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-OBJETIVOS:
Aprender a organizar y graficar los datos experimentales haciendo uso de
tablas y papeles grficos.
Aprender tcnicas de ajuste de curvas, principalmente el mtodo de regresin
lineal y el mtodo de mnimos cuadrados.
Obtener ecuaciones experimentales que describan el fenmeno fsico e
interpretarlas.
Ii.-MATERIALES:
Calculadora cientfica
(6) Hojas de papel
milimetrado (2) Hojas de
papel logartmico (1) Hoja
de papel semilogaritmico
Papel milimetrado
semilogartmico
Iii.-FUNDAMENTO TERICO:
Los datos tericos en un proceso de medicin se organizan en tablas. Las
tablas de valores as confeccionadas nos informan acerca de las relaciones
existentes entre una magnitud y otra. Una alternativa para establecer dichas
relaciones es hacer representaciones grficas en un sistema de ejes
coordenados con divisiones milimetradas, logartmicas y semilogartmicas,
segn sea el caso, con el fin de encontrar grficas lineales (rectas) para
facilitarla construccin de las frmulas experimentales que representen las
leyes que gobiernan el fenmeno.
Caso a)
xi
0.5
1.0
2.0
4.0
m=
yi
2.18
4.36
8.72
17.44
xi2
0.25
1.0
4.0
16.0
xi yi
1.09
4.36
17.44
69.76
= 4.36
Y = mx + b
Y = 4.36x
b=
Caso d)
Para h = 30cm
=0
xi
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
yi
73.0
41.2
18.4
6.8
3.2
m=
log xi
0.1761
0.3010
0.4771
0.69897
0.8451
log yi
1.8633
1.6149
1.2648
0.8325
0.5051
b=
logxi logyi
0.3281
0.4861
0.6034
0.5819
0.4269
(log xi)2
0.3010
0.0906
0.2276
0.4886
0.7142
= - 2.0145
= 2.227
xi
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
Para h = 20cm
yi
59.9
33.7
14.9
5.3
2.7
m=
log xi
0.1761
0.3010
0.4771
0.69897
0.8451
log yi
1.7774
1.5276
1.1732
0.7243
0.4314
b=
=-2
Para h = 10cm
logxi logyi
0.3130
0.4598
0.5597
0.5063
0.3646
= 2.133
(log xi)2
0.3010
0.0906
0.2276
0.4886
0.7142
xi
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
yi
43.0
23.7
10.5
3.9
2.0
log xi
0.1761
0.3010
0.4771
0.69897
0.8451
m=
log yi
1.6335
1.3747
1.0212
0.5911
0.3010
xi
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
m=
(log xi)2
0.3010
0.0906
0.2276
0.4886
0.7142
= - 1.9848
b=
10b = 94.6237
logxi logyi
0.2877
0.4138
0.4872
0.4132
0.2544
= 1.9760
Y = 94.6237x- 1.9848
Para h = 4cm
yi
26.7
15.0
6.8
2.6
1.3
log xi
0.1761
0.3010
0.4771
0.69897
0.8451
log yi
1.4265
1.1761
0.8325
0.41497
0.1139
logxi logyi
0.2512
0.354
0.3972
0.29005
0.0963
= - 1.9489
(log xi)2
0.3010
0.0906
0.2276
0.4886
0.7142
b=
10b = 58.4252
= 1.7666
Y = 58.4252x- 1.9489
xi
1.5
2.0
3.0
5.0
7.0
Para h = 1cm
yi
13.5
7.8
3.7
1.5
0.8
log xi
0.1761
0.3010
0.4771
0.69897
0.8451
m=
log yi
1.1303
0.8921
0.5682
0.1761
-0.0969
b=
(log xi)2
0.3010
0.0906
0.2276
0.4886
0.7142
= - 1.8248
10b = 27.9062
logxi logyi
0.199
0.2685
0.2711
0.1231
-0.0819
= -1.4457
Y = 27.9062x- 1.8248
Caso e)
xi
Para D = 1,5cm
yi
log xi
log yi
logxi logyi
(log xi)2
30
20
10
4
1
73.0
59.9
43.0
26.7
13.5
m=
1.4771
1.30103
1.0000
0.6021
0.0000
1.8633
1.7774
1.6335
1.4265
1.1303
b=
m=
Para D = 2cm
yi
41.2
33.7
23.7
15.0
7.8
log xi
1.4771
1.30103
1.0000
0.6021
0.0000
log yi
1.6149
1.5276
1.3747
1.1761
0.8921
b=
10b = 7.7161
= 1.13
Y = 13.4896x.0.4979
xi
30
20
10
4
1
2.1819
1.6927
1.000
0.3625
0.000
= 0.4979
10b = 13.4896
2.7523
2.3125
1.6335
0.8589
0.0000
= 0.4905
Y = 7.7161x.0.4905
logxi logyi
2.3854
1.98795
1.3747
0.7081
0.0000
= 0.8874
(log xi)2
2.1819
1.6927
1.000
0.3625
0.000
xi
30
20
10
4
1
Para D = 3cm
yi
18.4
14.9
10.5
6.8
3.7
log xi
1.4771
1.30103
1.0000
0.6021
0.0000
log yi
1.2648
1.1732
1.0212
0.8325
0.5682
m=
logxi logyi
1.8682
1.5462
1.0212
0.5012
0.0000
(log xi)2
2.1819
1.6927
1.000
0.3625
0.000
= 0.4711
b=
= 0.5592
10b = 3.6241
Y = 3.6241x.0.4711
xi
30
20
10
4
1
m=
Para D = 5cm
yi
6.8
5.3
3.9
2.6
1.5
log xi
1.4771
1.30103
1.0000
0.6021
0.0000
log yi
0.8325
0.7243
0.5911
0.41497
0.1761
logxi logyi
1.2297
0.9423
0.5911
0.2499
0.0000
= 0.4383
(log xi)2
2.1819
1.6927
1.000
0.3625
0.000
b=
= 0.1638
xi
30
20
10
4
1
Para D = 7cm
yi
3.2
2.7
2.0
1.3
0.8
m=
log xi
1.4771
1.30103
1.0000
0.6021
0.0000
log yi
0.5051
0.4314
0.3010
0.1139
- 0.0969
b=
(log xi)2
2.1819
1.6927
1.000
0.3625
0.000
= 0.4129
10b = 0.7748
logxi logyi
0.7461
0.5613
0.3010
0.0686
0.0000
= - 0.1108
Y = 0.7748x.0.4129
Caso f)
xi
0.4444
0.25
Para h = 30cm
yi
73.0
41.2
log xi
- 0.3522
- 0.6021
log yi
1.8633
1.6149
logxi logyi
- 0.6563
- 0.9723
(log xi)2
0.1240
0.3625
0.1111
0.04
0.02
18.4
6.8
3.2
- 0.9543
- 1.3979
- 1.69897
m=
1.2648
0.8325
0.5051
b=
- 1.207
- 1.1638
- 0.8581
0.9107
1.9541
2.8865
= 1.0024
= 2.2197
xi
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
Para h = 20cm
yi
59.9
33.7
14.9
5.3
2.7
log xi
- 0.3522
- 0.6021
- 0.9543
- 1.3979
- 1.69897
m=
log yi
1.7774
1.5276
1.1732
0.7243
0.4314
b=
logxi logyi
- 0.626
- 0.9198
- 1.196
- 1.0125
- 0.7329
(log xi)2
0.1240
0.3625
0.9107
1.9541
2.8865
= 1.002
= 2.1299
xi
Para h = 10cm
yi
log xi
log yi
logxi logyi
(log xi)2
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
43.0
23.7
10.5
3.9
2.0
- 0.3522
- 0.6021
- 0.9543
- 1.3979
- 1.69897
m=
1.6335
1.3747
1.0212
0.5911
0.3010
b=
0.1240
0.3625
0.9107
1.9541
2.8865
= 1.9731
Y = 94.0x.0.9877
xi
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
Para h = 4cm
yi
26.7
15.0
6.8
2.6
1.3
log xi
- 0.3522
- 0.6021
- 0.9543
- 1.3979
- 1.69897
m=
log yi
1.4265
1.1761
0.8325
0.41497
0.1139
b=
10b = 58
0.5753
0.8277
0.9745
0.8263
0.5114
= 0.9877
10b = 94.00
= 0.9698
Y = 58x00.9698
logxi logyi
- 0.5024
- 0.7081
- 0.7945
- 0.5831
- 0.1935
= 1.7637
(log xi)2
0.1240
0.3625
0.9107
1.9541
2.8865
xi
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
Para h = 1cm
yi
13.5
7.8
3.7
1.5
0.8
log xi
- 0.3522
- 0.6021
- 0.9543
- 1.3979
- 1.69897
m=
b=
10b = 27.7
log yi
1.1303
0.8921
0.5682
0.1761
-0.0969
logxi logyi
- 0.3981
- 0.5371
- 0.5422
- 0.2462
- 0.1646
(log xi)2
0.1240
0.3625
0.9107
1.9541
2.8865
= 0.9078
= 1.4428
Y = 27.700.9078
Caso a)
Y = 4.36x
r=1
Caso b) y d)
Para h=30 cm
Para h=20 cm
Para h=10 cm
Para h=4 cm
Para h=1 cm
Y = 166.9654x-2.0143
Y = 135.8455x-2.0139
Y = 94.6428x-1.9849
Y = 58.4211x-1.9488
Y = 27.9005x-1.8245
r = -0.9997
r = -0.99998
r = -0.99994
r = -0.99991
r = -0.99993
Caso c) y e)
Para D=1.5 cm
Para D=2 cm
Para D=3 cm
Para D=4 cm
Para D=7 cm
Y = 13.4934x0.4978
Y = 7.7163x0.4905
Y = 3.6241x0.4712
Y = 1.4582x0.4383
Y = 0.7748x0.4129
r
r
r
r
r
Y = 165.7728x1.0023
Y = 134.84099x1.0019
Y = 93.9498x0.9875
Y = 58.0087x0.9696
Y = 27.7139x0.9077
r = 0.99986
r = 0.99998
r = 0.99991
r = 0.99995
r = 0.99993
= 0.99993
= 0.99987
= 0.9994
= 0.9982
= 0.9983
Caso f)
Para h=30 cm
Para h=20 cm
Para h=10 cm
Para h=4 cm
Para h=1 cm
Caso g) y h)
Y = 100.08995e-0.1795
r = - 0.99949
Caso a)
i (A)
0.5
1
2
4
v (V)
2.18
4.36
8.72
17.44
Caso b)
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
73.0
41.2
18.4
6.8
3.2
Y = 166.97x2.0143
R2 =
0.9995
D (cm)
t (s)
1.5
2
3
5
7
59.9
33.7
14.9
5.3
2.7
Y = 135.85x2.0139 2
R =1
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
43.0
23.7
10.5
3.9
2.0
Y = 94.643x1.9849
R2 =
0.9999
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
26.7
15.0
6.8
2.6
1.3
Y = 58.421x1.9488
R2 =
0.9998
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
13.5
7.8
3.7
1.5
0.8
Y = 27.9x1.8245
R2 =
0.9999
Caso c)
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
73.0
59.9
43.0
26.7
13.5
Y=
13.493x0.4978
R2 = 0.9999
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
41.2
33.7
23.7
15.0
7.8
Y=
7.7163x0.4905
R2 = 0.9997
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
18.4
14.9
10.5
6.8
3.7
Y=
3.6241x0.4712
R2 = 0.9988
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
t (s)
6.8
5.3
3.9
2.6
1.5
Y=
1.4582x0.4383
R2 = 0.9964
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
3.2
2.7
2.0
1.3
0.8
Y=
0.7748x0.4129
R2 = 0.9966
Caso d)
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
73.0
41.2
18.4
6.8
3.2
Y = 166.97x2.0143
R2 =
0.9995
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
Y = 135.85x2.0139
R2 = 1
t (s)
59.9
33.7
14.9
5.3
2.7
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
43.0
23.7
10.5
3.9
2.0
Y = 94.643x1.9849
R2 =
0.9999
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
26.7
15.0
6.8
2.6
1.3
Y = 58.421x1.9488
R2 =
0.9998
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
t (s)
13.5
7.8
3.7
1.5
0.8
Y = 27.9x1.8245
R2 =
0.9999
Caso e)
h (cm)
t (s)
30
20
10
4
1
73.0
59.9
43.0
26.7
13.5
Y=
13.493x0.4978
R2 = 0.9999
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
41.2
33.7
23.7
15.0
7.8
Y=
7.7163x0.4905
R2 = 0.9997
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
18.4
14.9
10.5
6.8
3.7
Y=
3.6241x0.4712
R2 = 0.9988
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
6.8
5.3
3.9
2.6
1.5
Y=
1.4582x0.4383
R2 = 0.9964
h (cm)
30
20
10
4
1
t (s)
3.2
2.7
2.0
1.3
0.8
Y=
0.7748x0.4129
R2 = 0.9966
Caso f)
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
Z = 1/D2
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
t (s)
73.0
41.2
18.4
6.8
3.2
Y=
165.77x1.0023
R2 = 0.9997
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
Z = 1/D2
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
t (s)
59.9
33.7
14.9
5.3
2.7
Y=
134.84x1.0019
R2 = 1
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
Z = 1/D2
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
t (s)
43.0
23.7
10.5
3.9
2.0
Y=
93.95x0.9875
R2 = 0.9998
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
Z = 1/D2
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
t (s)
26.7
15.0
6.8
2.6
1.3
Y=
58.009x0.9696
R2 = 0.9999
D (cm)
1.5
2
3
5
7
Z = 1/D2
0.4444
0.25
0.1111
0.04
0.02
t (s)
13.5
7.8
3.7
1.5
0.8
Y=
27.714x0.9077
R2 = 0.9999
Caso g)
t (dias)
A (%)
0
10
0
1
84
2
70
3
59
4
49
5
41
6
34
7
27
8
24
9
20
10
17
8
24
9
20
10
17
Y = 100.09e0.1795x
R2 =
0.999
Caso h)
t (dias)
A (%)
0
10
0
1
84
2
70
3
59
4
49
5
41
6
34
7
27
Y = 100.09e0.1795x
R2 =
0.999
3.-INTERPOLACION Y EXTRAPOLACION:
a) Calcular el tiempo en que se ha desintegrado el 50% de los
ncleos del radn
Tenemos que utilizar el mtodo de mnimos cuadrados:
Xi
Log Yi
Xi Log Yi
Xi2
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2
1.92
1.85
1.77
1.69
1.61
1.53
1.43
1.38
1.30
1.23
0
1.92
3.7
5.31
6.76
8.05
9.18
10.01
11.08
11.7
12.3
0
1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100
log.y
Xlogy
55
17.71
80.01
385
X = logx
Clculo:
m = 11(80.01) - (55) (17.71) = 880.11 - 974.05 = - 93.94 -0.08
11 (385) - (55)2
b =
4235 3025
1210
1210
b = Antilog b = Antilog 2
b = 100
Y = 100.10-0.08 X
X = Log 50 - 2 = 3.76
-0.08
-0.08
Xi
Yi
Xi Yi
Xi2
2.43
1.4
0.88
0.5
0.35
73
43
26.7
15
10.5
177.39
60.2
23.5
7.5
3.68
5.9
1.96
0.77
0.25
0.12
0.13
0.04
X
3.9
1.5
Y
0.51
0.06
XY
0.02
0.002
2
(x)
5.73
173.6
272.84
9.02
X=W
Y=t
Formula: t= wm + b
Calculo de m = 7 (272.84) - (5.73)(272.84) = 1909.88 - 994.73 = 915.15
= 30.2
7 (9.02) - (5.73)
63.14 - 32.83
30.31
Calculo de b== (9.02) (173.6) - (5.73) (272.84) = 1565.87 - 1563.37 =
2.5 = 0.08
7 (9.02) - (5.73)2
30.31
63.14 - 32.83
t = 73.0
w =
30
= 2.43
(1.5)2
t = 43.0
10
w =
= 1.4
2
(1.5)
t = 26.7
w =
= 0.88
(1.5)2
t = 15.0
w =
= 0.5
10
= 0.13
10
= 0.13
(2)2
t = 10.5
w =
(3)2
t = 3.9
w =
(5)2
t = 1.5
w =
= 0.04
(5)2
t(s
)
73
43
26,7
15 10,5
3,9
1,5
0,13
0,04
h(c
m)
D(c
m)
30
20
10
T(s)
1.5
73
2
41.2
3
18.4
5
6.8
7
3.2
(9.02) - (5.73)
59.9
33.7
14.9
5.3
2.7
43
23.7
10.5
3.9
2
63.14 -
26. 13.
7
8
15 7.8
6.8 3.7
2.6 1.5
1.3 0.8
32.83
Formula: t= wm + b
Calculo de m = 7 (272.84) (5.73)(272.84) = 1909.88 994.73 = 915.15 = 30.2
7
30.31
63.14 - 32.83
30.31