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LCS
Feature Parameter Description Copyright Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. 2010. All rights reserved.
No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written consent of Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd.
Notice
The purchased products, services and features are stipulated by the commercial contract made between Huawei and the customer. All or partial products, services and features described in this document may not be within the purchased scope or the usage scope. Unless otherwise agreed by the contract, all statements, information, and recommendations in this document are provided AS IS without warranties, guarantees or representations of any kind, either express or implied. The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
Contents
Contents
1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................1-1
1.1 Scope ............................................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.2 Intended Audience ........................................................................................................................ 1-1 1.3 Change History.............................................................................................................................. 1-1
3 Positioning-Related Concepts...............................................................................................3-1
3.1 LCS Working Mode ....................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.2 Positioning Methods...................................................................................................................... 3-1 3.3 UE s Positioning Mode ................................................................................................................. 3-2 3.4 Positioning Measurement.............................................................................................................. 3-2 3.5 Positioning Accuracy ..................................................................................................................... 3-3 3.6 Evaluation Standards for Positioning ............................................................................................ 3-3 3.6.1 Horizontal Accuracy.............................................................................................................. 3-3 3.6.2 Response Time..................................................................................................................... 3-4
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Contents
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1 Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Scope
This document describes the principles, technology, and configuration reference of Location Services (LCS).
Document Issues
The document issues are as follows: 02 (2010-06-20) 01 (2010-03-30) Draft (2009-12-05)
02 (2010-06-20)
This is the document for the second commercial release of RAN12.0. Compared with 01 (2010-03-30) of RAN12.0, this issue incorporates the changes described in the following table. Change Type Feature change Editorial change Change Description Parameter Change
The description of report mode "point + uncertainty None. radius" is added to 4.1.3 Location Report. None None.
01 (2010-03-30)
This is the document for the first commercial release of RAN12.0. Compared with issue Draft (2009-12-05) of RAN12.0, this issue optimizes the description.
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1-1
1 Introduction
Draft (2009-12-05)
This is the draft of the document for RAN12.0. Compared with 02 (2009-06-30) of RAN11.0, this issue incorporates the changes described in the following table. Change Type Feature change Change Description The LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 3.1 "LCS Working Mode." Parameter Change The LcsWorkMode parameter is added.
The positioning procedure of CELLID + RTT method in LCS None. SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 4.1.4 "Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode." The positioning procedure of A-GPS method in LCS None. SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 4.3.4 "Positioning Procedure in SAS-CENTRIC Mode." The description of LCS classified zones is added. For details, None see section 5 "LCS Classified Zones." The SAS is added to the figure about the LCS network architecture. For details, see section 6 "LCS Network Architecture." None
The function of RNC in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. None For details, see section 6.1 " Functions of the RNC in LCS Network." The function of SAS in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is added. For details, see section 6.2 "Functions of the SAS in LCS Network." None
The function of Iupc interface in LCS SAS-CENTRIC mode is None added. For details, see section 6.7 "Iupc Interface Functions of LCS Network." The section Engineering Guidelines is deleted in this document, details of LCS configuration see RAN Reconfiguration Guide. Editorial change The outline is optimized. None
None
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2 Overview of LCS
2 Overview of LCS
2.1 LCS Definition
Location Services (LCS) is a value-added service provided by the mobile communications network. LCS obtains the location information (such as the longitude and latitude) about a UE through the positioning technology. It then provides the information to the specified UE, other UEs, or the communications system, thus implementing the location-related services. LCS involves all the necessary network elements (NEs), their functions, interfaces, and communication messages related to positioning in a cellular network. The typical LCS services are described as follows: 1. Public safety service: When a subscriber makes a call during an emergency such as a traffic accident, vehicle breakdown, or robbery, the subscriber may not be able to provide the location information for immediate aid. In this case, LCS provides the location information to ensure that emergency aid reaches the subscriber on time. 2. Yellow page service: LCS provides the yellow-page query service, city-navigation service, traffic flow information, and optimum vehicle route service to help subscribers find the shortest path to their respective destinations, along with the relevant information. 3. Logistics and asset management: LCS enables enterprises to dispatch and monitor their assets. 4. Private safety service: LCS can monitor, for example, the whereabouts of children and old persons so that assistance can be provided in time. 5. Optimization of the mobile network system design: After the subscribers' location information is obtained, network resources can be allocated dynamically and intelligently, thus improving the performance and QoS of the network.
2.3 Features
This document contains six features: Cell ID + RTT function based LCS (for details, see section 4.1 "CELLID + RTT Positioning Procedure") OTDOA based LCS (for details, see section 4.2 "OTDOA Positioning Procedure") A-GPS based LCS (for details, see section 4.3 "A-GPS Positioning Procedure") LCS classified zones (for details, see section 5 "LCS Classified Zones") LCS over Iur (for details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network") LCS over Iupc (for details, see section 6.7 "Iupc Interface Functions of LCS Network")
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2 Overview of LCS
Among these features, Cell ID + RTT function based LCS and OTDOA based LCS are introduced from RAN3.0. A-GPS based LCS is introduced from RAN5.0; LCS classified zones is introduced from RAN5.0; LCS over Iur is introduced from RAN5.1; LCS over Iupc is a new feature introduced in RAN12.0. Cell ID + RTT function based LCS , OTDOA based LCS and A-GPS based LCS provide three different kinds of positioning method. If one of these feature is activated, the exact location information of the UE can be obtained. If "LCS classified zones" is activated, the service area identification of the UE will be reported to the CN by RNC when UE enters or leaves one LCS classified zone. If one positioning method is chosen and "LCS over Iur" is activated, LCS cross RNC is possible. "LCS over Iur" feature can be applied in either positioning method mentioned above. If SAS (Stand-Alone Serving Mobile Location Center) equipment is installed in UTRAN and "Cell ID + RTT function based LCS" or "A-GPS based LCS" is activated, "LCS over Iupc" will be supported. The interface Iupc connects RNC and SAS equipment.
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3 Positioning-Related Concepts
3 Positioning-Related Concepts
3.1 LCS Working Mode
There are two types of LCS working mode: RNC-CENTRIC and SAS-CENTRIC. The difference is that the choosing of positioning method and procedure are controlled by RNC in RNC-CENTRIC mode; but in SAS-CENTRIC mode, SAS equipment is needed and the choosing of positioning method and procedure are controlled by SAS equipment while RNC only offers the help for certain kinds of measurements. The advantage of SAS-CENTRIC is as follows:
The
positioning accuracy is ensured by SAS equipment which means the upgrade of method algorithm tend to easy;
positioning
SAS
performing most location calculation instead of RNC avoids impact on the CPU of the RNC. + RTT positioning method method
In RNC-CENTRIC mode, the LCS network supports the following positioning methods:
CELLID OTDOA positioning A-GPS
In SAS-CENTRIC mode, the LCS network supports the following positioning methods:
CELLID A-GPS
positioning method
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3 Positioning-Related Concepts
The principle is that the RNC collects the raw data about GPS satellites (or SAS provides assistance data to RNC) and sends the GPS assistance data to the UE to be positioned. The GPS equations are used to confirm the location of the UE.
A-GPS: Assisted GPS
UE-based
UE-based
UE-based A-GPS
measurement
RX-TX time difference (type 2 or type 1) measurement RTT measurement UE RX-TX time difference(type 2 or type 1) measurement observed time difference measurement (type 2)or SFN-CFN
OTDOA
(optional) (optional) SFN-SFN GPS
A-GPS
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3 Positioning-Related Concepts
(optional)
For details about the measurement mentioned in this document, see 3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)" or 3GPP TS 25.331. Huawei NodeB supports both common RTT measurement and extended RTT measurement.
radius of the reference cell and other cells Dilution of Precision (GDOP) formed by the reference cell and other cells of radio propagation, for example, environment of non-line-of-sight transmission accuracy of the UE accuracy of the GPS frame
Geometric
Environment
2. The positioning accuracy of the OTDOA positioning method depends on the following factors:
Measurement Measurement (Optional) (Optional) Accuracy GDOP
Measurement accuracy of RTT The adoption of IPDL mechanism of geographic locations of reference cell and neighboring cells of radio propagation, for example, environment of non-line-of-sight transmission accuracy of the UE accuracy of the GPS frame
Environment
3. The positioning accuracy of the A-GPS positioning method depends on the following factors:
Measurement (Optional)Measurement GDOP More
formed by satellites. In open areas, the A-GPS method can provide high positioning accuracy.
satellites will lead to better position performance and at least four satellites needed.
3 Positioning-Related Concepts
large number of obstacles and no enough satellite signals are available, the A-GPS positioning method may not be accurate or even fail. In this case, the CELLID + RTT positioning method may provide higher accuracy. 2. The measurement accuracy affects the horizontal accuracy significantly. The measurement accuracy is the primary factor in determining the horizontal accuracy. It depends on the measurement capability of the positioning-related NEs (UE and NodeB) and the radio environment in which the NEs are located. For example, the UE has high measurement accuracy in large open areas. In places where there are a large number of obstacles or in an indoor environment, however, the accuracy significantly decreases because of the non-line-of-sight range and multipath propagation. 3. The GDOP affects the horizontal accuracy. The GDOP depends on the relative locations of the UE and the GPS satellite (for the A-GPS positioning method) or the relative locations of the UE and the NodeB (for the OTDOA or CELLID + RTT positioning method). For example, if the positioning-related NodeBs are located in a regular triangle, the horizontal accuracy is higher. Table 3-2 describes the horizontal accuracy ranges of different positioning methods. Table 3-2 Horizontal accuracy ranges of different positioning methods (unit: m) Positioning Method CELLID + RTT OTDOA A-GPS Requirement of FCC 67% 90 to 300 50 to 100 15 to 60 50 95% 180 to 1000 140 to 280 40 to 200 150
In Table 3-2,
The The
column titled 67% lists the statistical horizontal accuracy range that can be achieved by more than 67% of all the positioning results of each method. column titled 95% lists the statistical horizontal accuracy range that can be achieved by more than 95% of all the positioning results of each method. Federal Communications Commission.
FCC:
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4.1.1 Principle
CELLID-CENTER Positioning
When performing registration, location update, or call establishment, the UE reports its CELLID through the RRC connection request message. Therefore the positioning method based on reporting of CELLID is the simplest positioning method. Neither the network nor the UE requires any modification. In this case, the location (longitude and latitude) of the NodeB is regarded as the location of the UE. The solution taking the geometrical center of the reference cell coverage area as the positioning result is called as CELLID-CENTER positioning method. It does not require positioning-related measurement and has the shortest response time. The location information obtained through this positioning method, however, is inaccurate. The error is the radius of the coverage area of the cell and is usually several hundred meters to several thousand meters. The larger the radius of the coverage area of the reference cell, the lower the horizontal accuracy.
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In RNC-CENTRIC mode, the availability of accurate CELLID + RTT positioning can be enhanced by the forced soft handover (SHO) algorithm. That is, the RNC modifies the threshold of event 1A or 1B by sending an intra-frequency measurement control message to the UE. Thus, SHO can be triggered easily during the positioning and more TOA measurement results are obtained. When the positioning is complete, the RNC restores the original threshold of event 1A or 1B.
The forced SHO algorithm is valid only in the CELLID + RTT positioning method. Details about event 1A or 1B , see 3GPP TS 25.331.
UE need support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it can perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead. NodeB must support the RTT measurement.
The
Specific Procedure
Figure 4-2 shows the general signaling procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in RNC-CENTRIC mode..
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The procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in RNC-CENTRIC mode is described as follows: Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface. After receiving the message, the RNC chooses a positioning method. The choosing criteria see the "Choosing Positioning Methods" part in section 6.1 "Functions of the RNC in LCS Network." Here, assume that the RNC chooses the UE-assisted CELLID + RTT positioning method. If the RRC state of the UE is not CELL_DCH, the RNC must initiate the UE state transition to CELL_DCH.
The position mode supported by UE in CELLID + RTT method is specified by CELLIDRTTMethodType. CELLIDRTTMethodType is valid only when the UE supports either UE-based CELLID + RTT or UE-assisted CELLID + RTT.
Step 2 The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, the RNC requests the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement. Step 3 The RNC requests all the cells in the active set to perform the RTT measurement through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub/Iur interface. Step 4 The cells report their RTT measurement results to the RNC through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message on the Iub/Iur interface.
If a handover occurs between two RNCs , the RNC may forward the RTT measurement request to NRNC. Moreover, if "LCS over Iur" is activated , and the target cell information is not configured , the information exchange process will occur. For details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network."
Step 5 The UE reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface. If the UE does not support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement, it performs the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead and reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement to the RNC.
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If the forced SHO switch (ForcedSHOSwitch) for the CELLID + RTT method is enabled and there are less than three RTT measurements, the RNC sends the intra-frequency measurement control message to the UE to modify the following parameters: 1A event relative threshold [dB]: IntraRelThdFor1A 1B event relative threshold [dB]: IntraRelThdFor1B 1A event trigger delay time [ms]: TrigTime1A 1B event trigger delay time [ms]: TrigTime1B Min quality threshold for SHO [dB]: SHOQualmin Thus, SHO can be triggered more easily. After the SHO is complete, the RNC repeats Step 2 through Step 5 to locate the UE by using the CELLID + RTT method. Step 6 Based on the measurement results and the obtained location information about the cells, the RNC calculates the UE location and reports the result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface. ----End
The "point + uncertainty radius" is characterized by the co-ordinates of a point (the origin) and a distance r. It describes formally the range which is at a distance from the origin less than or equal to r. For details of location report, see 3GPP TS 23.032.
Point
The co-ordinates of an ellipsoid point are coded with an uncertainty of less than 3 meters. The latitude is coded with 24 bits: 1 bit of sign and a number between 0 and 223-1 coded in binary on 23 bits. The relation between the coded number N and the range of (absolute) latitudes X it encodes is the following (X in degrees): N 223 / 90 * X < N+1, except for N=223-1, for which the range is extended to include N+1.
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The longitude, expressed in the range -180, +180, is coded as a number between -223 and 223-1, coded in 2s complement binary on 24 bits. The relation between the coded number N and the range of longitude X it encodes is the following (X in degrees): N 224 / 360 * X < N+1
Uncertainty
A method of describing the uncertainty for latitude and longitude has been sought which is both flexible (can cover wide differences in range) and efficient. The proposed solution makes use of a variation on the Binomial expansion. The uncertainty r, expressed in metres, is mapped to a number K, with the following formula: r=C ( (1+x)K -1 ) with C = 10 and x = 0,1. With 0 K 127, a suitably useful range between 0 and 1800 kilometers is achieved for the uncertainty, while still being able to code down to values as small as 1 meter. The uncertainty can then be coded on 7 bits, as the binary encoding of K. Table 4-1 Example values for the uncertainty Function Value of K 0 1 2 20 40 60 80 100 120 127 Value of uncertainty 0m 1m 2,1 m 57,3 m 443 m 3 km 20 km 138 km 927 km 1800 km
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UE need support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it can perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead. NodeB must support the RTT measurement. equipment is needed.
The SAS
Specific Procedure
Figure 4-4 shows the general signaling procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode. Figure 4-4 General signaling procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning
The procedure for CELLID + RTT positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode is described as follows: Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface.
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Step 2 The RNC forwards the information contained in the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message plus Cell ID and UE capability information to the SAS in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION REQUEST message. Step 3 The SAS may initiate a specific positioning method by sending a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION REQUEST message to the RNC containing the required positioning method and any assistance data and instructions associated with that positioning method. Here, assume that the SAS chooses the UE-assisted CELLID + RTT positioning method. After that, if the RRC state of the UE is not CELL_DCH, the RNC must initiate the UE state transition to CELL_DCH.
In SAS-CENTRIC mode, the position mode supported by UE is specified by SAS and UE capacity. In RAN12.0, the LCS network doesnt support UE-based CELLID + RTT method.
Step 4 The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, the RNC requests the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement. Step 5 The RNC requests all the cells in the active set to perform the RTT measurement through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub/Iur interface.
If a handover occurs between two RNCs , the RNC may forward the RTT measurement request to NRNC. Moreover, if "LCS over Iur" is activated , and the target cell information is not configured , the information exchange process will occur. For details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network."
Step 6 The cells report their RTT measurement results to the RNC through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message on the Iub/Iur interface. Step 7 The UE reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface. If the UE does not support the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement, it performs the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead and reports the results of the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement to the RNC. Step 8 The RNC sends a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION RESPONSE message to the SAS confirming the main measurement results. Step 9 The SAS provides the UE location to the RNC in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION RESPONSE message.. Step 10 The RNC reports the result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface.. ----End
4.2.1 Principle
The OTDOA Positioning
In mathematics terms, the principle of the OTDOA positioning method is as follows:
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If the difference between the distance from a moving point (UE) to two fixed points (two cells) is a constant TDOA, the track of the moving point (UE) is a hyperbola. That is, the TDOA measurement results form a hyperbola. If three cells that are controlled by three different NodeBs are measured, two hyperbolas are formed, and the UE can be accurately located at the intersection of the two hyperbolas. Figure 4-5 shows the principle of the OTDOA positioning method. Figure 4-5 Principle of OTDOA positioning method
The OTDOA positioning method calculates the difference between the distances from the UE to two NodeBs by measuring the TDOA (Time Difference of Arrival) of radio signals from the UE to the two NodeBs according to the following formula: TDOA = OTDOA RTD Due to the time deviation that exists between the clocks of different cells, the RTD(Relative Time Difference) calculated by the RNC also changes with time. Therefore, the RNC must regularly calculate and adjust the RTD and the RTD drift rate. The SRNC or SAS then uses the results of the GPS frame timing measurement , SFN-SFN Observed Time Difference measurement(type 2) and known geographic locations of related cells to calculate the RTD values. In Figure 4-5, RNC can calculate Time of Arrival (TOA) as a complement to develop the accuracy according to the following formula: TOA = (RTT UE Rx-Tx time difference)/2
IPDL Mechanism
As mentioned above, at least three NodeBs are needed in OTDOA positioning. However, the UE can seldom receive the signals from remote NodeBs. To solve this problem, the RNC requests the reference NodeB to adopt the Idle Period Downlink (IPDL) mechanism if the NodeB supports the mechanism. That is, the reference NodeB provides short downlink idle periods intermittently.
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During the idle period, there is no signal interference from the reference NodeB. Thus, the UE within the cell can easily detect the signals from remote NodeBs.
The positioning method is specified by SmlcMethod. Here, assume that the network chooses OTDOA positioning method. The OTDOA positioning method has the following requirements for hardware and NE capability: The UE must support the System Frame Number- System Frame Number(SFN-SFN) observed time difference measurement (type 2). If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it can perform the System Frame Number-Connection Frame Number (SFN-CFN) measurement instead. The NodeB must support the GPS frame timing measurement. (Optional) IPDL mechanism. (Optional) RTT measurement and UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement(type 1 or type 2) .
Specific Procedure
Figure 4-6 shows the general signaling procedure for OTDOA positioning method. Figure 4-6 General signaling procedure for OTDOA positioning method
The procedure for OTDOA positioning is as follows: Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface. After receiving the message, the RNC chooses a positioning method. The choosing criteria, see "Choosing Positioning Methods" in
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section 6.1 "Functions of the RNC in LCS Network" .Here, assume that the RNC chooses the UE-assisted OTDOA positioning method.
The position mode supported by UE in OTDOA method is specified by OTDOAMethodType. OTDOAMethodType is valid only when the UE supports either UE-based OTDOA or UE-assisted OTDOA.
Step 2 The RNC requests the UE to perform the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement or SFN-CFN measurement in the reference cell and neighboring cells through a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface.
UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement may also occurs.
Step 3 When the UE is in the CELL_DCH state, the RNC sends the NodeB a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub/Iur interface, requesting the NodeB to perform RTT measurements in the reference cell. Step 4 When the UE is in the CELL_DCH state, the NodeB reports the RTT measurement results to the RNC through a DEDICATED MEASUREMENT INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message on the Iub/Iur interface.
If a handover occurs between two RNCs , the RNC may forward the RTT measurement request to NRNC. Moreover, if "LCS over Iur" is activated , and the target cell information is not configured , the information exchange process will occur. For details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network."
Step 5 When the UE is in the CELL_DCH state, the UE reports following results to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface: SFN-SFN type 2 measurement results or SFN-CFN measurement results of the reference cell and neighboring cells. (Optional) UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement results of the reference cell. Step 6 The RNC sends the location information to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface. The location information calculated by the RNC includes the longitude, latitude, altitude, and positioning accuracy. Before sending the message, the RNC performs the location calculation based on: Measurement results in Step 5 Known geographic locations of the related cells RTD between the reference cell and the neighboring cells ----End
4.3.1 Principle
In the WCDMA network, the A-GPS positioning method applies the GPS pseudo-range measurement. Compared with the common GPS pseudo-range positioning, the advantages is as below: 1. In the A-GPS method, the RNC collects the raw data about GPS satellites(or SAS provide the assistance data to RNC) and sends the GPS assistance data to the UE to be positioned. The GPS
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assistance data can help the UE in detecting the signals from GPS satellites more conveniently. Thus, the time used for the GPS pseudo-range measurement and the UE power consumption are reduced, and the receiver sensitivity of the UE is enhanced. Figure 4-7 shows the principle of the A-GPS positioning method. Figure 4-7 Principle of the A-GPS positioning method
2. Other advantages differentiate the A-GPS positioning method from the common GPS pseudo-range positioning method are below:
While
performing the GPS pseudo-range measurement, the traditional GPS UE needs to demodulate the signals from GPS satellites during the GPS positioning process and the initial demodulation requires at least 12.5 minutes. In the A-GPS positioning process, however, with the GPS assistance data sent from the RNC, the UE with the A-GPS function need not demodulate the signals from GPS satellites. Thus, the response time of positioning is reduced to a large extent. addition, if the UE fails to find enough satellites(at least four GPS satellites), cell s height information in the WCDMA network maybe used in A-GPS positioning method as a supplement to the insufficient GPS measurement information.
In
To obtain the assistance data from GPS satellites, such as the navigation model parameters, at least one A-GPS reference receiver should be configured on the RAN side. The type of the A-GPS reference receiver is specified by AGPSRECEIVERTYPE. The WCDMA network can be configured with multiple A-GPS reference receivers in RNC-CENTRIC mode. The RNC calculates the distance between the NodeB of the UE and each receiver and then selects the nearest receiver as the reference. Generally, one A-GPS receiver can serve UEs within 300 km, which can be the criteria whether to choose an A-GPS reference receiver or not.
On the RNC side, the A-GPS reference receiver is configured on the GCGa board.
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Where, (x, y, z) are the WGS84(World Geographical System 1984) three-dimensional (3-D) coordinates of the GPS terminal to be positioned. They are unknown in the equations. is the deviation between the local clock of the GPS terminal to be positioned and the GPS satellite clock. It is also unknown in the equations. The deviation is inevitable because of the limited accuracy of the local clock of the GPS terminal to be positioned. c represents the velocity of light. It is a constant. (xi, yi, zi) are the WGS84 3-D coordinates of No. i satellite. They can be calculated through the navigation model parameters sent by GPS satellites. They are known in the equations. PRi represents the pseudo range of No. i satellite measured by the GPS terminal to be positioned. It is a known parameter in the equations. The pseudo range consists of two parts: the linear distance from the GPS terminal to be positioned to No. i GPS satellite, and the pseudo-range corrections of No. i GPS satellite. The pseudo-range corrections include the distance correction caused by relativistic effect, distance correction caused by GPS clock deviation, and distance correction caused by ionospheric delay. The pseudo range minus the pseudo-range correction is the linear distance from the GPS terminal to be positioned to the No. i GPS satellite: The pseudo range pseudo-range correction = The linear distance c* represents the pseudo-range correction of the No. i GPS satellite. It can be calculated by the navigation model parameters sent by the GPS satellite and the initial location of the GPS terminal to be positioned. The initial location can be the latest positioning result of the common GPS terminal. In the WCDMA network, it can also be the antenna location of the reference cell. The four unknown parameters (x, y, z, and ) can be calculated by the four GPS pseudo-range equations. If the GPS terminal(UE) to be positioned obtains the pseudo-range of more GPS satellites, more equations can be added to the calculation. In this case, the equations can be solved by the least square method.
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Specific Procedure
Figure 4-8 shows the procedure for information exchange between the RNC and the NodeB that is connected with A-GPS reference receiver. Figure 4-8 Information exchange between the RNC and the NodeB
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The procedure for information exchange between the RNC and the NodeB is as follows: Step 1 The RNC initiates information exchange through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION REQUEST message on the Iub interface, instructing the NodeB to report the A-GPS assistance data. Step 2 The NodeB reports to the RNC that it has started to work through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION RESPONSE message.
If a handover occurs between two RNCs , and "LCS over Iur" is activated , the information exchange process over Iur interface will also occur. The RNC may forward the information exchange request to NRNC. For details, see section 6.6 "Iur Interface Functions of LCS Network."
Step 3 The NodeB reports the GPS assistance data to the RNC periodically through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE REPORT message. The RNC controls the reporting interval of the NodeB through the parameters GPSPERIOD and DGPSPERIOD. Step 4 If necessary, the RNC can stop the reporting through an INFORMATION EXCHANGE TERMINATION message on the Iub interface.
In Step 2, the NodeB sends an INFORMATION EXCHANGE INITIALIZATION FAILURE message to the RNC if the NodeB fails to provide the GPS assistance data. In Step 3, the NodeB sends an INFORMATION EXCHANGE FAILURE INDICATION message to the RNC if the NodeB cannot continue to report the GPS assistance data, for example, when hardware faults occur on the NodeB A-GPS reference receiver.
----End
least one A-GPS reference receiver is configured to obtain the GPS satellite assistance data for A-GPS location. For details on A-GPS reference receiver connection types, see section 6.5 "Functions of the A-GPS Reference Receiver in LCS Network." higher timing accuracy, the RNC can request the NodeB to provide the results of the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells.
For
Specific Procedure
Figure 4-9 shows the general procedure for A-GPS positioning.
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The procedure for A-GPS positioning is as follows: Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request to the RNC through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message on the Iu interface. Step 2 After receiving the message, the RNC performs the following actions: The RNC chooses a positioning method. See "Choosing Positioning Methods" in section 6.1 "Functions of the RNC in LCS Network" for the choosing criteria. Here, assume that the RNC chooses the UE-assisted A-GPS positioning method. The position mode supported by UE in A-GPS method is specified by AGPSMethodType. The RNC calculates the positioning assistance data. The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the GPS pseudo-range measurement.
AGPSMethodType is valid only when the UE supports both UE-based A-GPS and UE-assisted A-GPS.
Step 3 The UE reports the results of the GPS pseudo-range measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface according to the measurement accuracy. Step 4 The RNC calculates the 3-D location of each satellite involved in the positioning, according to the GPS satellite ephemeris. Based on the known location information about GPS satellites and the GPS pseudo-range measurement results, the RNC calculates the A-GPS UEs location. Step 5 The RNC reports the positioning result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface. ----End
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The UE must support the GPS pseudo-range measurement. SAS equipment is needed.
Specific Procedure
Figure 4-10 shows the general procedure for A-GPS positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode. Figure 4-10 General signaling procedure for A-GPS positioning
The procedure for A-GPS positioning in SAS-CENTRIC mode is as follows: Step 1 The CN sends an authenticated positioning request through a LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message to the RNC on the Iu interface. Step 2 The RNC forwards the information contained in the LOCATION REPORTING CONTROL message plus Cell ID and UE capability information to the SAS in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION REQUEST message. Step 3 The SAS may initiate a specific positioning method by sending a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION REQUEST message to the RNC containing the required positioning method and any assistance data and instructions associated with that positioning method. Here, assume that the SAS chooses the UE-assisted A-GPS positioning method.
In SAS-CENTRIC mode, the position mode supported by UE in A-GPS method is specified by SAS and UE capacity.
Step 4 The RNC sends the UE a MEASUREMENT CONTROL message on the Uu interface, requesting the UE to perform the GPS pseudo-range measurement. Step 5 The UE reports the results of the GPS pseudo-range measurement to the RNC through a MEASUREMENT REPORT message on the Uu interface according to the measurement accuracy. Step 6 The RNC sends a PCAP POSITION ACTIVATION RESPONSE message to the SAS confirming the requested action and providing any information required by the requested positioning method.
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Step 7 The SAS provides the UE location to the RNC in a PCAP POSITION INITIATION RESPONSE message.. Step 8 The RNC reports the result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface.. ----End
The procedure for sending the assistance data is described as follows: Step 1 The CN sends a LOCATION RELATED DATA REQUEST message to the RNC on the Iu interface. Step 2 The RNC obtains the assistance data of the type requested by the CN, that is, the UE-based A-GPS assistance data or the UE-based OTDOA assistance data. Then, it sends the data to the UE through an ASSISTANCE DATA DELIVERY message on the Uu interface. Step 3 The RNC reports to the CN that the assistance data has been sent to the target UE through a LOCATION RELATED DATA RESPONSE message on the Iu interface.
In Step 2, if the RNC fails to obtain the assistance data requested by the CN, it sends a LOCATION RELATED DATA FAILURE message to the CN on the Iu interface.
----End
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5.1 Principle
The serving RNC (SRNC) initiates the procedure by generating a Location Report message. The Location Report message may be used as a response to a Location Reporting Control message. Also, when a user enters or leaves a classified zone set by O&M, e.g. a zone where a disaster has occurred, a Location Report message including the Service Area of the UE in the Area Identity IE shall be sent to the CN. The Cause IE shall indicate the appropriate cause value to the CN, e.g. "User Restriction Start Indication" and "User Restriction End Indication". The CN shall react to the Location Report message with CN vendor specific actions. A classified zone is mainly used when the SRNC monitors the entry and exit of a UE in a specified area and reports this information to the CN. A service area can be specified as a classified zone. Service areas and classified zones have a one-to-one relationship. After a service area is set to a classified zone, the UEs entering or leaving this service area send a Location Report message to the CN.
For details about LCS classified zones, see 3GPP TS 25.413.
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classified zone, the cause value of the message is User Restriction Start Indication. When the UE is handed over from a classified zone, the cause value of the message is User Restriction End Indication. During a handover, the UE adds a link to the active link set or removes a link from the active link set. Each link corresponds to a connection between the UE and a cell. Each cell belongs to a service area, namely a classified zone. The RNC verifies the link set after the handover is performed. If any link is missing from the link set, it indicates that the UE has been handed over from the service area where the UE was located. If no link is missing from the link set, it indicates that the UE has not been handed over from the service area where the UE was located.
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QoS required by the CN, mainly the horizontal accuracy and response time
If the CN has a low requirement for delay, the RNC prefers the A-GPS method. If the CN has a high requirement for delay, the RNC chooses the CELLID + RTT, OTDOA or A-GPS in this order.
UE
positioning mode configured on the RNC side license bought by operators active flag of the serving cell of the UE
LCS
Positioning
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capability of the UE
The RNC requests the UE to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, the RNC requests it to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement. The RNC also requests the cell connected to the UE to perform the RTT dedicated measurement. More than one cell may be connected to the UE during soft handover.
In
The RNC requests the UE to perform the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement and the UE Rx-Tx time difference measurement. If UE does not support the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement, the RNC requests the UE to perform the SFN-CFN measurement.
In
The RNC requests the UE to perform the GPS satellite pseudo-range measurement. 4. Controlling the positioning-related common measurements (shared by multiple UEs) and calculating the RTD To obtain the RTD necessary for the OTDOA positioning method, the RNC requests the NodeB to report the results of the positioning-related common measurements, such as the results of the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells. The results of the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells are also applicable to the A-GPS positioning method. They can provide accurate GPS timing information for the UE. 5. Collecting A-GPS assistance data To obtain the raw GPS satellite data necessary for the A-GPS positioning method, the RNC requests the A-GPS reference receiver to report the raw data periodically. 6. Calculating positioning-assistance data and sending the data to the UE In the CELLID + RTT positioning method, the RNC need not calculate extra positioning-assistance data. To help the UE to detect signals from neighboring cells (in the OTDOA method) or to detect satellite signals (in the A-GPS method), the RNC needs to calculate the positioning-assistance data and send the data to the UE.
In In
the OTDOA positioning method, the RNC needs to calculate assistance data such as the RTD of neighboring cells and the search window.
the A-GPS positioning method, the RNC needs to calculate assistance data such as the pseudo-range search window of GPS satellites.
7. Controlling the IPDL mechanism In the OTDOA positioning method, the RNC can configure and activate the IPDL mechanism of the reference cell to increase the success rate and accuracy of the UE positioning. This function, however, depends on the capability of the target cell (or the NodeB) and the UE to support the IPDL mechanism. 8. Calculating locations and estimating the positioning accuracy In UE-assisted positioning mode, the RNC performs the location calculation and error estimation based on measurement results. 9. Sending positioning results or location-related data response to the CN According to different positioning requests(such as LOCATION REPORT CTRL, LOCATION RELATED DATA DELIVERY and so on) from the CN, the RNC sends the UE positioning results or the response to the location-related data request to the CN. The RNC may require the positioning-assistance data for location calculation, such as the geographic location of NodeBs. The data can be retrieved directly from the RNC database.
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If the measurement result does not meet the QoS requirement of the CN, the RNC does not report this positioning failure. Instead, the RNC sends a report to the CN, indicating that the positioning result does not meet the requirement. After receiving a positioning request from the CN, the RNC chooses a positioning method according to the measurement capability of the UE and other factors.
If RNC dose not receive any measurement result from the UE or receives a measurement result that does not meet the requirement. For example, three measurement values are expected but only two are reported, which indicates a failed A-GPS measurement. In this case, the RNC uses other positioning methods. If the RNC tries all the methods but still fails to implement the positioning, it reports this failure to the CN.
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In the CELLID + RTT and the OTDOA positioning methods, the NodeB must perform the RTT dedicated measurement and report the results to the RNC on request. 2. Implementing the IPDL mechanism In the OTDOA positioning method, the NodeB starts the IPDL mechanism at the request of the RNC if the NodeB supports the IPDL mechanism. During the idle period on the downlink, the NodeB does not send any signal, which helps all the UEs connected to this NodeB to detect signals from neighboring cells of other NodeBs more conveniently. Thus, more OTDOA measurement results are obtained. This mechanism effectively reduces the possibility that the number of OTDOA measurement results is less than two, especially when the UE is close to the reference cell. In this way, the success rate and accuracy of the OTDOA positioning method are improved. 3. Performing positioning-related common measurement and reporting results to the RNC In the OTDOA positioning method, the NodeB also performs the positioning-related common measurements at the request of the RNC, such as the GPS frame timing measurement of UTRAN cells. 4. Reporting Raw GPS satellite data to the RNC in RNC-CENTRIC mode In the A-GPS positioning method, the NodeB needs to report the raw GPS satellite data to the RNC on request if the A-GPS reference receiver is configured on the NodeB side.
the CELLID + RTT positioning method, the UE needs to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement. If the UE does not support this type of measurement, it performs the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 1 measurement instead. The two measurement methods lead to different positioning accuracy. the OTDOA positioning method, the UE needs to perform the UE Rx-Tx time difference type 2 measurement in the reference cell and the SFN-SFN type 2 measurement.
In In
the A-GPS positioning method, the UE needs to perform the GPS pseudo-range measurement, and the UE GPS frame timing measurement. The last one is optional.
2. Performing location calculation in UE-based mode 3. Reporting the results of positioning measurements or location calculation to the RNC
The UE can also be the LCS client, which is not described in this document because the document focuses on the RAN side.
1. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the NodeB Through the information exchange on the Iub interface, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC. 2. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the RNC Through internal messages, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC. 3. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the neighboring RNC (NRNC) Through the information exchange on the Iur interface, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC. 4. Connecting the A-GPS reference receiver to the NodeB of the NRNC Through the information exchange on the Iur interface, the A-GPS reference receiver interacts with the SMLC module in the RNC.
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Step 3 The RNC calculates the location based on the measurement results and the known geographic locations of cells. Then, the RNC sends the positioning result to the CN through a LOCATION REPORT message on the Iu interface. ----End
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In this case the RNC shall allow A-GPS, CELLID + RTT positioning events to be originated by the SAS via PCAP messages on the Iupc interface. Iupc interface is necessary for fulfilling position initiation and position activation. Figure 6-3 shows the fundamental SAS-CENTRIC signal flow over the Iupc interface Figure 6-3 Fundamental SAS-CENTRIC signal flow over the Iupc interface
Step 1 The RNC forwards the information contained in the RANAP Location Reporting Control message plus Cell ID and UE capability information to the SAS in a PCAP Position Initiation Request message. Step 2 The SAS may initiate a specific positioning method by sending a PCAP Position Activation Request message to the RNC containing the required positioning method and any assistance data and instructions associated with that positioning method. Step 3 The RNC performs the positioning procedure requested by the SAS including any signaling interaction with the UE in the case of UE assisted or UE based positioning. Step 4 The RNC sends a PCAP Position Activation Response message to the SAS confirming the requested action and providing any information required by the requested positioning method. Step 5 The SAS instigates any further positioning associated with the positioning method chosen in Step 2. Step 6 The SAS provides the UE location by a PCAP Position Initiation Response message. ----End
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7 Parameters
7 Parameters
Table 7-1 Parameter description Parameter ID NE MML Description
LcsWorkMod BSC6900 e
SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Working mode for RNC location. This parameter is used to determine whether the Stand-alone SMLC (SAS) is selected for location. In SAS CENTRIC mode, only CELLID+RTT and AGPS can be used. GUI Value Range: RNC_CENTRIC(RNC CENTRIC Mode), SAS_CENTRIC(SAS CENTRIC Mode), SAS_CENTRIC_PREFERRED(SAS CENTRIC PREFERRED Mode) Actual Value Range: RNC_CENTRIC, SAS_CENTRIC, SAS_CENTRIC_PREFERRED Unit: None Default Value: RNC_CENTRIC SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Method of positioning the UE GUI Value Range: CELLID_CENTER, CELLID_RTT, OTDOA, AGPS Actual Value Range: A-GPS, OTDOA, CELLID_RTT, CELLID_CENTER Unit: None Default Value: None SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: When the CELLID+RTT method is selected, this parameter specifies whether forced soft handover is performed if the number of RTT measured result is smaller than 3. After soft handover is complete, accuracy of the CELLID+RTT method is enhanced when the RNC obtains more radio links. GUI Value Range: OFF, ON Actual Value Range: OFF, ON Unit: None Default Value: OFF SET USMLC(Mandatory) Meaning: Relative threshold of the event 1A. GUI Value Range: 0~29 Actual Value Range: 0~14.5, step: 0.5 Unit: dB Default Value: 12 Meaning: Relative threshold of the event 1B. GUI Value Range: 0~29 Actual Value Range: 0~14.5, step: 0.5 Unit: dB Default Value: 18 Meaning: Delay to trigger the event 1A. The value of this parameter is related to slow fading. GUI Value Range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240, D320, D640, D1280,
SmlcMethod BSC6900
SET USMLC(Mandatory)
TrigTime1A BSC6900
SET USMLC(Mandatory)
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7 Parameters
Parameter ID
NE
MML
Description D2560, D5000 Actual Value Range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000 Unit: ms Default Value: D160
TrigTime1B BSC6900
SET USMLC(Mandatory)
Meaning: Delay to trigger the event 1B. The value of this parameter is related to slow fading. GUI Value Range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240, D320, D640, D1280, D2560, D5000 Actual Value Range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000 Unit: ms Default Value: D1280 Meaning: Minimum quality threshold of soft handover. GUI Value Range: -24~0 Actual Value Range: -24~0 Unit: dB Default Value: -20
SHOQualmin BSC6900
SET USMLC(Mandatory)
SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: UE positioning mode when the CELLID+RTT method is selected. The UE supports both UE-based CELLID+RTT mode and UE-assisted CELLID+RTT mode. GUI Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Actual Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Unit: None Default Value: UE_ASSISTED SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: UE positioning mode when the OTDOA method is selected. The UE supports both UE-based OTDOA mode and UE-assisted OTDOA mode. GUI Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Actual Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Unit: None Default Value: UE_ASSISTED SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: UE positioning mode when the A-GPS method is selected. The UE supports both UE-based A-GPS mode and UE-assisted A-GPS mode. GUI Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED, UE_BASED_PREFERRED, UE_ASSISTED_PREFERRED Actual Value Range: UE_BASED, UE_ASSISTED,
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7 Parameters
Parameter ID
NE
MML
SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Switch for sending A-GPS assistance data in UE-assisted mode. This parameter specifies the GPS data to be sent. GUI Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Actual Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Unit: None Default Value: None SET USMLC(Optional) Meaning: Switch for sending A-GPS assistance data in UE-based mode. This parameter specifies the GPS data to be sent. GUI Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Actual Value Range: REFERENCE_TIME_FOR_GPS, REFERENCE_LOCATION_FOR_GPS, DGPS_CORRECT, GPS_NAVGMODEL, GPS_IONOSPHERIC_MODEL, GPS_UTC_MODEL, GPS_ALMANAC, GPS_ACQ_ASSIST, GPS_REALTIME_INTEGRITY Unit: None Default Value: None ADD GPS(Mandatory) Meaning: GPS receiver type. An GPS receiver can be installed on the local RNC, a Node B controlled by the local RNC, or a neighboring RNC. GUI Value Range: RNC(Local RNC), NODEB(NodeB in Local RNC), NRNC_RNC(Neighboring RNC), NRNC_NODEB(NodeB in Neighboring RNC) Actual Value Range: RNC, NODEB, NRNC_RNC, NRNC_NODEB Unit: None Default Value: None
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7 Parameters
Parameter ID
NE
Description Meaning: Period for reporting GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: 10 Meaning: Period for reporting GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: None Meaning: Period for reporting differential GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: 1 Meaning: Period for reporting differential GPS data GUI Value Range: 1~60 Actual Value Range: 1~60 Unit: min Default Value: None
GPSPERIO BSC6900 D
GPSPERIO BSC6900 D
MOD GPS(Optional)
DGPSPERI BSC6900 OD
ADD GPS(Optional)
DGPSPERI BSC6900 OD
MOD GPS(Optional)
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8 Counters
8 Counters
For details, see the BSC6900 UMTS Performance Counter Reference.
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9 Glossary
9 Glossary
For the acronyms, abbreviations, terms, and definitions, see the Glossary.
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10 Reference Documents
10 Reference Documents
[1] 3GPP TS 22.071 "Location Services (LCS); Service description, Stage 1" [2] 3GPP TS 23.271 "Functional stage 2 description of location services in UMTS" [3] 3GPP TS 25.305 "Stage 2 functional specification of User Equipment (UE) positioning in UTRAN" [4] 3GPP TS 25.215 "Physical layer Measurements (FDD)" [5] 3GPP TS 25.413 "UTRAN Iu interface RANAP signaling" [6] 3GPP TS 25.331 "Radio Resource Control (RRC)" [7] 3GPP TS 25.433 "UTRAN Iub interface NBAP signaling" [8] 3GPP TS 25.214: "Physical layer procedures (FDD)"
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