix B from the elements of matrix A. Worked Examples : 3 2 | (1) If A = 1 4 then find A + A Solution : 3 2 A = 1 4 3 1 = 2 4 Know this : A +A| is a symmetric matrix.

A|

3 2 3 1 + A + A| = 2 4 1 4 3 + 3 2 +1 = 1 + 2 4 + 4 6 3 | A + A = 3 8
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 4 5 | (2) If A = 6 7 then find A A 4 5 Solution : A = 6 7

A|

4 6 = 5 7

Know this : A A | is a skew symmetric matrix.

4 5 4 6 | AA = 6 7 5 7 4 4 5 6 = 6 5 7 7
A A|

0 1 = 1 0

8 6 3x 1 4 5 (3) If 3 2 + 2 7 = 5 9 then find x

Solution :

4 5 3x 1 8 6 3 2 + 2 7 = 5 9 3x + 4 1 + 5 = 3 + 2 2 + 7 8 6 5 9

3x + 4 6 8 6 = 5 5 9 9

3x + 4 = 8 3x = 8 4 3x = 4 x=
4 3
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 3 4 1 2 (4) If A = 5 6 and B = 7 8 then find A + 2B.

Solution :

B = 7 8
1 2 2B = 2 7 8
2B = 14 16 2 4

1 2

3 4 2 4 A + 2B = 5 6 + 14 16 = 5 + 14 6 + 16 A + 2B = 19 22
5 8
3+ 2 4+4

5. Multiplication of matrices :
a b 2 3 4 and B = c d Consider A = 5 6 7 e f

Multiply the matrix A with matrix B

2 3 4 Then A x B = 5 6 7
a b c d e f

Stage (i) : Multiply the elements of the First Row of A with the corresponding elements of the First Column of B a FR x FC 2 3 4 c = (2 x a) + (3 x c) + (4 x e) First Row e = 2a + 3c + 4e
51

Stage (ii) :Multiply the elements of First Row of A with the corresponding elements of the Second Column of B. b FR x SC 2 3 4 d = (2 x b) + (3 x d) + (4 x f) f = 2b + 3d + 4f Stage (iii): Multiply the elements of second Row of A with the corresponding elements of the First column of B a SR x FC 5 6 7 c = (5 x a) + (6 x c) + (7 x e) e = 5a + 6c + 7e Stage (iv) : Multiply the elements of Second Row of A with the corresponding elements of the Second Column of B b SR x SC 5 6 7 d = (5 x b) + (6 x d) + (7 x f) f = 5b + 6d + 7f FR.FC FR.SC Then AB = SR.FC SR.SC 2a + 3c + 4e 2b + 3d + 4f AB = 5a + 6c + 7e 5b + 6d + 7f 2 4 6 7 A = 3 5 and B = 8 9 AB 6 2 4 8 7 2 4 9 =
2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9

Note : FR = First Row SC = Second Column SR = Second Row FC = First Column

Example 1 :

= (2 x 6) + (4 x 8) = 12 + 32 = 44 = (2 x 7) + (4 x 9) = 14 + 36 = 50
52

6 3 5 8 7 3 5 9

= (3 x 6) + (5 x 8) = 18 + 40 = 58 = (3 x 7) + (5 x 9) = 21 + 45 = 66

44 50 AB = 58 66 (2x2) matrix Example 2 : A = 3 4 Solution : AB

1 2

and B = 2 3 1 then find AB

1 5 3

= 3 4 2 3 1 (1x1) + (2 x 2) (1x5) + (2 x 3) (1x 3) + (2 x1) (3x1) + (4x 2) (3x5) + (4 x 3) (3x 3) + (4 x1) 3+ 2 1 + 4 5 + 6 3 + 8 15 + 12 9 + 4

5 11 5 11 27 13

1 2 1 5 3

AB =

Example 3 : If A =

1 2 3 7 8 4 5 6 B = 6 3

Examine if AB exists? AB = 7 6 ? 1 2 3 7 8 4 5 6 6 3

Remember : If the number of columns of matrix A and the number of Rows of matrix B are equal then only AB exists.

= (1 x 7) + (2 x 6) + (3 x (?))

First Row of A has 3 elements. But First Column of B has only 2 elements. Hence multiplication is not possible. So AB does not exist.
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CR Rule for multiplication AB

columns of A

R
Rows of B

Note : If A is a matrix of order m x n and B is a matrix of order n x p then AB exists and its order is m x p

6. Properties of matrix multiplication 3 2 1 4 (1) If A = 1 4 and B = 5 2 then Prove that AB BA AB = 1 4 5 2 = 1 + 20

AB
3 + 10 12 + 4 4+8 3 2 1 4

13 16 = 21 12 ..................... (1)

BA

= 5 2 1 4 = 15 + 2 10 + 8
3+ 4 2 + 16

1 4 3 2

= 17 18 .....................(2) From (1) and (2) we conclude that AB BA

BA

18

1 2 2 3 (2) If A = 3 4 and B = 4 5 then Prove that (AB)| = B|A| Solution : AB =

1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5

2 + 8 3 10 = 6 + 16 9 20

10 7 = 22 11

10 22 (AB)| = 7 11 ................ (1)

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A| = 2 4 and B| = 3 5
2 4 B|A| = 3 5 1 3 2 4

1 3

Remember : If A and B are two matrices conformable for multiplication then (AB)| = B| A|

2 + 8 6 + 16 = 3 10 9 20

B|A| = 7 11 ........ (2) From (1) and (2) we have (AB)| = B| A| 3 2 1 0 (iii) If A = 1 4 and I = 0 1 then Prove that AI = IA = A Solution : AI = 1 4 0 1 = 1+ 0 0 + 4 AI
3 2 = 1 4
3 + 0 0 + 2

10

22

3 2 1 0

...... (1)

IA

= 0 1 1 4
3 + 0 2 + 0 = 0 + 1 0 + 4

1 0 3 2

Remember : If A is a square matrix and I is the unit matrix of the order A then AI = IA = A.

IA

= 1 4 ........ (2)

3 2

Hence AI = IA = A
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Activity : Taking 3 matrices of order 2x2 Verify (i) A + B = B + A [Commutative property] (ii) A (BC) = (AB) C [Associative property] (iii) A(B + C) = AB + AC [Distributive property] (iv) A(B C) = AB AC [Distributive property] Worked Examples : (1) Solve for x given that 3x 2 7 6 1 4 1 3 + 2 1 = 3 4

Solution :

1 4 3x 2 7 6 1 3 + 2 1 = 3 4
7 6 3x + 1 2 + 4 1 + 2 3 + 1 = 3 4

3x + 1 6 7 6 = 3 4 3 4

3x + 1 = 7 3x = 7 1 3x = 6 x=
6 3 x=2

(2) If A = 3 4 then find A2 2 Solution : A = A x A

1 2 1 2 = 3 4 3 4

1 2

(1x1) + (2 x3) (1x 2) + (2 x 4) = (3x1) + (4 x 3) (3x 2) + (4x 4)

7 10 1+ 6 2 + 8 = 3 + 12 6 + 16 = 15 22
56

(3) If A = 1 0 Prove that A2 A 3I = 0 Solution : A2 = A x A = 1 0 1 0 (1x1) + (3x1) (1x 3) + (3x 0) = (1x1) + (0 x1) (1x 3) + (0x 0) = 1 + 0 3 + 0
A2 A 3I
1 + 3 3 + 0

1 3

1 3 1 3

4 3 A2 = 1 3

4 3 1 0 1 3 = 1 3 1 0 3 0 1 = 1 1 3 0 0 3 = 0 3 0 3 = 0 0 = 0
3 0 3 0
0 0

4 1 3 3

3 0

Note : 0 means Zero matrix

A2 A 3I = 0

Exercise : 1.7
2 1 3 and B = 3 2 then find 2A + B| (1) If A = 4 1 1 2 2 2 3

(2) If A = 4

3 2 Show that A + A| is a symmetric matrix 2

4 1

(3) If A = 3 2 Show that A A| is a skew symmetric matrix (4) If 0

2x 1 3 2 9 3 + 2 1 = 2 5 find the value of x 4
x2 4

(5) Solve for x given

x 1 0 1 3 2 1 0 = 6 5 5
57

(6) If A = 4 1 and B = 5 2 Show that AB BA 1 2 (7) If A = 3 4 find AA| .

1 2

3 2

(8)

If A = 2 4 find A2

(9) If A = 3 4 and B = 1 3 Verify that (A + B)| = A| + B| (10)If A = 2 5 Show that A2 8A + 13I = 0 (11)If A = 0 2
2 1 5 1 0 2 and B = find AB| 6 3 1 4
3 1

2 1

2 3 2 1 3 x (12)Find x and y given 5 2 y = 0 1 1

Sreenivas Ramanujam (Dec 22. 1887 - April 26, 1920) Ramanujam was one of the most outstanding mathematician that India has produced. He worked on the Theory of Numbers. He stated intuitively many complicated results in mathematics. Once a great mathematician Prof. Hardy came to India to see Ramanujam. Prof. Hardy remarked that he has travelled in a taxi with a rather dull number, viz 1729. Ramanujam jumped up and said, oh, No. 1729 is a very interesting number. It is the smallest number which can be expressed as the sum of two cubes in two different ways. viz. 1729 = 13 + 123 = 93 + 103 and the next such number is very large.

Sreenivas Ramanujam

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