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BK YCM 722YC IBQYWBAY AJ]WY BK NKI DJW YWNTBQ AJ]KYR, YMSNQ BK WM< § § ANEMWJK YJII PBHHBK@CNE § KJ. I->-IA >?->???42 § § J_BKBJK NKI JWIMW JD YCM AJ]WY
Jk Qmptmegmr 79, 7?>?, tcm _mtbtbjkmrs, M]@MKBN PBHHBK@CNE nki _NYWBABN PBHHBK@CNE AJS, tcm survbvbk` dnebhy jd ANEMWJK YJII PBHHBK@CNE, dbhmi n _mtbtbjk tj Ajkvmkm n Ajurt jd Bkqubry nki djr n Imahnrntbjk tj Wmemiy Bklury tj Pbhhbk`cne‒s Wmputntbjk ]kimr tcm Ymxns Ajkstbtutbjk. Pbhhbk`cne cni gmmk ajkvbatmi jd nki mxmautmi djr eurimrbk` cbs tcrmm inu`ctmrs. Ycm _mtbtbjkmrs rmqumstmi n cmnrbk` wcmrmbk mvbimkam ajuhi gm jddmrmi tj prjvm tcnt Pbhhbk`cne wns wrjk`duhhy mxmautmi. Jk Jatjgmr >9, 7?>?, tcbs Ajurt ajkiuatmi n cmnrbk` (cmrmndtmr ‘tcm cmnrbk`―) nki rmambvmi ijauemktnry mvbimkam nki swjrk tmstbejky, prmsmktmi gy @mrnhi C. @jhistmbk jd @jhistmbk, @jhistmbk & Cbhhmy6 Gnrry Qacmaf jd tcm Bkkjamkam _rjlmat, nppmnrbk`
 prj cna vbam
6 nki djremr Ymxns @jvmrkjr, tcm Cjkjrnghm Enrf Pcbtm.
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 Ndtmr anrmduh ajksbimrntbjk jd tcnt mvbimkam nki tcm nr`uemkt jd ajuksmh, tcm Ajurt kjw mktmrs tcm djhhjwbk` dbkibk`s, jpbkbjks, nki jrimrs<
B. Q]EENWR
Ycbs Ajurt jrimrs tcm mxjkmrntbjk jd Anemrjk Yjii Pbhhbk`cne djr eurimrbk` cbs tcrmm inu`ctmrs. Bk hb`ct jd tcm jvmrwcmhebk`, armibghm, nki rmhbnghm mvbimkam prmsmktmi gy tcm _mtbtbjkmrs, tcbs Ajurt cjhis tcnt tcm Qtntm jd Ymxns wrjk`duhhy mxmautmi Anemrjk Yjii Pbhhbk`cne. Pmb`cbk` tcm mvbimkam prmsmktmi gy tcm _mtbtbjkmrs bk dnvjr jd Pbhhbk`cne‒s mxjkmrntbjk n`nbkst tcm mvbimkam prjiuami nt cbs trbnh, tcbs Ajurt ajkahuims tcnt tcm _mtbtbjkmrs cnvm scjwk  gy ahmnr nki ajkvbkabk` mvbimkam tcnt kj rmnsjknghm lurjr wjuhi cnvm ajkvbatmi Pbhhbk`cne bk hb`ct jd tcm kmwhy ibsajvmrmi mvbimkam. Bk 7??9, Pbhhbk`cne prjvbimi tcm Ajurt jd Arbebknh Nppmnhs nki @jvmrkjr Wbaf _mrry wbtc mxjkmrntbk` mvbimkam. Ycnt mvbimkam wns b`kjrmi, nki Pbhhbk`cne wns mxmautmi.
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Ycm aurrmkt Knvnrrj Ajukty Ibstrbat Nttjrkmy, Cjk. W. Hjwmhh Ycjepsjk, imahbkmi tcbs Ajurt‒s bkvbtntbjk tj nttmki tcm cmnrbk` nki tj jddmr nky mvbimkam cm wbscmi djr, n`nbkst, jr jk nky bssum(s) prmsmktmi gy tcm _mtbtbjkmrs. Bkstmni, Ycjepsjk hmdt tcm ajurtrjje nki rmqumstmi n stny jd prjammibk`s drje tcm Ycbri Ajurt jd Nppmnhs. N stny wns bssumi
ndtmr 
 tcm cmnrbk` ajkahuimi. Ycm stny rmenbkmi bk mddmat uktbh tjiny. Niibtbjknhhy, tcbs Ajurt bkvbtmi Ycm @jvmrkjr, Qtntm _rjsmautbk` Nttjrkmy, Qtntm Dbrm Enrscnhh, nki Qtnay Fuyfmkinhh, Pbhhbk`cne‒s mx-wbdm nki ejtcmr jd tcm tcrmm imamimkts, tj nttmki tcm cmnrbk` nki tj jddmr mvbimkam djr, n`nbkst, jr jk nky bssum(s) prmsmktmi gy tcm _mtbtbjkmrs. Mnac imahbkmi tcm bkvbtntbjk.
 
 
7 Ycm Qtntm jd Ymxns cns n iuty tj mksurm tcnt suac n trn`miy kmvmr cnppmks n`nbk. Yj tcbs mki, tcm Hm`bshnturm bs mkajurn`mi tj mknat ajeprmcmksbvm hm`bshntbjk tj mksurm tcnt nk bkkjamkt cuenk hbdm bs kmvmr n`nbk tnfmk bk tcm knem jd tcm Abtbzmks jd Ymxns. Anemrjk Yjii Pbhhbk`cne suddmrmi tcm uhtbentm bkib`kbty jd gmbk` put tj imntc djr n arbem tcnt cm ibi kjt ajeebt6 tcnt bkib`kbty bs en`kbdbmi gy tcm dnat tcnt tcm arbem djr wcbac cm wns wrjk`duhhy mxmautmi wns tcm lusthy rmvbhmi arbem jd dbhbabim.  Kj ajurt jd hnw ank grbk` gnaf tcm hbdm jd Anemrjk Yjii Pbhhbk`cne. Cjwmvmr, wm ank rmstjrm cbs rmputntbjk nki wjrf tj mksurm tcnt duturm bklustbams jd tcbs en`kbtuim wbhh kmvmr gmdnhh jtcmrs.
BB. L]WBQIBAYBJKNH QYNYMEMKY
Ycm Ymxns Hm`bshnturm cns wbsmhy rmaj`kbzmi tcnt jur arbebknh lustbam systme bs kjt  pmrdmat, nki sjemtbems bkkjamkt emk nki wjemk nrm ajkvbatmi jd kjkanpbtnh arbems nki suddmr tcm hjss jd tcmbr hbgmrty. Bk nk nttmept tj rmemiy tcjsm ebsanrrbn`ms jd lustbam, tcm Hm`bshnturm mknatmi tcm Ybe Ajhm Nat.
Qmm `mkmrnhhy
 Ymx. Abv. _rna. & Wme. Ajim, Ybthm =, Acnp. >?1.
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 Cjwmvmr, pmrcnps bk tcm cjpm tcnt nk bkkjamkt pmrsjk wjuhi kmvmr gm mxmautmi, tcm Hm`bshnturm cns kjt mknatmi n sbebhnr stntutjry sacmem tj niirmss n ahnbe jd wrjk`duh mxmautbjk. Ycm dnat tcnt tcmrm bs kjt n stntutm jr n ruhm prjvbibk` n rmemiy djr wrjk`duh mxmautbjks ijms kjt emnk tcm _mtbtbjkmrs nrm wbtcjut n djrue. Bt bs nxbjentba tcnt ‘Lustbam bs tj gm imkbmi kj jkm wcj smmfs bt cjkmsthy drje n ajurt jd hnw.― Ycm drnemrs jd tcm Ymxns Ajkstbtutbjk rmaj`kbzmi tcnt sbtuntbjks wjuhi nrbsm wcmrm nk bkibvbiunh‒s rmputntbjk wjuhi gm cnremi nki tcnt tcm ajurts eust gm jpmk tj prjvbim n rmemiy. Qpmabdbanhhy, tcm _mtbtbjkmrs rmhy upjk Nrtbahm >, Qmatbjk >1 jd tcm Ymxns Ajkstbtutbjk wcbac stntms< ‘Nhh ajurts scnhh gm jpmk, nki mvmry pmrsjk djr nk bklury ijkm cbe, bk cbs hnkis, `jjis,  pmrsjk jr rmputntbjk, scnhh cnvm rmemiy gy ium ajursm jd hnw.― Ymxns Ajkstbtutbjk, nrt. >, § >1. Nki gmanusm tcmrm bs kj stntutm jr ruhm ajvmrbk` tcbs typm jd jaaurrmkam, Nrtbahm =, Qmatbjk 3 jd jur Ajkstbtutbjk imahnrms tcnt ibstrbat ajurts nrm tcm npprjprbntm djrue tj cmnr suac ahnbes. Ibstrbat Ajurt lurbsibatbjk ajksbsts jd mxahusbvm, nppmhhntm, nki jrb`bknh lurbsibatbjk jd nhh natbjks, prjammibk`s, nki rmemibms, mxampt bk ansms wcmrm mxahusbvm, nppmhhntm, jr jrb`bknh  lurbsibatbjk eny gm ajkdmrrmi gy tcbs Ajkstbtutbjk jr jtcmr hnw jk sjem jtcmr ajurt, trbguknh, jr niebkbstrntbvm gjiy. Ibstrbat Ajurt lui`ms scnhh cnvm tcm pjwmr tj bssum wrbts kmamssnry tj mkdjram tcmbr lurbsibatbjk. Ymxns Ajkstbtutbjk, nrt. T, § 3. Ajksmqumkthy, tcbs Ajurt bs ajkstbtutbjknhhy vmstmi wbtc tcm lurbsibatbjk tj ajksbimr tcm ahnbes prmsmktmi bk tcbs pmtbtbjk nki, bd suac ahnbes nrm vnhbi, tj dnscbjk nk npprjprbntm rmemiy.
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Ycm nat bs knemi bk cjkjr jd Ybe Ajhm, wcj wns wrjk`duhhy ajkvbatmi jd n kjkanpbtnh arbem nki ibmi bk  prbsjk. Cm wns mxjkmrntmi gy tcbs Ajurt jk Nprbh 0, 7??2. Gmanusm tcmrm wns kj stntutjry sacmem nvnbhnghm djr n imamnsmi pmrsjk tj smmf tj cnvm cbs rmputntbjk rmstjrmi, Er. Ajhm‒s survbvjrs mephjymi Nrtbahm >, Qmatbjk >1 jd tcm Ymxns Ajkstbtutbjk. Ycbs mxjkmrntbjk wns rmaj`kbzmi gy @jvmrkjr Wbaf _mrry, wcj sugsmqumkthy `rnktmi Ajhm Ymxns‒ dbrst (nki, tj intm, jkhy) pjstcuejus pnrijk. ]kqumstbjknghy, tcm _mtbtbjkmrs nrm mktbthmi tj rmhy upjk tcm snem ajkstbtutbjknh prjvbsbjk.
 
 
1 Ycm pmtbtbjk nhsj smmfs tj bkvjfm tcbs Ajurt‒s lurbsibatbjk ukimr Nrtbahm =7 jd tcm Ymxns Ajim jd Arbebknh _rjamiurm wcmrmgy tcbs Ajurt wjuhi nat ns n en`bstrntm tj imtmrebkm wcmtcmr nkyjkm nt tcm Ymxns Dbrm Enrscnh‒s jddbam ajeebttmi tcm arbem jd jddbabnh jpprmssbjk ns nhhm`mi bk tcm pmtbtbjk. Djr tcm rmnsjks stntmi
bkdrn
 nt k.3, tcbs Ajurt spmabdbanhhy imahbkms tj nat ukimr Nrtbahm =7.
BBB. DBKIBK@Q JD DNAY
N.
 
Ycm Dbrm Jk Imamegmr 71, >22>, tcm Pbhhbk`cne rmsbimkam bk Ajrsbankn, Ymxns, anu`ct dbrm. Pbhhbk`cne nki cbs tcrmm inu`ctmrs, Negmr, Fnemrjk, nki Fnrejk, wmrm bk tcm cjusm nt tcm tbem jd tcm dbrm. Pbhhbk`cne rmambvmi ebkjr bklurbms, gut cbs tcrmm inu`ctmrs pmrbscmi. Jk Imamegmr 79, >22>, Nssbstnkt Dbrm Acbmd Iju`hns Dj`` pmrdjremi nk bkbtbnh bkspmatbjk nki bkvmstb`ntbjk jd tcm dbrm nki dbhmi n rmpjrt. Ycrmm inys hntmr, jk Imamegmr 70, >22>, Enkumh Tnsqumz, nk bkvmstb`ntjr drje tcm Qtntm Dbrm Enrscnh‒s Jddbam, ajkiuatmi n smpnrntm bkspmatbjk nki bkvmstb`ntbjk, nki dbhmi n smpnrntm rmpjrt. Gjtc rmpjrts ahnssbdbmi tcm dbrm ns nrsjk, nki n arbebknh bkvmstb`ntbjk mksumi. Jk Imamegmr 1>, >22>, bkvmstb`ntjrs qumstbjkmi Pbhhbk`cne. Jk Lnkunry 3, >227, Pbhhbk`cne wns nrrmstmi nki acnr`mi wbtc tcm eurimrs jd cbs tcrmm inu`ctmrs. G.
 
Ycm Yrbnh Jk Nu`ust >3, >227, Pbhhbk`cne‒s trbnh gm`nk. Ycm Qtntm‒s ansm rmstmi upjk twj ajepjkmkts< (>) tcm nrsjk mvbimkam tmstbejky jd Dj`` nki Tnsqumz6 nki (7) tcm tmstbejky jd Ljckky Mvmrmtt Pmgg, nk bkentm ajkdbkmi bk tcm Knvnrrj Ajukty lnbh wbtc Pbhhbk`cne. Ycm ajktmkts nki naaurnay jd tcm tmstbejky jd mnac wbhh gm ibsaussmi bk imtnbh bk tcm sugsmqumkt smatbjks. Ycm lury ajkvbatmi Pbhhbk`cne jd anpbtnh eurimr nki smktmkami cbe tj imntc. A.
 
Ycm Nppmnhs Jvmr tcm ajursm jd tcm kmxt imanim, Pbhhbk`cne mxcnustmi mvmry nvnbhnghm nppmhhntm/pjst-ajkvbatbjk rmemiy gut wns uknghm tj nttnbk rmhbmd. Bk Kjvmegmr jd 7??1, tcm ]kbtmi Qtntms Quprmem Ajurt imkbmi amrtbjrnrb. Qcjrthy tcmrmndtmr, Pbhhbk`cne‒s mxmautbjk wns smt djr Dmgrunry >0, 7??9. Jk Dmgrunry >1, 7??9, Pbhhbk`cne dbhmi n sugsmqumkt wrbt jd cngmns ajrpus wbtc tcm Ymxns Ajurt jd Arbebknh Nppmnhs. Ycnt wrbt rmhbmi upjk tcm ‘Curst Wmpjrt,― ibsaussmi
bkdrn
, ns kmw djrmksba mvbimkam imejkstrntbk` natunh bkkjamkam. Ycm Ajurt jd Arbebknh Nppmnhs rmdusmi tj ajksbimr tcm ahnbe. I.
 
Ahmemkay _rjamss Jk Lnkunry 74, 7??9, Pbhhbk`cne npphbmi tj tcm Ymxns Gjnri jd _nrijks nki _nrjhms (‘Gjnri―) djr ajeeutntbjk jd cbs smktmkam jr, bk tcm nhtmrkntbvm, djr n 2?-iny rmprbmvm drje

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