HVAC: Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning

Content of Todays Talk

HVAC
Control of the indoor environment (temperature, moisture content, cleanliness, air quality and circulation) as required by: -occupants -processes -products
HVACR opened new horizons from living in adverse conditions to enabling new products.

Where
Residential, office complexes. Schools and universities. Transportation: Airports, etc. Hospitals and other health facilities. Commercial facilities. (malls, stadiums, theatres) Industries: (microelectronics, printing, manufacturing) Computer labs., data centers. Bio/pharmaceuticals . Industrial refrigeration: perishable foods.

We spend 90% of our lives indoors

Smoke Control

Hospitals

Educational Institutions

Industries and Manufacturing

Stadiums

Transportations

Challenges
Cost and size Energy efficient Environment

HVAC

System performance and reliability

Air quality Safety Precise control

In a Pharmaceutical Plant
The manufacturing environment is critical for product quality Light Temperature Humidity Air movement Microbial contamination Particulate contamination Uncontrolled environment can lead to product degradation - product contamination - loss of product and profit

What are contaminants ?

Contaminants are Products or substances other than product manufactured Foreign products Particulate matter Micro-organisms Endotoxins (degraded micro-organisms)

Protection Against Contaminants

Air cleanliness requirements:
Temperature and humidity, filters type and position, air changes, air velocity and flow patterns, pressure differentials, contamination levels by particulate matter and microorganisms.

Additional Measures:
appropriate gowning (type of clothing, proper changing rooms) validated sanitation adequate transfer procedures for materials and personnel

Atmospheric Air

Units and Dimensions

English Engineering System (inch-pound IP) gpm : gallons per minute for liquid volume flowrate. cfm : cubic feet per minute for air volume flowrate. in. wg: inches water gauge for air pressure, psi, psf. ton: 12,000 BTU/hr for cooling capacity (power). ton-hr: 12,000 BTU for energy. (Btu-in)/(hr-ft2-F) for thermal conductivity of insulation and wall building materials. 1 BTU = 1055 J International System (SI)

Fundamental Concepts
Heating Humidifying Cooling Dehumidifying Cleaning Air Motion Seasonal Operation

Direct radiation and free convection. Direct heating of forced circulated air. Transfer of heated water to vicinity used to heat circulated air.

Sensible heat transfer:

Fundamental Concepts
Heating Humidifying Cooling Dehumidifying Cleaning Air Motion Seasonal Operation

Transfer of water vapor to atmospheric air. The latent heat transfer associated with this mass transfer changes phase but not temperature

Latent heat transfer:

Fundamental Concepts
Heating Humidifying Cooling Dehumidifying Cleaning Air Motion Seasonal Operation

Spaced is cooled by cold air that is sensibly cooled by a refrigerant or water in a heat exchanger.

Sensible heat transfer:

Fundamental Concepts
Heating Humidifying Cooling Dehumidifying Cleaning Air Motion Seasonal Operation

Transfer of water vapor from atmospheric air is accomplished by condensing water vapor onto a lower-T surface or by spraying cold water

Latent heat transfer:

Fundamental Concepts
Heating Humidifying Cooling Dehumidifying Cleaning Air Motion Seasonal Operation

Filtering using porous medium; electrostatic cleaners; water sprays. Contaminant gases removed by absorption; physical adsorption.

Fundamental Concepts
Heating Humidifying Cooling Dehumidifying Cleaning Air Motion Seasonal Operation

Placement of air inlets. Various air-distribution devices. motion strong enough to create uniform comfort conditions.

Fundamental Concepts
Heating Humidifying Cooling Dehumidifying Cleaning Air Motion Seasonal Operation

AC processes are usually not active all of the time. In large commercial installations, simultaneous continuous control is needed. In some industrial processes, precise control of moisture content in air is needed.