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y
y = f(x)
a b
x
y
y = f(x)
a b
y = g(x)
x
y
x = f(y)
a
b
y = g(x)
x
y
y = f(x)
b
a
s
r
X
r
=
f()
=
1
O
=
2
X
r
=
f()
=
1
O
=
2
r=g()
97422441.doc Page 1 / 4
Pure Math Geometric Applications of Definite
Integrals
Areaof PlaneFigures
Cartesian coordinate system:
The area under the equation y = f(x) in the region x[a, b] is given by:
b
a
dx x f A ) (
The area under the x-axis is negative whereas above the axis is positive
The area bounded by the equations y = f(x) and y = g(x) in the region x[a, b] is given by:
b
a
dx x g x f A )] ( ) ( [
The area under the equation x = f(y) in the region y[a, b] is given by:
b
a
dy y f A ) (
The area at right-hand side of the y-axis is positive whereas at left-hand side of the axis is
negative
The area bounded by the equations x = f(y) and x = g(y) in the region y[a, b] is given by:
b
a
dy y g y f A )] ( ) ( [
Parametric equations:
When a curve is given by parametric equation:
'
) (
) (
t g y
t f x
t
The area at the range x[a, b] is:
2
1
) ( ' ) ( ) ( ' ) (
t
t
b x
a x
b
a
dt t f t g dt t f t g ydx A
a = f(t
1
) i.e. x = a when t = t
1
b = f(t
2
) i.e. x = b when t = t
2
The absolute area at the range x[a, b] is:
2
1
) ( ' | ) ( | | |
t
t
b
a
dt t f t g dx y A
Polar equations:
Definite integrals can be used to find the area bounded by r = f()
and radius vectors =
1
, =
2
For a sector with angle and radius r has the area
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
) ( r r r rs A
The total area of r = f() from =
1
to =
2
is:
2
1
2
1
) (
2
2
1
r A A
When taking the limit 0,
2
1
2
1
d f d r r A
2
2
1
2
2
1
2
2
1
0
)] ( [ ) ( lim
2
1
The area enclosed by r = f(), r = g() and the radius vectors =
1
, =
2
:
( )
2 2
1 1
2 2
2
1
2
2
2
1 2
1
)] ( [ )] ( [ ) ( d g f d r r A
x
y
y = f(x)
a b
x
y s
x
y
y=f(x)
a b
x
x
2
x
1
Page 2 / 4 97422441.doc
ArcLength
Cartesian coordinate system:
In the curve y
=
f(x), the length of the curve in x[a, b] is s
In any partition of line ab, whose width is x and difference
in f(x) is y, the portion of the curve is approximately equal
to:
2 2
) ( ) ( y x s +
The total length of curve:
+
b x
a x
b x
a x
y x s s
2 2
) ( ) (
By taking the limit x0,
,
_
,
_
+ +
b
a
b x
a x
x
b x
a x
x
dx
dx
dy
x
y
x y x s
2 2
0
2 2
0
1 1 lim ) ( ) ( lim
Length of curve:
+
,
_
+
b
a
b
a
dx x f dx
dx
dy
s
2
2
)] ( ' [ 1 1
Parametric equations:
When a curve is given by parametric equation:
'
) (
) (
t g y
t f x
t
The length of curve at the range x[a, b] is:
( )
,
_
,
_
,
_
+
1
2
1
2
2
2
2 2
/
/
1 1
t
t
t
t
b
a
dt
dt
dy
dt
dx
dt
dt
dx
dt dx
dt dy
dx
dx
dy
s
Length of curve: ( )
+
,
_
+
2
1
1
2
2 2
2
2
)] ( ' [ )] ( ' [
t
t
t
t
dt t g t f dt
dt
dy
dt
dx
s
a = f(t
1
) i.e. x = a when t = t
1
b = f(t
2
) i.e. x = b when t = t
2
Polar equations:
The length of curve of the equation r = f() from =
1
to =
2
:
Transformed to Cartesian coordinate:
'
sin ) ( sin
cos ) ( cos
f r y
f r x
Length of curve: ( )
+
,
_
+
2
1
1
2
2 2
2
2
)] ( ' [
d r r d
d
dy
d
dx
s
Volumeof Solidsof Revolution
Disc method:
Let y = f(x) be a cts function defined on [a, b] and the curve is
revolved about the x-axis
At any partition [x
1
, x
2
] in [a, b] which has the width x, the volume
of revolution of the curve in this partition is like a disc
Volume of a disc: V = r
2
h = y
2
(x) = [f(x
1
)]
2
x
Total volume of revolution:
b x
a x
b x
a x
x x f V V
2
)] ( [
When taking the limit x0,
b
a
b
a
b x
a x
x
dx x f dx y x x f V ) ( )] ( [ lim
2 2 2
0
x
y y=f(x)
a b
h
x
y
y=f(x)
a b
x
y=g(x)
97422441.doc Page 3 / 4
The volume of revolution of y = f(x) about the line y = h in the
region x[a, b] is:
b
a
b
a
dx h x f dx h y V
2 2
] ) ( [ ) (
The volume of revolution of x = f(y) about the y-axis in the region
y[a, b] is:
b
a
b
a
dy y f dy x V
2 2
)] ( [
The volume of revolution of x = f(y) about the line x = k in the region y[a, b] is:
b
a
b
a
dx k y f dy k x V
2 2
] ) ( [ ) (
Shell method:
Let y = f(x) and y = g(x) be cts functions defined on [a, b]
The area bounded by y = f(x), y = g(x), x = a, x = b is on the
xy-plane
The area is revolved about the y-axis
At any partition in [a, b] of the x-axis, which has the width x, the
strip revolved is like a hollow cylinder
Volume of the cylinder: V = (2x)[ f(x) g(x)](x)
Total volume is:
b x
a x
b x
a x
x x g x f x V V )] ( ) ( [ 2
By taking the limit x 0,
b
a
b x
a x
x
dx x g x f x x x g x f x V )] ( ) ( [ 2 )] ( ) ( [ lim 2
0
Volume of revolution:
b
a
b
a
dx y y x dx x g x f x V ) ( 2 )] ( ) ( [ 2
2 1
y
1
= f(x) y
2
= g(x)
y
1
y
2
Let y = f(x) and y = g(x) be cts functions defined on [a, b]
The area bounded by y = f(x), y = g(x), x = a, x = b is on the xy-plane
Area bounded by curves x = f(y) and x = g(y) in the region y[a, b] is revolved about the x-axis
Volume of revolution:
b
a
b
a
dy x x y dy y g y f y V ) ( 2 )] ( ) ( [ 2
2 1
Solids w/known parallel cross section:
For a solid which the cross-sectional area perpendicular to the x-axis is known
The area at any position x
0
on the x-axis is A(x
0
)
The volume of the solid between positions x = a and x = b is:
b
a
dx x A V ) (
Page 4 / 4 97422441.doc
Areaof Surfaceof Revolution
Area of surface of revolution:
A curve y
=
f(x) in the region x[a, b] is revolved about the x-axis
In any partition in [a, b] on the x-axis, whose width is x, the curve is:
2 2
) ( ) ( y x s +
When revolved, the area of the surface is A = 2ys =
2
1 ) ( 2
,
_
+
x
y
x x f
Total area:
,
_
+
b x
a x
x
x
y
x f A
2
1 ) ( 2
By taking the limit x 0
Total area:
,
_
,
_
b
a
b x
a x
x
dx
dx
dy
y x
x
y
x f A
2 2
0
1 2 1 ) ( lim 2
Area of the surface of revolution:
+
,
_
+
b
a
b
a
dx x f x f dx
dx
dy
y A
2
2
)] ( ' [ 1 ) ( 2 1 2