Enthalpy Change using Hess Law (DCP and CE) Beam G11

Beam G11

Chemistry SL

Data Collection and Proceeding

Qualitative Data Qualitative Observations Before Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Sodium Carbonate are white solid/ powder. Hydrochloric Acid are in colorless solution During Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate forms effervescence reaction when reacting colorless bubbles of gas. Sodium Carbonate has effervescences Sodium Carbonate formed cloudy reaction when reacting with Hydrochloric Acid Sodium Carbonate reaction tend to take longer than Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate reaction. Quantitative Data (Reaction for Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate) Time (seconds +/- 0.2) 0 (Initial Temperature) 60.0 120.0 180.0 240.0 300.0 360.0 21.0 20.0 18.0 18.0 18.0 19.0 19.0 Temperature (OC +/- 0.5) solution after react with Hydrochloric Acid. After Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate formed colorless solution after react with

with Hydrochloric Acid. This produces Hydrochloric Acid

Reaction of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate in Hydrochloric Acid

Temperature (Celsius +/- 0.5)

21 20 19 18 17
60 120 180 Time (seconds +/- 0.2) 240 300 360

0 (Initial Temperature)

Enthalpy Change Using Hess Law

Beam 1

Quantitative Data (Reaction for Sodium Carbonate) Time (Minutes) +/- 0.2 second 0 (Initial Temperature) 60.0 120.0 180.0 240.0 300.0 360.0 27.0 33.0 32.0 32.0 31.5 31.0 30.5 Temperature (OC +/- 0.5)

Reaction of Sodium Carbonate in Hydrochloric Acid

33
Temperature (Celsius +/- 0.5)

24.75 16.5 8.25 0

0 (Initial Temperature) 60

120

180

240

300

360

Time (seconds +/- 0.2)

Uncertainty Equipment Stop Watch (Analog) Temperature Uncertainty +/- 0.2 seconds (+/- 0.5 OC) Obtain From... Student Guide to Internal Assessment - Chemistry Precision of the thermometer is 1OC. Therefore the uncertainty is a half of the precision. Measuring Cylinder Electronic Scale +/- 1 ml +/- 0.01 g Manufacturers specication Electronic Scale: take the last decimal place

Enthalpy Change Using Hess Law

Beam 2

Find The Energy Change Q= mc T

Q=Quality of energy (In joules) m=Mass of substance being heat c= Specic heat capacity of Hydrochloric Acid (In Joules per kelvin) T=Change in temperature

Find The Energy Change of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate: Mass=100 g (+/- 1 g) (1% of uncertainty) Specic Heat Capacity= 4.18 (assuming its the same as water) J g-1 k-1 Change in temperature = 27-18 = 9 (+/- 1 OC) (11.1 % uncertainty)

Energy Change = 100 (+/- 1%) x 4.18 x 9 (11.1 %) = 3762.0 (+/- 12.1 %) J Q = 3800 (+/- 450) J
Find The Energy Change of Sodium Carbonate: Mass= 100 g (+/- 1 g) (1% of uncertainty) Specic Heat Capacity = 4.18 (assuming its the same as water) J g-1 k-1 Change in temperature = 33-27 = 6 (+/- 1 OC) (16.6 % of uncertainty)

Energy Change = 100 (+/- 1%) x 4.18 x 6 (+/-16.6%) = -2508.0 (+/-17.6%) Q =-2500 (+/- 440) J

Find The Enthalpy Change Per Moles H = -Q/1000 x n H = Enthalpy change of the system in kJ mol -1 Q = Energy change of the surrounding n = Number of Moles of Limiting Reagent Number of Moles= Mass/Molar Mass /1000 = To convert Joules into Kilojoules

Enthalpy Change Using Hess Law

Beam 3

Find The Enthalpy Change Per Moles of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Q=3762.0 (+/-455.2) (12.1 % of uncertainty) J n= 0.2 (+/-0.012) (+/- 6.0% of uncertainty) Enthalpy Change Per Moles = 3762.0 /0.2 x 1000

H = 18.8 kJ Mol -1 (+/-3.4) (+/-18.1% of uncertainty) Absolute value: 19 +/- 3 kJ mol -1

Find The Enthalpy Change Per Moles of Sodium Carbonate Q= -2508.0 (+/- 17.6) J n=0.1 (+/-0.0001) (+/- 0.1% of uncertainty) Enthalpy Change Per Moles = 2508.0/0.1 x 1000

H = -25.8 kJ Mol -1 (+/-4.6) (+/-17.7% of uncertainty) Absolute Value: -26 +/- 5 kJ mol -1

Use Hess Law to nd the Enthalpy of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Thermal Decomposition of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate: 2NaHCO3 (s) --> Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) Reaction of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid: NaHCO3 + HCl --> H2O + CO2 + NaCl Reaction of Sodium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid: 2HCl + Na2CO3 + --> 2NaCl + H2O

Enthalpy Change Using Hess Law

Beam 4

Compare the original reaction with Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid reaction 2NaHCO3 (s) --> Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) NaHCO3 + HCl --> H2O + CO2 + NaCl

Notice that all the reactants are in the same side. Therefore there is no need to double or half the equation of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid. However, The original reaction contain two moles of Sodium Hydrochloric Acid. Therefore, the other reaction (Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid) must be doubled. Changing it into: 2NaHCO3 + 2HCl --> 2H2O + 2CO2 + 2NaCl H = 2x Compare the original reaction with Sodium Carbonate and Hydrochloric Acid reaction 2NaHCO3 (s) --> Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) 2HCl + Na2CO3 + --> 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 Notice that not all of the reactant are in the same side. Sodium Carbonate suppose to be on the other side. This means, the reaction must be reversed. So we multiply the reaction equation by -1. Other than that, the amount of moles are correct so they dont need to be doubled or half. Reaction now will look like this: 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 --> + Na2CO3 + 2HCl H = -y

Now Use Hess Law to balance out the equation and nd the Enthalpy of the two reactions

2NaHCO3 (s) --> Na2CO3 (s) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g) 2NaHCO3 + 2HCl --> 2H2O + 2CO2 + 2NaCl 2NaCl + H2O + CO2 --> + Na2CO3 + 2HCl

Apply The Hess Law to The Enthalpies Change Per Mole H=2

x 18.8 kJ Mol -1 (+/-3.4) (18.1% of uncertainty)

= 37.6 kJ Mol -1 (+/-6.8) (18.1% of uncertainty)

H = -1

x -25.8 kJ Mol -1 (+/-4.6) (17.7% of uncertainty)

= 25.8 kJ mol -1 (+/-4.6) (17.7% of uncertainty)

Enthalpy Change Using Hess Law Beam 5

Subtract both of the Enthalpies Change Per Mole to nd the Enthalpy

25.8 (+/- 18.1 %) + 37.6 (+/- 17.7%) = -63.4 (+/- 35.8 %) kJ Mol -1 = 63.4 (+/- 22.7) kJ Mol -1 Absolute Value: 60 +/- 20 kJ mol -1

Conclusion and Evaluation

Conclusion:

The result of the experiment shows that the reaction of decomposition of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate is an endothermic reaction. Referring to the result of positive enthalpy of 63 kilojoules per mole. This is supported by the theory that any thermal decompositions are all endothermic reaction. For Sodium Carbonate, their own reaction is exothermic. Referring to the result being negative enthalpy change per moles. This is because of the bond making and bond breaking of the reaction. By using Hess Law, it shows that the thermal decomposition of Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate is an endothermic Reaction. (Endothermic Reaction, BBC) In contrast, there are some systematic error during the experiment. The rst one being that the equipment used is not a proper insulator. Therefore this causes a great amount of error in the experiment that the equipment can absorb the environment temperature. This is because the equipment (plastic cup) isnt a closed equipment like a calorimeter. Second being that there are not enough sample size. We only have done the experiment once for each of the reaction. In order to improve the liability of the experiment, more sample size are needed. Another error is the assumption of the Specic Capacity Heat of both of the reactions. In this experiment, we assumed that both of the reaction will have the same Specic Heat Capacity as water. Therefore we use 4.18 as our Specic Heat Capacity instead of nd out the actual Specic Heat Capacity of aqueous Hydrochloric Acid. The biggest loss of the temperature change is due to gaseous product escaping.

Enthalpy Change Using Hess Law

Beam 6

Evaluation:

Error Plastic Cup is not a proper insulator and does not have a lid to close Specic Heat Capacity assumption to be the same as water Not enough trials

Signicance High

Improvement Use an actual calorimeter for the experiment instead of a plastic cup

Medium

Find the Specic Heat Capacity for aqueous Hydrochloric Acid.

High

Have at least ve trials for each of the reactions. Meaning do 6minutes reactions 5 times per reactions. Total of one hour of experiment time.

Not all of the powder are putting into Hydrochloric Acid at once.

Medium

Dump all of the powder into Hydrochloric Acid at once as much as possible. To protect overowing, use a larger container.

Works Cited "Endothermic and Exothermic Reaction." BBC News. BBC. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa_pre_2011/chemreac/energychangesrev1.sh tml>. "Endothermic Reaction." BBC News. BBC. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_aqa/exothermic/exothermic_endothermicrev2.sh tml>. "Virtual CrezLab - Qualitative Analysis - Thermal Decomposition." Welcome to Crescent Girls' School. Web. 19 Mar. 2012. <http://www.crescent.edu.sg/crezlab/Webpages/ThermalDecomposition4.htm>.

Enthalpy Change Using Hess Law

Beam 7