Simone Lund Segaard

2i

14/05/12

Hess law
Introduction In this practical I will be looking at three chemical reactions: 1. Dissolving solid sodium hydroxide in water 2. The reaction between aqueous hydrochloric acid and aqueous sodium hydroxide. 3. The reaction between aqueous hydrochloric acid and solid sodium hydroxide. Aim The aim of this practical is to make an enthalpy cycle that will confirm Hess law. Safety Sodium hydroxide is highly corrosive. I used safety glasses, and rinsed thoroughly with water if I got it on my skin or clothes. Materials: Magnetic stirrer Magnet Polystyrene thermo cup Thermometer (up to 100 C) 2100 cm3 measuring cylinders Sodium hydroxide (solid) 2.0 mol dm-3 HCl 2.0 mol dm-3 NaOH Spatula Beakers

Procedure 1. Measure out 100 cm3 of water, transfer it to the thermo cup and measure the temperature. Add 4.00 g NaOH(s) and stir until the salt has dissolved. Note the highest temperature observed. 2. Measure out 50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 NaOH(aq) and measure the temperature. Measure out 50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 HCl(aq) and measure the temperature. If the temperatures of the two solutions are not identical note the average

Simone Lund Segaard

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temperature. Mix the two solutions in the thermo cup, stir and note the highest temperature observed. 3. Measure out 50 cm3 2.0 mol dm-3 HCl(aq) and mix it with 50 cm3 of demineralised water. Transfer the solution to the thermo cup, stir and note the temperature. Add 4.00 g NaOH(s) and stir until the salt has dissolved. Note the highest temperature observed. 4. Repeat the steps 1-3 until you have sufficient consistent data. Research question How do you, using only the chemical reactions between demineralised water, sodium, hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, prove and confirm Hesss law with an enthalpy cycle? DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING Raw data collection Throughout the report I will label the chemical reaction between H2O(l) and NaOH(s) as 1 and according to which trial it was they will be labelled A, B and C, the same letter system goes for the two other chemical reactions, they will have the numbers 2 and 3. Uncertainties
STEP: Description 1 Weighing off 4.00 g of NaOH(s). 2 Measuring out 100 cm of H2O. 100 cm3 cylinder 1.0 cm3
3

3 Measuring out 50 cm NaOH(aq) and 50 cm HCl(aq).

3 3

4 Measuring the temperature.

Apparatus

Balance

25 ml pipettes ( 0.045 cm3 x 2) 0.09 cm3

Electronic thermometer

Absolute uncertainty Percentage uncertainty

0.01 g

0.1 C

= 0.25 % 1.0 %

= 0.18 %

See the table below for temperature uncertainties.

Simone Lund Segaard Temp. percentage uncertainty A B C Percentage uncertainty average = 1.09 % 1

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100 = 1.12 % 100 = 1.06 % 100 = 1.08 %

100 = 0.74 % 100 = 0.76 % 100 = 0.75 %

100 = 0.44 % 100 = 0.51 % 100 = 0.45 %

= 0.75 %
Overall uncertainty for 2 (HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq))

= 0.47 %
Overall uncertainty for 3 (H2O(l) + HCl(aq) + NaOH(s)) 0.25% + 1.0% + 0.18% + 0.47 % 1.9 %

STEP:

Overall uncertainty for 1 (H2O(l) + NaOH(s))

Percentage uncertainty

0.25% + 1.0% + 0.18% + 1.09 % 2.5 %

(0.18% 2) + 0.75 % 1.1 %

Quantitative raw data Table A: Chemical reaction Start temperature 1A) H2O(l)+NaOH(s) 16.2 C End temperature 25.1 C Temperature change 25.1 C - 16.2 C = 8.90 C 2A) HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) 21.0 C* 34.5 C 34.5 C - 21.0 C* = 13.5 C 3A) HCl(aq)+NaOH(s) 19.1 C 41.6 C 41.6 C - 19.1 C = 22.5 C

Table B: Chemical reaction Start temperature 1B) H2O(l)+NaOH(s) 16.9 C End temperature 26.3 C Temperature change 26.3 C - 16.9 C = 9.40 C

Simone Lund Segaard 2B) HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) 20.9 C*

2i 33.8 C

14/05/12 33.8 C - 20.9 C* = 12.9 C

3B) HCl(aq)+NaOH(s)

19.1 C

40.9 C

40.9 C - 19.1 C = 19.8 C

Table C: Chemical reaction Start temperature 1C) H2O(l)+NaOH(s) 16.2 C End temperature 25.5 C Temperature change 25.5 C - 16.2 C = 9.30 C 2C) HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) 21.0 C* 34.3 C 34.3 C - 21.0 C* = 13.3 C 3C) HCl(aq)+NaOH(s) 19.2 C 41.3 C 41.3 C - 19.2 C = 22.1 C

* When measuring the start temperature for 2A, 2B and 2C, both liquids are measured and, if different, the average is found. The numbers are possibly rounded due to the importance of significant figures. Qualitative raw data The given NaOH(s) was moist due to its hygroscopic ability to obtain and absorb moisture from the surrounding air. The concentrations made did not create any kind of obvious odour and, except for when the solid NaOH was being dissolved, the mixed concentrations were completely transparent. The cup got noticeable warmer and this increased when going from reaction 1 to 3. Processing data When processing the data I was told to assume that all solutions have the same specific heat capacity as water ( 4.20 J C-1 gram-1) and I was given the table below to calculate theoretical enthalpy changes for the reactions taking place using the actual values. Compound Hf (kJ mol-1) NaOH(s) -426.7 H+(aq) 0 Na+(aq) -239.7 Cl-(aq) -167.3 OH-(aq) -230 H2O(l) -285.8

Calculations

Simone Lund Segaard

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Total percentage error is calculated by finding the theoretical enthalpy change for the chemical reactions, finding the experimental enthalpy change (using q = mcT) and then comparing the two of these. 1A) H2O(l) + NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)+ H2O(l) Since H2O(l) appears on both sides of the chemical reaction there is no need to include its values in the calculations, hence: (-426.7 kJ mol-1) (-239.7 kJ mol-1) + (-230.0 kJ mol-1) (-426.7 kJ mol-1) (-469.7 kJ mol-1) Htheoretical = Hproducts - Hreactants, hence: Htheoretical = (-469.7 kJ mol-1) - (-426.7 kJ mol-1) Htheoretical = -43.0 kJ mol-1 When finding the experimental heat transfer q = mcT is used, hence: q =100 g 4.20 J C-1 gram-1 8.90 C q = 3738 J Amount of NaOH(s) in moles: Molar mass of NaOH: 22.99 g mol-1 + 16 g mol-1 + 1 g mol-1 = 40 g mol-1 Moles of NaOH: Hence: 3738 J / 0.10 moles / 1000 = -37.38 kJ mol-1 * Total percentage error: 2A) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) (0 kJ mol-1+ -167.3 kJ mol-1) + (-239.7 kJ mol-1 + -230.0 kJ mol-1) (-239.7 kJ mol-1 + -167.3 kJ mol-1) + (-285.8 kJ mol-1) (-637.0 kJ mol-1) (692.8 kJ mol-1) Htheoretical = (-637.0 kJ mol-1) - (-692.8 kJ mol-1) Htheoretical = -55.8 kJ mol-1 When finding the experimental heat transfer q = mcT is used, hence: q =100 g 4.20 J C-1 gram-1 13.55 C q = 5691 J Amount of HCl = Amount of NaOH = Hence: 5691 J / 0.10 moles / 1000 = -56.91 kJ mol-1 * = 0.10 moles (-) 13.07 % = 0.10 moles

Simone Lund Segaard Total percentage error: 3A) H2O + HCl + NaOH 2H2O + NaCl

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(-285.8 kJ mol-1) + (0 kJ mol-1+ -167.3 kJ mol-1) + (-426.7 kJ mol-1) (2 -285.8 kJ mol-1) + (-239.7 kJ mol-1 + -167.3 kJ mol-1) (879.8 kJ mol-1) (978.6 kJ mol-1) Htheoretical = (-978.6 kJ mol-1) - (-879.8 kJ mol-1) Htheoretical = -98.8 kJ mol-1 When finding the experimental heat transfer q = mcT is used, hence: q =100 g 4.20 J C-1 gram-1 22.50 C q = 9450 J Amount of HCl = amount of NaOH = Hence: 9450 J / 0.10 moles / 1000 = -94.50 kJ mol-1 * Total percentage error: (-)4.35 % = = 0.10 moles

* the values are negative since I know that the reaction will be exothermic. Presenting processed data Chemical reaction Total percentage error A 1)H2O(l)+NaOH(s) 2)HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) 3)HCl(aq)+NaOH(s) Chemical reaction 1)H2O(l)+NaOH(s) 2)HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) 3)HCl(aq)+NaOH(s) -13.1 % 2.5 % 2.0 % 1.1 % -4.4 % 1.9 % Total percentage error B -8.4 % 2.5 % 2.9 % 1.1 % 20.1 % 1.9 % Total percentage error C -9.2 % 2.5 % -0.5% 1.1 % 6.1 % 1.9 %

Average percentage error -10.2 % 2.5 % 1.47 % 1.1 % 7.3 % 1.9 %

Conclusion When considering my processed data and comparing it to the theoretical values of enthalpy change it can be argued that Hess law has been confirmed. As seen in the table above the average percentage error for A, B, and C extents the overall average 6

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percentage uncertainty value for each but Hess law can still be defended due to the fact that there could have been certain errors present. These could be systematic errors like heat constantly escaping the cup, persistently using wrong concentrations, etc., or random errors like not adding the right amount of reactants, not waiting for the greatest temperature peak, dropping NaOH when adding it to the chemical reaction, etc. It was very unexpected that 2 out of the 3 average percentage errors were positive since one should think that heat would be lost more than gained but this might be due to errors like adding too much reactants or using too high concentrations. Since Hess law states that a chemical reaction can proceed by two different pathways in the energy cycle these three specific experiments supports it since A + B = C, C A = B, and C A = B.

When looking at the experimental enthalpy changes (-37.38 kJ/mol + -56.91 kJ/mol = -94.29 kJ/mol) and comparing it to the theoretical values (-43.00 kJ/mol + -55.80 kJ/mol = -98.80 kJ/mol) it is obvious that the values are slightly different but considering the errors mentioned earlier the experimental energy cycle values are noticeable close to what it is supposed to be (-94.50 kJ/mol). This supports Hess law by proving his energy cycle. Evaluation
Weaknesses/limitations Improvements Relevance

Simone Lund Segaard

Open system

2i
Since the system was considerable open (open thermo cup) some of the heat created could have been emitted to the surroundings. Better cleansing of pipettes. Very important.

14/05/12

Pipettes might have had leftover concentrations or deionized water left in them. Averages were only found from three different samples. Not precise enough when using pipettes.

Important.

Measuring off the 4.00 grams of NaOH(s) and adding it to the cup.

Moist NaOH(s).

HCl(aq) and NaOH(aq) concentrations.

More repetitions to avoid random errors and get a more precise average. Being very careful when measuring and adding the needed concentrations to the thermo cup so the exact amount of reactant will be added. Making sure that the precise amount is weighed off when gathering the NaOH(s), waiting for the balance to go to tare, and making sure all the NaOH(s) is added to the reaction. The given NaOH(s) was moist due to its hygroscopic ability to obtain and absorb moisture from the surrounding air and probably weighed more. Keeping it in a closed container could have prevented this. Due to the fact that 2 out of 3 average percentage errors actually were positive (more heat was emitted than expected) the concentrations of the solutions should have been more precise.

Quite important.

Important.

Very important.

Important (this was not a factor available for us to control).

Very important (this was not possible for us to take care of since we were just given the concentrations).

After contemplating all of the limitations/weaknesses and the improvements of these, it can be argued that more accurate results could have been found to prove Hess law about the energy cycle.