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Protocol
A protocol defines rules and conventions for communication between network devices. Protocols for computer networking all generally use packet switching techniques to send and receive messages in the form of packets. Network protocols include mechanisms for devices to identify and make connections with each other, as well as formatting rules that specify how data is packaged into messages sent and received. Some protocols also support message acknowledgement and data compression designed for reliable and/or high-performance network communication. Hundreds of different computer network protocols have been developed each designed for specific purposes and environments. Internet Protocols The Internet Protocol family contains a set of related (and among the most widely used network protocols. Besides Internet Protocol (IP) itself, higher-level protocols like TCP, UDP, HTTP, and FTP all integrate with IP to provide additional capabilities. Similarly, lower-level Internet Protocols like ARP and ICMP also co-exist with IP. These higher level protocols interact more closely with applications like Web browsers while lower-level protocols interact with network adapters and other computer hardware.

History Internet

of

the

The history of the Internet starts in the 1950s and 1960s with the development of computers. This began with point-topoint communication between mainframe computers and terminals, expanded to point-to-point connections between computers and then early research into packet switching.

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Packet switched networks such as ARPANET, Mark I at NPL in the UK, CYCLADES, Merit Network, Tymnet, and Telenet, were developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s using a variety of protocols. The ARPANET in particular led to the development of protocols for internetworking, where multiple separate networks could be joined together into a network of networks. In 1982 the Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) was standardized and the concept of a world-wide network of fully interconnected TCP/IP networks called the Internet was introduced. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation (NSF) developed the Computer Science Network (CSNET) and again in 1986 when NSFNET provided access to supercomputer sites in the United States from research and education organizations. Commercial internet service providers (ISPs) began to emerge in the late 1980s and 1990s. The ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990. The Internet was commercialized in 1995 when NSFNET was decommissioned, removing the last restrictions on the use of the Internet to carry commercial traffic. Since the mid-1990s the Internet has had a drastic impact on culture and commerce, including the rise of near instant communication by electronic mail, instant messaging, Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) "phone calls", two-way interactive video calls, and the World Wide Web with its discussion forums, blogs, social networking, and online shopping sites. The research and education community continues to develop and use advanced networks such as NSF's very high speed Backbone Network Service (vBNS), Internet2, and National LambdaRail. Increasing amounts of data are transmitted at higher and higher speeds over fiber optic networks operating at 1-Gbit/s, 10-Gbit/s, or more. The Internet continues to grow, driven by ever greater amounts of online information and knowledge, commerce, entertainment and social networking. It is estimated that in 1993 the Internet carried only 1% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunication,

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by 2000 this figure had grown to 51%, and by 2007 more than 97% of all telecommunicated information was carried over the Internet.[1]

File Transfer Protocol

(TCP/IP)
TCP and IP were developed by a Department of Defense (DOD) research project to connect a number different networks designed by different vendors into a network of networks (the "Internet"). It was initially successful because it delivered a few basic services that everyone needs (file transfer, electronic mail, remote logon) across a very large number of client and server systems. Several computers in a small department can use TCP/IP (along with other protocols) on a single LAN. The IP component provides routing from the department to the enterprise network, then to regional networks, and finally to the global Internet. On the battlefield a communications network will sustain damage, so the DOD designed TCP/IP to be robust and automatically recover from any node or phone line failure. This design allows the construction of very large networks with less central management. However, because of the automatic recovery, network problems can go undiagnosed and uncorrected for long periods of time. As with all other composed of layers:

communications

protocol,

TCP/IP

is

IP - is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address (the IP number). The Internet authorities assign ranges of numbers to different organizations. The organizations assign groups of their numbers to departments. IP operates on gateway

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machines that move data from department to organization to region and then around the world. TCP - is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can be lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received. Sockets - is a name given to the package of subroutines that provide access to TCP/IP on most systems.

TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) is the basic communication language or protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a communications protocol in a private network (either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set up with direct access to the Internet, your computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just as every other computer that you may send messages to or get information from also has a copy of TCP/IP. TCP/IP is a two-layer program. The higher layer, Transmission Control Protocol, manages the assembling of a message or file into smaller packets that are transmitted over the Internet and received by a TCP layer that reassembles the packets into the original message. The lower layer, Internet Protocol, handles the address part of each packet so that it gets to the right destination. Each gateway computer on the network checks this address to see where to forward the message. Even though some packets from the same message are routed differently than others, they'll be reassembled at the destination.

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol

(HTTP)
Hypertext Transfer (or Transport) Protocol, the data transfer protocol used on the World Wide Web HTTPS stands for HyperText Transfer Protocol over SSL (Secure Socket Layer). It is a TCP/IP protocol used by Web servers to transfer and display Web content securely. The data transferred is encrypted so that it cannot be read by anyone except the recipient. HTTPS is used by any Web site that is collecting sensitive customer data such as banking information or purchasing information. If you are making a transaction online, you should make sure that it is done over HTTPS so that the data remains secure. You can tell when a page is using HTTPS in two ways: 1. There will be a lock icon in the browser window pane (usually at the bottom). 2. The URL will say "https://" HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the set of rules for transferring files (text, graphic images, sound, video, and other multimedia files) on the World Wide Web. As soon as a Web user opens their Web browser, the user is indirectly making use of HTTP. HTTP is an application protocol that runs on top of the TCP/IP suite of protocols (the foundation protocols for the Internet). HTTP concepts include (as the Hypertext part of the name implies) the idea that files can contain references to other files whose selection will elicit additional transfer requests. Any Web server machine contains, in addition to the Web page files it can serve, an HTTP daemon, a program that is designed to wait for HTTP requests and handle them when they arrive. Your Web browser is an HTTP client, sending requests to server machines. When the browser user enters file requests by

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either "opening" a Web file (typing in a Uniform Resource Locator or URL) or clicking on a hypertext link, the browser builds an HTTP request and sends it to the Internet Protocol address (IP address) indicated by the URL. The HTTP daemon in the destination server machine receives the request and sends back the requested file or files associated with the request. (A Web page often consists of more than one file.) The latest version of HTTP is HTTP 1.1.

File Transfer Protocol

(FTP)

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is a standard Internet protocol for transmitting files between computers on the Internet. Like the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which transfers displayable Web pages and related files, and the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), which transfers e-mail, FTP is an application protocol that uses the Internet's TCP/IP protocols. FTP is commonly used to transfer Web page files from their creator to the computer that acts as their server for everyone on the Internet. It's also commonly used to download programs and other files to your computer from other servers. As a user, you can use FTP with a simple command line interface (for example, from the Windows MS-DOS Prompt window) or with a commercial program that offers a graphical user interface. Your Web browser can also make FTP requests to download programs you select from a Web page. Using FTP, you can also update (delete, rename, move, and copy) files at a server. You need to logon to an FTP server. However, publicly available files are easily accessed using anonymous FTP. Basic FTP support is usually provided as part of a suite of programs that come with TCP/IP. However, any FTP client program with a graphical user interface usually must be downloaded from the company that makes it.

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IP address (Internet Protocol Address)

An IP address is a logical address for a network adapter. The IP address uniquely identifies computers on a TCP/IP network. An IP address can be private - for use on a local area network (LAN) - or public - for use on the Internet or other wide area network (WAN). IP addresses can be determined statically (assigned to a computer by a system administrator) or dynamically (assigned by another device on the network on demand). Two IP addressing standards are in use today. The IPv4 standard is most familar to people and supported everywhere on the Internet, but the newer IPv6 standard is planned to replace it and starting to be deployed. The Internet Protocol (IP) is the method or protocol by which data is sent from one computer to another on the Internet. Each computer (known as a host) on the Internet has at least one IP address that uniquely identifies it from all other computers on the Internet. When you send or receive data (for example, an e-mail note or a Web page), the message gets divided into little chunks called packets. Each of these packets contains both the sender's Internet address and the receiver's address. Any packet is sent first to a gateway computer that understands a small part of the Internet. The gateway computer reads the destination address and forwards the packet to an adjacent gateway that in turn reads the destination address and so forth across the Internet until one gateway recognizes the packet as belonging to a computer within its immediate neighborhood

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or domain. That gateway then forwards the packet directly to the computer whose address is specified. Because a message is divided into a number of packets, each packet can, if necessary, be sent by a different route across the Internet. Packets can arrive in a different order than the order they were sent in. The Internet Protocol just delivers them. It's up to another protocol, the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) to put them back in the right order. IP is a connectionless protocol, which means that there is no continuing connection between the end points that are communicating. Each packet that travels through the Internet is treated as an independent unit of data without any relation to any other unit of data. (The reason the packets do get put in the right order is because of TCP, the connectionoriented protocol that keeps track of the packet sequence in a message.) In the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) communication model, IP is in layer 3, the Networking Layer. The most widely used version of IP today is Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4). However, IP Version 6 (IPv6) is also beginning to be supported. IPv6 provides for much longer addresses and therefore for the possibility of many more Internet users. IPv6 includes the capabilities of IPv4 and any server that can support IPv6 packets can also support IPv4 packets. Common IP (IPv4) Addresses

10.0.0.1 127.0.0.1 192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1 192.168.2.1

Client Server network peer network

Vs

peer to

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Client Server Network Peer to Peer Network

A computer network in which one centralized, powerful computer (called the server) is a hub to which many less powerful personal computers or workstations (called clients) are connected. Difficult & more expensive to setup and maintain It requires a server All the clients (computers) are connected through server The clients run programs and access data that are stored on the server A network of personal computers, each of which acts as both client and sever, so that each can exchange files and email directly with every other computer on the network. Simple and inexpensive to setup. It does not requires a server All the computers are directly connected to each other. Each computer can access any of the others, although access can be restricted to those files that a computer's user chooses to make available. Data & programs are stored All the data & programs are in the server stored in the individual computer. It use in large sector to It use in small sector to connect many computer. connect usually less than 10 computer. It require s generally for It require s generally for Example Windows XP, 7. Example Windows Server, Linux.

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Communications Internet

through

The Internet provides users with multiple means of communicating. Users may communicate with friends, colleagues, news reporters, editors and even strangers. Today there are more ways to reach out to people who were traditionally difficult to contact. As technology advances, the means of Internet communications becomes increasingly convenient and varied. Social Networking Members of social networking sites are able to send messages, comments, links, articles and pictures to other members of the site. Communication is not just between the sender and receiver, it is also available to other members who have access to browse your site. These other members may also make comments. This type of relationship is known as an Internet community. Online Phone Calls Skype.com is a website dedicated to providing online phone calls to other Skype members. This type of communication is known as Skype-to-Skype calling. Users communicate once they have downloaded the Skype software program from the Skype website. Skype also allows users to make video calls, through which users can see each other as they talk. Skype allows members to make low, per-minute Skype calls to landlines and cell phones. Emails

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Email, also known as electronic mail, not only allows you to communicate with other email users, but it also is a way to receive, for example, newsletters, coupons, daily inspirational quotes and job postings. Registered users have the ability to save drafts and past important emails for future reference. Blog and Vlog Blogging is a writer's way of expressing his thoughts, ideas, and social and political views online. Bloggers communicate to readers, who in turn make comments and send their links to other readers. Some bloggers gain notoriety through building a devout group of readers. Once bloggers have a following, they may be contacted by sponsors or they may propose sponsorship to interested companies. For instance, a food and wine blogger may obtain sponsorship from restaurants, food and wine magazines or online publications. Vlogs are the same concept as blogs, except vlogs are digitally recorded. You can create a vlog on a digital video camera, digital camera, or cell phone. Video can then be uploaded onto your computer and shared with viewers. video conferencing If you have a fast enough Internet connection then it's possible to talk and see the person at the other end in real time. All you need is a video camera connected to your computer, speakers, a microphone and your video conferencing software. MSN, ICQ and Skype allow video conferencing. Some software is free others are shareware. Your conversation will usually be free or at the cost of a local phone call. Don't expect miracles however and the image you see will be small in most cases. Speak Out Loud

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Online forums or message boards are an interesting way for participants to express their knowledge or views of a particular subject. Participants may speak, for example, on issues like new political agendas, their favorite sports teams or discuss their concerns about new technology. Message boards range from home improvement to medical experiences and procedures. Your Opinion Matters Online retail stores now allow prospective customers the opportunity to read buyer reviews before purchasing an item. This is an excellent tool for people who are skeptical about making a purchase. Reviewers describe their shopping experience and also rate purchased item according to various scales. Readers of news articles are able to communicate with the public, news reporters and editors by expressing their views of online articles. Other readers may make comments about the article or the previous comments about the article. Comments about comments comprise what is known as a thread.

End