O treino do corredor de meio fundo

- reflexes e propostas de trabalho

www.atletismos.net
Filipe Pedro
Paulo Colao
2001/2002
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se c t|+as|c|a+adc ea aea ||+s c+d+ e: a+|s |ca au+s, + e|d+de ue + |+|t+ de |c|uad|d+de acs
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tc|a+dc cs acsscs +t|et+s aeacs ccaet|t|cs.
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seadc, +c |cac d+ cc+ |cacs deseac|eadc tcdc ua t|+c+||c de e|+cc|+ c e +cca+a|+aeatc dc
|ccessc de t|e|ac destes +t|et+s. M+s, a+|s ue +cca+a|+|, ccse|+|, |e|st+| e |e|+t+|, + ||ue:+ dest+
e\e|| ac|+ e|a|t|uacs e\|c|+|, d|scut||, e\e||aeat+|, desccc||| e ccat||cu|| +|+ ua +stc ea||uec|aeatc
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aua ccast+ate |ccessc de +|ead|:+ea e +ctu+||:+ c de cca|ec|aeatcs.
- e|d+de ue + ccac|et|:+ c de ua |c,ectc deste ae|c cc||+ + ue se,+acs, +c|a+ de tudc, +eates
de |e||e\ c, aua |ccessc ea ue +s d |d+s s c ccast+ates e ea ue cs |cc|ea+s su|ea + tcdc c acaeatc.
lst+s s c eat c +s |+ade |eccu+ es deste t|+c+||c. -c|a+ de tudc, de|\+| cea c|+|c a c s cs |cc|ea+s
su||dcs, cca t+ac a +s e|sect|+s ue se |c|+a deseac|eadc e +s |e||e\ es ue ||:e|+a +|te dc acssc
uct|d|+ac. l|eteadeacs, desde , , |ac+| + acss+ |e|e| ac|+ e|+ |e||e\ c e d|scuss c ea dete||aeatc d+
ae|+ +cuau|+ c e |e|stc de d+dcs de t|e|ac. -ss|a, e sea|e aua+ e|sect|+ de t|+c+||c de |uc,
|cacs |ccu|+adc eaccat|+| ac+s |c|a+s de eas+| c |ccessc de t|e|ac, accs ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac
cu, t c scaeate, accs ae|cs |ate||et+t|cs dcs ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac au|tc cca|ec|dcs c| tcdcs
a s.
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de +cc|d+| c |ccessc de t|e|ac, |c| +|c ue ac|tecu + acss+ +ct||d+de e ue |ccu|+|eacs |e||ect|| aeste
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essc+| de c+d+ +t|et+, eat|e t+atcs cut|cs |+ctc|es, |+:ea cca ue + |d+ de ua t|e|a+dc| se,+ ua +ut at|cc
e ccast+ate scc|ess+|tc a+ ccasc| ac|+ e a+ +t|tude |e||ect|+ ue c dee c+|+cte||:+|. le|c aeacs, este |c| c
seat|aeatc cca ue ||c acs + s + |e+||:+ c deste t|+c+||c e +c|ed|t+acs ue este |e|+t ||c css+ ccast|tu||,
ac |utu|c, ua catc de |e|e| ac|+ a+ |ccu|+ de ua t|+c+||c c+d+ e: a+|s ec|u dc e e||c+: ac |ccessc
de t|e|ac.
Dossier de Propostas
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1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ ()1,
-+||+ c e ccat|c|c ||s|c| |cc dc |ccessc de t|e|ac
(+,
la+ escc|+ (|a,su||c|eate (+],
tcac|us c (+,
2
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0s +t|et+s
iriacipais ist acias e cempeti e
800m
kea+tc :||+
1.+. (!,
1500m
led|c t+||+scc
).+.1) (!,
5000m
l|c a|c l|aeate|
1+.1 (,
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1. }uaa uliveira
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uea|| l 1)/+
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uea|| ll 1+/]
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a|c| l 1]/
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2. iic aie iimeatel
l+t+ de \+sc|aeatc: 1! de -c||| de 1
Mc|+d+: M||+
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l|c||ss c: t+ce|e||e||c
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t|uce ue ke|eseat+: tklt-:
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lesc: ]] l
tu|||cu|ua lesc|t|c
la|c|+dc ll 11/!
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a|c| ll 1]/
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3
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us \tletas
t+|+cte||:+ c |ad||du+|
4
|. iere Carrasce
l+t+ de \+sc|aeatc: ! de lee|e||c de 1!
Mc|+d+: \||+ \c+ de l+a+||c c
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l|c||ss c: 1 ca|cc t \t||
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la|c|+dc ll 1/
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\eacedc| dcs e 1] a l.\. cea l+se \+c|ca+|
\eacedc| dc t|css d+ ll:lt ( ||c+,
uea|| l 1/
t+ae c \+c|ca+| de t|css
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uea|| ll 1/
t+ae c \+c|ca+| de 1] a (+| |||e,
a|c| l 1/1
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a|c| ll 1/1
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t+ae c \+c|ca+| de 1] a (+| |||e,
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: a|c|
t+ae c \+c|ca+| de 1] a ( |st+ ccce|t+, 1]
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) c|+ss|||c+dc ac t+aeca+tc \+c|ca+| de a ( |st+ ccce|t+, 1!, 1+
+. keaate Silva
l+t+ de \+sc|aeatc: !! de -cstc de 11
Mc|+d+: \+cs
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l|c||ss c: lstud+ate
-acs de l| t|c+ de -t|et|sac: 11 +acs
t|uce ue ke|eseat+: tklt-:
l+dcs -at|cca t||ccs
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tu|||cu|ua lesc|t|c
la|c|+dc ll 1]/
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! c|+ss|||c+dc acs a dc 0| a|cc cea l+se \+c|ca+|
uea|| l 1/
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uea|| ll 1/
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) c|+ss|||c+dc acs + a dc t+aeca+tc \+c|ca+| (+| |||e,
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\eacedc| dcs a dc -|u+aeatc d+s e||+s /ca+ teat|c
kecc|d|st+ l|st||t+| de a ( |st+ ccce|t+, 1]
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l+|t|c|+ c ac t+aeca+tc dc Muadc de tc|t+M+tc lscc|+ (let a|+,
a|c| ll 1/!
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l+t+ de \+sc|aeatc: ! de ua|c de 1+
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l|c||ss c: -u\|||+| -da|a|st|+t|c
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kecc|d|st+ de -e||c de )a (+| |||e, )+
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1) c|+ss|||c+dc ac t|css de l+ M+ad||+ (lt ||+, 1
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www.atletismes.aet
l+ctc|es ||a|t+ates
: c cea cca|ec|d+s +s aecess|d+des dc t|e|ac de -|tc kead|aeatc. \ecess|d+des ue cc||+a
cs +t|et+s + d|sc|ea dc teac aecess ||c +|+ |ecusc, |ccesscs de |ecue|+ c, +c|c a d|cc,
a+s, +c|a+ de tudc, dc teac aecess ||c +|+ ue +s c+|+s +||c+d+s css+a se| de|d+aeate
+ss|a||+d+s e|c c|+a|sac.
\ c |c| c| +c+sc, ue Mca|: le|e||+ t+atc |utcu c| ccte| +s ccad| es de teac aecess ||+s
+|+ ue cs seus +t|et+s udessea ccaet|| de |u+| |c|a+ cca cs ae||c|es +t|et+s dc auadc
ea |+ades ccaet| es |ate|a+c|ca+|s. - |+|t+ de teac +|+ + |e+|+ c dcs seus +t|et+s e|+
c act|c ||ac|+| ue ||a|t++ + cctea c dcs |esu|t+dcs ccas|de|+dcs css e|s +|+ cs seus
+t|et+s (le|e||+, 1,. - cctea c d+s ccad| es de teac aecess ||+s +|+ c |ccessc de t|e|ac,
|c|, seuadc Mca|: le|e||+, c ||ac|+| |+ctc| +|+ ue su||ssea ac +ac|+a+ |ate|a+c|ca+|
+t|et+s ccac t+||cs lces, le|a+adc M+aede, -a|cetc :|a es, -a+c|etc l|atc e he|de| esus.
-c |cac dcs +acs, cca c ec|u|| dcs |ccesscs de t|e|ac, ae||c||+ ccast+ate de a+|c+s e
+uaeatc dc c|uae e |ateas|d+de de t|e|ac, est+ uest c +|ad+ a+|s |eaeate. -ctu+|aeate,
u+|ue| +t|et+ ue |ccu|e ua e|e+dc a e| de |est+ es tea |c| cs+aeate de d|s | de
|+c|||d+des |c||ss|ca+|s e de teac d|sca e| +|+ t|e|a+| e desc+as+|.
lst+ ua+ |e+||d+de ue a c cd +acs de|\+| de +cc|d+| aeste t|+c+||c, , ue , a+ acss+
e|sect|+, ua dcs |+ctc|es ue a+|s t a ccad|c|ca+dc + +ct||d+de desc|t|+ dcs +t|et+s ue
+cca+a|+acs. lc| e||e|t+aeate |s e| + |ate||e| ac|+ ae+t|+ d+ |+|t+ de teac +|+ t|e|a+|
e desc+as+|, +s ccaseu ac|+s ea +|uas +t|et+s de ua+ |d+ +|t|cu|+|aeate +|t+d+ e +s
ccaseueates uec|+s |eeat|a+s de |ead|aeatc +sscc|+d+s + este acdc de |d+ au|tc cucc
|c c|c +c t|e|ac.
lc| cut|c |+dc, teadc ea ccat+ + |acss|c|||d+de destes +t|et+s d|sc|ea de a+|c|es |+c|||d+des
ue ||es e|a|t+a t|e|a+| e desc+as+| a+|s, + |escas+c|||d+de de c||eat+ c c| +|te dc
t|e|a+dc| tea de |e||ect|| d|+||+aeate este |cc|ea+.
1|e|a+| +t|et+s aest+s c||cuast ac|+s e\|e c| +|te dc t|e|a+dc| ua+ |+ade ||e\|c|||d+de ac
cua||aeatc dc t|e|ac |+ae+dc. M+|s dc ue cua||| ua dete|a|a+dc |+ac de t|e|ac e
dete|a|a+dcs c|uaes e |ateas|d+des de t|+c+||c, tc|a+se +csc|ut+aeate aecess ||c +deu+|
c t|+c+||c |e|stc s ccad| es ea ue c +t|et+ se eaccat|+ d|+||+aeate ac |cc+| de t|e|ac.
lste |c| ua dcs catcs c|+es ue acs +|eceu |a||ueac|+| dete|a|a+ateaeate tcdc c |ccessc
de t|e|ac. -|c ue seat|acs se| aecess ||c |ate|+| ac acssc eas+aeatc ccac t|e|a+dc|es.
-|| s, se| t|e|a+dc| aest+s c||cuast ac|+s, e\|e cu|d+dcs a+|s esec|+|s dc ue t|e|a+| +t|et+s ue
t a cut|+ css|c|||d+de de +ss|a||+ c d+s c+|+s de t|e|ac.
1|+t+se +ss|a de ua |cc|ea+ ue ae|eceu dest+ue d+ acss+ +|te, , ue + |e+||d+de dc
cua||aeatc dc |+ac de t|e|ac ( c| e:es |e+d+ + e\t|eacs |e,ud|c|+|s +c +t|et+, , aest+s
c||cuast ac|+s, ua+ e|d+de||+ utc|+.
5
|c||c|+||+ +ccase||+d+:
le|e||+, M. (1,. t+||cs lces e + lscc|+ lc|tuues+ de Me|c luadc. : d+ tcst+ ld|tc|+.
-ctu+|aeate, a c cdeacs +da|t|| ue cs acsscs +t|et+s,
ue t|e|a+a a|autcs c| d|+ + s c|tc |c|+s de t|+c+||c
|c||ss|ca+|, c ccaet||, cca +ue|es ue se |e+|+a
du+s e t| s e:es c| d|+, aua tct+| de se|s |c|+s, seu|dc
dc aecess ||c |ecusc |e+|+dc|.
Mca|: le|e||+ (1],.
l|+ac de l|e+|+ c 0| a|c+.
www.atletismes.aet
l|+a|||c+ c dc t|e|ac
lst+ + +|te |a|c|+| e dec|s|+ ac |ccessc de t|e|ac. 1|+t+se de ua e|d+de||c a++ de c||eat+ c
+|+ c t|e|a+dc|, +t|+ s dc u+| se ccaseue te| ua+ e|sect|+ de t|+c+||c |ca|tud|a+| a+|s e||c+:
e seu|+.
Ceaicieaaates
tcac udeacs e||||c+| +ate||c|aeate, a+ e|d+de, tcdcs cs +t|et+s dc acssc |uc de t|e|ac,
t|a|+a d||e|eates ccad|c|ca+ates ue ||a|t+|+a de ua+ |c|a+ dec|s|+ c cua||aeatc d+ |+a|||c+ c
de||a|d+ +ate||c|aeate. lesses |+ctc|es dest+c+acs, +|+ c+d+ +t|et+, cs seu|ates:
u+a 0||e||+: 1|+c+||c a+ |e+ dc desea|c t ca|cc est+adc s|au|t+ae+aeate + t|+c+||+| e + estud+|.
tca ua+ |d+ |e|+t|+aeate +|t+d+, |c| sc||eadc cca ||eu ac|+ d|e|s+s e|tu|c+ es d|est|+s
de|dc + de||c| ac|+s dc |c|c +||aeat+|, |ccc+d+s e|+ cca|d+ |c|aec|d+ ac |cc+| de estudc.
l|c a|c l|aeate|: tca ua+ |d+ a c au|tc +|t+d+, a+s ue sea|e c cc||cu + +ss+| |ca+s |c|+s
dc d|+ de , de|dc su+ |c||ss c (c+ce|e||e||c,. 0 seu |ccessc de |ecue|+ c c+st+ate
d|||cu|t+dc, +|eseat+adc ue|\+s ||eueates +c a e| auscu|+| e +cus+adc sea|e ua+ |+ade
d|||cu|d+de de |ecue|+ c de t|e|ac +|+ t|e|ac.
led|c t+||+scc: -t|et+ cca ua+ |d+ au|tc d|| c||. la|c|cu + cc+ desc|t|+ + t|+c+||+| |cae de
c+s+, |+:eadc au|t+s |c|+s de t|+c+||c e cca aecess|d+de de s+|| de c+s+ au|tc cedc e |e|ess+adc
au|tc t+|de. lu|+ate este e| cdc, auac+ ccaseu|u t|e|a+| cca c |uc de t|e|ac + a c se| +c ||a
desea+a+. tu||cs+aeate, este +t|et+ tee ua+ |+ade suc|d+ de |c|a+ cc|ac|deate cca ua e| cdc
d+ cc+ ea ue estee desea|e+dc c| ||cs aeses.
kea+tc :||+: lstud+ate e, de tcdcs cs +t|et+s dc |uc de t|e|ac, c ue a+|c|es |+c|||d+des t|a|+
+|+ c t|e|ac, , ue +es+| de te| des|cc+ es d| ||+s +|+ + escc|+ cade +ss+ |+ade +|te dc d|+,
|c|, +|ad+ +ss|a, c ue +|eseatcu a+|c| ||e\|c|||d+de de |c| ||cs.
c c led|c: la+ |d+ +|t|cu|+|aeate +|t+d+, cca |escas+c|||d+de de sec|et+||+dc aua+ ea|es+
+| cc|+. - su+ |d+ |c||ss|ca+| sea|e se c+|+cte||:cu c| ||e |ccc+| ua+ +ccau|+ c e\cess|+
de /r- +c u+| auac+ |escadeu d+ ae||c| |c|a+.
le|+ate este +ac|+a+, |c| +csc|ut+aeate aecess ||c te| +s seu|ates |ec+u es:
1. 0t+| c| ua acde|c de e||cd|:+ c s|a|es, de acdc + e|t+|, cca cs +acs +ate||c|es, ua+
+ccau|+ c de e| cdcs ccaet|t|cs cca +s ccaseueates +|ess es ue |ccc+a.
!. 0t+| c| ua+ a \|a+ ||e\|c|||:+ c dc |ccessc de t|e|ac, |ese|t+adc +c a \|ac +s seas+ es
de |+d|+ |ad||du+|s de acdc + e|t+| ua+ a+|c| +cuau|+ c de c+|+ u+adc cs +t|et+s, a+ |e+||d+de,
a c est c |e+|+dcs +|+ + |ecece| e +ss|a||+|.
). 0t+| c|, ea dete|a|a+dcs acaeatcs de a+|c| d|||cu|d+de |ad||du+|, d|a|au|| + c+|+ de t|e|ac
cu aesac ct+| c| e| cdcs de desc+asc, aesac ue estes a c este,+a |e|stcs ac |+ac de
t|e|ac.
6
8i|liegra|ia aceaselhaa:
|+c, ., l+scu+, M., t||, l., +||este|cs . e t+a|+, l. (1,. -t|et|sac l
t+||e|+s e M+|c|+. tca|t 0| a|cc ls+ c|.
easca, 1. e k+,, l. (1,. kua :|t| t|e cest. 1+|ae:s.
|cc|, \. (1!,. ladu|+ace kuaa|a leats. ||t|s| -t||et|c lede|+t|ca.
l+a|e|s, . (1,. l+a|e|s kuaa|a lc|au|+. hua+a l|aet|cs.
l|ec|, . e l|+eae|, . (1,. les|a|a kes|st+ace 1|+|a|a l|c|+as. hua+a
l|aet|cs.
t|eeae, l. e l+te, k. (1,. 1|+|a|a |c| ,cua d|st+ace |uaae|s. hua+a
l|aet|cs.
+|e|, . (1,. M|dd|e l|st+aces. 1+|ae:s.
M+|t|a, l. e tce, l. (1+,. 1|+|a|a l|st+ace kuaae|s. le|su|e l|ess.
l+|+, M. (1],. lscc|+ lc|tuues+ de Me|c |uadc e |uadc, a|tc cu |e+||d+de
ltlll la|e|s|d+de dc lc|tc.
iiaks e iateresse:
|tt://:::.ceat|+|+||tc.c|/a|dd|e.|ta
|tt://:::.ceat|+|+||tc.c|/|c+d:c||.|ta
|tt://:::.ac.c
www.atletismes.aet
:ea se esuece| tcd+s est+s ccad|c|ca+ates ac |ccessc de t|e|ac cca |e||e\cs e|deates ea tcd+
+ |+a|||c+ c +au+|, |cue ua cca,uatc de |de|+s c|+e ue |cacs |e|st+adc +c |cac dest+ cc+
desc|t|+ e ue acs +|ecea se| +|t|cu|+|aeate |ac|t+ates +|+ c||eat+| + acss+ +ct||d+de ac
|ccessc de t|e|ac:
(|, la+ cc+ |+a|||c+ c de t|e|ac, ue e|a|t+ ua+ cc+ |c|ess c a+ c++c|d+de de |ead|aeatc
dee| se| c++: de |eea|| c su||aeatc de |es es. leste acdc + |+a|||c+ c dee |ee| ua
deseac||aeatc |+|aca|csc d+ |c| +, e|cc|d+de e |es|st ac|+ du|+ate tcdc c +ac desc|t|c.
(||, - ec|u c de ua a e| de |e+|+ c c+|\c +t a e|s de |ead|aeatc a+|s e|e+dcs, dee| se|
au|tc |c|ess|+ e |ac|u|| ua+ |+ade d|e|s|d+de de e\e|c c|cs e c ||cs est au|cs +|+ +s d||e|eates
++c|d+des actc|+s.
(|||, - d|e|s|d+de de ae|cs e e\e|c c|cs ut|||:+dcs |uad+aeat+| +|+ c||+| ua+ +d+t+ c |+du+|
ac c|+a|sac cca est au|cs de t|e|ac ue deea +||+| +c |cac dc +ac.
(|, l|cace| ua t|+c+||c ccast+ate ue |se ua+ acc|||:+ c d+s ||c|+s de ccat|+c c | |d+, de
acdc + a+ate| ua+ cc+ c++c|d+de de eae|+ c auscu|+| e de e|cc|d+de de ccat|+ c d+s ||c|+s.
(, lt|||:+ c de cc|||d+s + d||e|eates |ateas|d+des de es|c| c.
(|, l|ccu|+| ua+ |+ade +||+c|||d+de acs |cc+|s de t|e|ac. lst+ |eccu+ c, a+ acss+ e|sect|+,
ea esec|+| ac t|+c+||c cca ,ceas cc||edc|es +ssuaese +ss|a ccac +|c de +|t|cu|+|aeate
|ac|t+ate +|+ +|+at|| ua a+|c| +|ce|t+aeatc de tcdc c t|+c+||c |e+||:+dc.
(||, -ssua|| c t|e|ac d+ |c| + ccac ua+s d+s c++c|d+de actc|+s a+|s |ac|t+ates +|+ c |ead|aeatc
dc cc||edc|.
7
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
tcas|de|+ es c s|c+s
Maautea e e um |em
a vel e sa e
M+ss+ea e |ecue|+ c
\ut|| c
-+||+ c e ccat|c|c dc t|e|ac
kecusc
Melheria a capaciae aer |ia
tc|||d+ ccat au+ de a d|+/|ca+ du|+ c.
le| cdcs de cc|||d+ ac|a+|aeate de ) + a|autcs.
0c,ect|c c s|cc: +d+t+ c c+|d|c+scu|+| cc|||d+.
ls|c| c eat|e + dc \0!a+\.
lateas|d+des ||+d+s de acdc + e|t+| |ateas|d+des de cc|||d+ e\+e|+d+aeate | |d+s.
Melheria a iet acia aer |ia
tc|||d+s de |+|t|e| cca +||+ es de |ateas|d+de e |ac||a+ es de te||eac.
1|e|acs de ! + a|autcs de cc|||d+ | |d+ + e|cc|d+des | \|a+s d+ \e|cc|d+de M \|a+
-e| c|+ ( \M-,.
1|e|acs |ate|+|+dcs cca e| cdcs de |ecue|+ c cca|eead|dcs eat|e + + 1) de
+cc|dc cca c t|c de t|e|ac.
l|st ac|+s ut|||:+d+s cca|eed|d+s eat|e 1 aet|cs e +a.
1|e|acs ||+cc|ca+dcs cca d|st ac|+s de + ). aet|cs e |ate|+|cs ac|a+|aeate de
! + ) a|autcs.
Melheria a capaciae aaaer |ia
tc|||d+s | |d+s cca d|st ac|+s de ! + aet|cs + |ateas|d+des
|u+|s cu sue||c|es + ] dc \0!a+\.
keet| es de d|st ac|+s cu|t+s e|cc|||d+s + ua ||tac sue||c| +c
\0!a+\.
kecue|+ es cca|et+s.
Me|iliae geral
l\e|c c|cs de ||e\|c|||d+de.
l\e|c c|cs e|+|s +|+ c deseac||aeatc d+ |c| +.
l+a +aeatcs.
ccs.
J caica e cerria
l\e|c c|cs t ca|ccs de cc|||d+ (s|||as,.
tc|||d+ cu|t+s de e|cc|d+de cca cc||ec c t ca|c+.
tc|||d+s de e|cc|d+de |e+||:+d+s ea euea+s desc|d+s.
l+ss+d+s s+|t+d+s.
l s cc\|a|cs
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1|e|acs ea c||cu|tc.
lsc+d+s (ea es|c| c ccac at||cc e e\c at||cc,.
k+a+s.
tc|||d+s cu|t+s ea +|e|+.
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|uc.
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- e||cd|:+ c +au+| de t|e|ac +|+ cs +t|et+s, c+se+d+ aua+ e||cd|:+ c s|a|es, |c| c|+a|:+d+
d+ seua|te |c|a+:
0 e\cessc de ccaet| es +c |cac de ua+ cc+ desc|t|+ cc||+, c| e:es, cs +t|et+s + te|ea
de |escade| + ua a e| ccaet|t|c e|e+dc +c |cac de u+se tcdc c +ac. lste |+ctc, c| s| s ,
cde |cc|c|ca+| s|tu+ es de scc|et|e|ac, |+c|ece| c ++|ec|aeatc de |es es e aesac +|ua+
desact|+ c dcs +t|et+s e|+ate + ccaet| c. lc| este |+ctc, +|eceacs |ac|t+ate + e|sect|+
de |+:e| |ate|c+|+| eat|e cc+s desc|t|+s de du|+ e||cd|:+ c, cc+s de e||cd|:+ c s|a|es,
ue e|a|t+a +|ua+ d|a|au| c de u+at|d+de de t|e|ac esec ||cc e, cca |ssc, |cace| ua+
cc+ de |ecue|+ c dc +t|et+.
tcatudc, est+ a c +|ece se| ua+ |eccu+ c ac|a+|aeate |+t|c+d+ ac acssc + s (l+|+, 1],,
, ue +s sc||c|t+ es dcs c|uces |e+a + ue, ac|a+|aeate, c cc||edc| de ae|c |uadc lc|tuues
tea|+ sea|e dc|s |+ades e| cdcs ccaet|t|cs c| cc+, ac|a+|aeate +sscc|+dcs +c cc|t+a+tc
de lae|ac e + ua e| cdc de |st+ ac \e| c (l|u|+ ),
le u+|ue| acdc, est+ e|sect|+ de e||cd|:+ c s|a|es cde te| |ee|cuss es |ac|t+ates a+
| \|a+ cc+ desc|t|+ ue, +c se| est|utu|+d+ a+ c+se de ua+ du|+ e||cd|:+ c, cde| te|
|e||e\cs cea cs|t|cs acs dc|s e| cdcs ccaet|t|cs d+ | \|a+ cc+.
lst+ e|sect|+ u|t|++ss+, deste acdc, c s|a|es ccace|tc de |e+|+ c +au+|, est+adc de||a|dc
ua acde|c de |e+|+ c |u||+au+| ue, a c teadc s|dc cc,ect|c deste teat|c de 1|e|ac, ||c+
+ea+s +cc|d+dc a+s su+s |eccu+ es a+|s |ac|t+ates.
leste acdc, e +es+| dest+ c c se cde| |e||ect|| aua+ cc+ cca |esu|t+dcs ua cucc +u a
dc ue se cde||+ |ee|, + su+ |at|cdu c cde| se| +|t|cu|+|aeate |ac|t+ate a+s cc+s
seu|ates.
lst+ c c tea +|ad+ |e||e\cs acs ccate dcs de t|e|ac ut|||:+dcs, , ue ccatea|+ aeac| esec|||c|d+de
dc t|e|ac, cea ccac a e|s de |ateas|d+de |cc+|s a+|s c+|\cs dc |cac d+ cc+. - ccacaeate
a+|s e|+| dc t|+c+||c |e+||:+dc, sue||c| + cut|+s cc+s de du|+ e||cd|:+ c e est+ c c cc||+
+ ue + se|ec c dcs ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac se,+ c||te||cs+aeate |e+||:+d+, de acdc e|t+|
e\+e|cs a+s | ateas| d+des dc t|+c+| |c |e+| | :+dc +c | cac d+ cc+ desc|t| +.
8
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
le||cd|:+ c
l|u|+ ! lst|utu|+ de e||cd|:+ c s|a|es de||a|d+ +|+ + cc+ desc|t|+ de !!.
lt++ de c+se :eteac|c/0utuc|c sea+a+s
lt++ |uad+aeat+| 0utuc|c/\ceac|c/le:eac|c/ +ae||c 1 sea+a+s
lt++ esec ||c+ lee|e||c/M+| c/-c||| 1! sea+a+s
lt++ | ccaet|t|+ M+|c/ ua|c sea+a+s
lt++ ccaet|t|+ ua|c/ u||c sea+a+s
lt++ de t|+as| c -cstc + sea+a+s
l|u|+ ) le||cd|:+ c +au+| ccas|de|+adc +s +|te|+ es e|ectu+d+s ea c+d+ ua+ d+s |+ses de t|e|ac +dct+d+s c| Mca|: le|e||+ (l+|+, 1],.
leead+:
ll1 le| cdc l|e+|+t ||c 1, lt 1 le| cdc tcaet|t|c 1, l1 1
le| cdc de 1|+as| c 1, ll! le| cdc l|e+|+t ||c !, lt ! le| cdc
tcaet|t|c !, l1 ! le| cdc de t|+as| c !, llt lt++ de
l|e+|+ c te|+|, lll 1 lt++ de l|e+|+ c lsec ||c+ 1, lt1
lt++ tcaet|t|+ 1, l11 lt++ de 1|+as| c 1, lll! lt++ de
l|e+|+ c lsec ||c+ !, lt ! lt++ tcaet|t|+ !, l1 ! lt++
de 1|+as| c !.
www.atletismes.aet
\c ue d|: |ese|tc d|st||cu| c dcs a tcdcs de t|e|ac +c |cac d+ cc+ desc|t|+ cdeacs
desde , |e+| +| + |eccu+ c ue |cue a c s a+ su+ +||+c|||d+de, ccac t+ac a a+ |c|a+ ccac
|c|+a cc|cc+d+s de +cc|dc cca + et++ de t|e|ac ea ue cs +t|et+s se eaccat|++a (||u|+ +,.
- |c|a+ ccac estes ccate dcs de t|e|ac |c|+a c|+a|:+dcs +c |cac d+ cc+, ccedeceu a c s +c
|ese|tc e|cs ||ac |cs dc t|e|ac, a+s t+ac a +c |ese|tc e|+s d|||cu|d+des ea ccac|||+| + e\ecu c
de ua |+ac de t|e|ac cca + |d+ essc+| de c+d+ +t|et+, ue t+at+s e:es |acss|c|||tcu + ccac|et|:+ c
d+s t+|e|+s de t|e|ac |e|st+s.
\este seat|dc, +es+| d+s d|||cu|d+des, |eccu+acacs ea de||a|| + est|utu|+ c+se, s+|+|u+d+adc
sea|e + css|c|||d+de de + +|te|+| de +cc|dc cca tcd+s +s ccad|c|ca+ates e\|steates (||u|+ ],.
- +||+c|||d+de dcs ccate dcs de t|e|ac seat|use |e|e|eac|+|aeate +c a e| d+ est|utu|+ dc t|e|ac
de||a|d+ +|+ c+d+ d|+. 0 |+ctc de se| aecess ||c ccac|||+| |c| ||cs de t|e|ac esec ||ccs +|+ ue
tcdcs acs udesseacs eaccat|+| aua dete|a|a+dc |cc+| de t|e|ac, cca|c|ae c t|e|ac se|ecc|ca+dc
+|+ esse d|+, |e: cca ue, +c |cac de u+se tcd+ + cc+ desc|t|+, cs d|+s dest|a+dcs +|+ c+d+
a tcdc de t|e|ac, |cssea sea|e cs aesacs. lst+ s|tu+ c , a+ acss+ c|a| c, |cae de se| +
ae||c|, , ue cs +t|et+s s c |e+dcs + deseac|e| |ct|a+s cucc |+c| |es +cs seus a e|s de
act|+ c +|+ dete|a|a+dc t|c de t|e|ac a+|s e\|eate. tcatudc, +c+c+ c| se| + sc|u c css e|
ue e|a|te + su+ |e+||:+ c +|+ tcdc c |uc de t|e|ac. -|ad+ +ss|a, sea|e ue css e|, |ccu|cu
se ue cs d|+s dest|a+dcs + dete|a|a+dcs t|cs de t|e|ac a+|s e\|eates udessea +||+|.
9
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
tcate dcs de t|e|ac
l|u|+ + l|st|cu| c dcs d||e|eates ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac +c |cac d+ cc+ desc|t|+ (a ae|c de sess es sea+a+|s,.
l|u|+ ] -|eseat+ c s|a||||c+d+ dcs ccate dcs de t|e|ac ea c+d+ ua+ d+s et++s de t|e|ac.
leead+:
cc tc|||d+ ccat au+,
www.atletismes.aet
la dcs +sectcs |uad+aeat+|s de u+|ue| acde|c de |+a|||c+ c +au+|, |es|de a+ cc||ect+ se|ec c
dcs Me|cs e M tcdcs de t|e|ac +deu+dcs +|+ c deseac||aeatc de c+d+ c++c|d+de | s|c+. le
seu|d+ deseac|e|eacs, ea det+||e, + |c|a+ ccac |c|+a se|ecc|ca+dcs e c|+a|:+dcs +c |cac
dest+ cc+ desc|t|+, |ccu|+adc sea|e ue css e| |cc| ac+s e\e|| ac|+s +c a e| dc
t|e|ac.
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cc,ect|cs ccaet|t|cs. lc| ccs| c, c +t|et+ kea+tc :||+ (+t|et+ de a, |e: sea|e c|uaes de
cc|||d+ a+|s |edu:|dcs e ||e||+aeate a+|s | |dcs teadc ea ccat+ + esec|||c|d+de d+ su+ d|st ac|+
de ccaet| c.
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de cc|||d+ ccat au+ | |d+.
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de eu|| c||c du|+ate + cc|||d+.
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dee| u|t|++ss+| ua+ |c|+ de es|c| c (|+c et +|., 1,. tcatudc, e teadc ea ccat+ ue ut|||: acs
este t|c de t|+c+||c |e|e|eac|+|aeate ac |a c|c d+ cc+, ea ue cs a e|s | s|ccs dcs +t|et+s +|ad+
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|ateas|d+des de cc|||d+, ue cdea +||+| de +cc|dc cca c | est+ce|ec|dc e|c t|e|a+dc| cu
aesac e|c | ||c +t|et+, cu de +cc|dc cca +s c+|+cte| st|c+s +c|deat+|s dc te||eac.
/.:| 4- /r-/a 0s |cc+|s de t|e|ac |c|+a sea|e :ca+s cca te||eac +c|deat+dc e |e|e|eac|+|aeate
ea ccat+ctc cca + a+tu|e:+, cca e|cu|scs +|+d e|s ue act|+ssea cs +t|et+s +, de ua+ |c|a+
a+tu|+| , , | a|| a| |ea || tacs de cc||| d+ |c|tes, acs e| cdcs de|| a| dcs +|+ t+| .
l|ccst+s:
M+|c| |ad||du+||:+ c d+s |ateas|d+des de cc|||d+.
lst+ ua+ d+s a+|c|es d|||cu|d+des +sscc|+d+s +c deseac||aeatc d+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+. \c|a+|aeate
cs +t|et+s t a ua+ tead ac|+ +|+ |e+||:+|ea + su+ cc|||d+ + |ateas|d+des dea+s|+dc e|e+d+s. lste
ua |cc|ea+ ccaua ac Me|c luadc lc|tuu s e cea desc||tc ea +|uas t|+c+||cs e\e||aeat+|s
(:+atcs, 1],.
1c|a+se +ss|a aecess ||c, +| a d+ dete|a|a+ c d+s |ateas|d+des +deu+d+s +|+ c+d+ +t|et+,
ccasc|eac|+||: |cs +|+ ue cca|eead+a + aecess|d+de de, ea dete|a|a+dcs t|e|acs, +s |ateas|d+des
te|ea de |ese|t+| cca ||c| +s e|cc|d+des dete|a|a+d+s.
-uaeatc dc c|uae de t|e|ac +e| c|c.
ccat|ce|s+ + dete|a|a+ c dcs c|uaes t|acs de cc|||d+ +|+ ua cc||edc| de ae|c |uadc
(|+c et +|., 1,. : c ||cs cs t|e|a+dc|es ue ut|||:+a c|uaes de cc|||d+ ccas|de|+e|aeate
d||e|eates e ue cct a |esu|t+dcs c+st+ate |e|e+ates, l+|eceuacs ue ua ||e||c |ac|eaeatc dcs
c|uaes |cc+|s de cc|||d+ ccat au+ cde||+ t|+:e| ceae| c|cs +|+ tcdcs cs +t|et+s deste |uc de
t|e|ac. tcatudc, + cuc+ d|sca|c|||d+de +|+ se cde| +uaeat+| esses c|uaes e +|+ e|a|t|| ue
+ c+|+ +da|a|st|+d+ t|esse c |esect|c e| cdc de |ecue|+ c e +ss|a||+ c d+ c+|+, |ecuacs
+ a+ate| c|uaes ue ccas|de|+acs a+|s c+|\cs dc ue cs dese, e|s.
10
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
t++c|d+de -e| c|+
l|u|+ - escc||+ de |cc+|s de t|e|ac +|+d e|s e ea ccat+ctc
e|a+aeate cca + a+tu|e:+ |c| ua+s d+s |eccu+ es
ccast+ates +c |cac de tcd+ + cc+ desc|t|+.
|c||c|+||+ +ccase||+d+:
:+atcs l. (1],. tcat|c|c dc t|e|ac ea cc||edc|es de ae|c
|uadc e |uadc++||+ c d+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+ cca c+se ac
||a|+| | ct|cc d+s + aac|/| dete|a|a+dc ea testes de te||eac.
l|sse|t+ c +|eseat+d+ s |c+s de dcutc|+aeatc.
l+cu|d+de de t| ac|+s dc lesc|tc e de lduc+ c l s|c+ d+
la|e|s|d+de dc lc|tc.
\ct+:
la+ e|sect|+ |ate|ess+ate +|+ + ae||c||+ dc s|stea+
+e| c|c, acs |ccst+ c| l+a|e|s, a+u||c ue c +utc|
de||ae ccac teacs de cc|||d+ |e+||:+dcs |ateas|d+de
cc||escadeate +c ||a|+| +a+e| c|c. \este seat|dc, |c e
+ |e+||:+ c de t|e|acs de ! + est+ |ateas|d+de, cu de t|e|acs
ea ue s c |eet|d+s cc|||d+s de 1 + 1 (cu aesac 1],
cca |ate|+|cs au|tc cu|tcs (ac|a+|aeate de ua a|autc
cu aeacs,.
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iuJ NCi\ \!k 8i\
(|, 1|e|ac l|+cc|ca+dc
|// a./:: lt|||: acs |e|e|eac|+|aeate d|st ac|+s de /1/1]/! e )a.
|a/-a/4:4- \c|a+|aeate |ad||du+||:+d+, teadc c| c+se +s e|cc|d+des dete|a|a+d+s acs testes
d+ \+ eat|et+atc |e+||:+dcs (e|cc|d+de de cc|||d+ cc||escadeate +c ||a|+| d+s + aac|,.
|a/-r::| le 1 + ) a|autcs.
(||, 1|e|ac |ate|+|+dc
|// a./:: l||ac|+|aeate ! e +a.
|a/-a/4:4- -deu+d+ + c+d+ |uc de +t|et+s, de +cc|dc cca +s d|sc|||a+s e|ectu+d+s. lc| e\ea|c,
aua t|e|ac de |eet| es de +a, cde| +acs te| + seu|ate est|utu|+:
c c led|c (lst|+d+/Me|+ M+|+tca+, 1!\+ +|+ ]/
l|c a|c l|aeate| (1]/]a, 1!\+ +|+ +/]
led|c t+||+scc (1], 1!\+ +|+ )/+
kea+tc :||+ (a, 1\+ +|+
|a/-r::| le 1 a|autc + 1)
l|ccst+s:
M+|c| ccac|a+ c de d|st ac|+s a+ aesa+ sess c de t|e|ac.
-es+| de a c e|a|t|| t c |+c||aeate ua+ e|sect|+ cca+|+t|+ eat|e d||e|eates sess es de t|e|ac,
est+ est|+t |+ cde te| ua+ |a||u ac|+ au|tc cs|t|+ acs a e|s de act|+ c dcs +t|et+s du|+ate
c t|e|ac.
ke+||:+ c de t|e|acs |ate|+|+dcs a+ |st+ cca s++tcs de ccaet| c ac e| cdc | ccaet|t|c.
1eadc c| c+se +s d|||cu|d+des de ue |+| acs +ate||c|aeate, aea sea|e |e+||: acs cs t|e|acs
|ate|+|+dcs a+ |st+. tcatudc, + a+|c| esec|||c|d+de aecess ||+ + +|t|| dc e| cdc | ccaet|t|c,
dee| ccac|et|:+|se a+ |e+||:+ c destes t|e|acs a+ |st+, cca cs s++tcs de ccaet| c, de acdc
+ ue c +t|et+ css+ |e+||:+| cs t|e|acs + e|cc|d+des au|tc | \|a+s d+s e|cc|d+des de ccaet| c.
lste cu|d+dc te| ccaseu ac|+s cs|t|+s a+ +t|tude t ca|c+ dc +t|et+ e aua t|+c+||c auscu|+|
+|t+aeate esec ||cc.
\ct+s l|a+|s:
- est|utu|+ de t|+c+||c cca |st+ ae||c||+ dcs a e|s de lct ac|+ -e| c|+ , a+ su+ ess ac|+, c+st+ate
seae||+ate ue tea |adc + se| |ct+ca|:+dc e|+ a+|c||+ dcs t|e|a+dc|es c|tuueses (l+|+,
1],. tcatudc, c +cessc + dete|a|a+d+s |c|a+ de ++||+ c ||s|c| |c+ teaacs e|a|t|dc ua t|+c+||c
a+|s |ad||du+||:+dc |ccu|+adc eaccat|+| |ateas|d+des de es|c| c esec ||c+s +|+ c+d+ +t|et+. lest+
|c|a+, c t|e|ac ea |uc +a|+ ua+ ac+ d|aeas c a+ ccast|uc c de suc|ucs de t|e|ac de
+cc|dc cca + su+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+, cdeadc aesac |+e| +|te|+ es de ua +t|et+ de ua |uc
+|+ cut|c |uc, aed|+ate +|te|+ es ue se ea|+a + e||||c+| a+s su+s c++c|d+des. lst+ s|tu+ c
ccc||eu +|t|cu|+|aeate cca c +t|et+ led|c t+||+scc, ue +c |cac d+ cc+ desc|t|+ tee +|te|+ es
au|tc s|a|||c+t|+s acs seus |ad|c+dc|es +e| c|cs (acae+d+aeate a+ \M- e \+,, ue act|+|+a +
+| te|+ c s| a| || c+t| + d+s su+s | ateas| d+des de cc||| d+ aeste t| c de t|+c+| |c.
tcatudc, +s d|st ac|+s ut|||:+d+s, a ae|c de |eet| es e |ate|+|cs s c au|tc seae||+ates +cs
|ct+ca| :+dcs ea lc|tu+| , e| + lscc| + lc|tuues+ de Me| c luadc e luadc.
11
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
lct ac|+ -e| c|+
l|u|+ -|ua+s d|||cu|d+des ea ut|||:+| ua+ |st+ ea +|uas
t|e|acs e c| cut|c |+dc + aecess|d+de de |+:e| +||+| cs |cc+|s
de t|e|ac, |ecu + ue du|+ate + cc+ desc|t|+, +|uas t|e|acs
||+cc|ca+dcs |cssea |e+||:+dcs |c|+ d+ |st+ de +t|et|sac.
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C\i\Ciu\u! \N\!k 8i\ i CJiC\
(|, 1|e|ac late|+|+dc lateas|c
|// a./:: : c u+se sea|e de ! e +a.
|a/-a/4:4- l|e+d+. lc| e\ea|c, +|+ +t|et+s ue e|ectuea t|e|acs |ate|+|+dcs e\teas|cs de
+a +|+ )/], |e+||:+|+a este t|c de t|e|ac +|+ ]/.
|a/-r::| -a/r- r-)-// - -a/r- r/-|
(||, 1|e|ac de ||tac|es|st ac|+
|// a./:: \c|a+|aeate, ut|||: acs d|st ac|+s de ]a, a, 1a e 1!a, au|t+s e:es
ccac|a+d+s eat|e s|.
|a/-a/4:4- l|e+d+, | \|a+ d+s |ateas|d+des de ccaet| c. -|| s, este t|c de t|+c+||c cca +
+|c\|a+ c dc e| cdc ccaet|t|c, +a|+ c+|+cte| st|c+s ue acs e|a|tea des|a |c c| t|e|ac
de ||tac, , ue + e|cc|d+de de cc|||d+ se +|c\|a+ au|tc d+s |ateas|d+des de ccaet| c.
|a/-r::| le ) + .
(||, 1|e|ac de ||tacccaet| c
|// a./:: ! + + |eet| es |a|e||c|es d|st ac|+ d+ ccaet| c.
|a/-a/4:4- tca ||tacs de +ss+ea seae||+ates +cs |etead|dcs +|+ + ccaet| c.
|a/-r::| le 1 + !.
l|ccst+s:
ke+||:+ c ea ccad| es a+|s | \|a+s d+s ccaet|t|+s.
le|cs act|cs , eauac|+dcs +ate||c|aeate este t|c de t|+c+||c |c| ||eueateaeate |e+||:+dc |c|+
d+ |st+ de +t|et|sac, c ue, a+ acss+ c|a| c, te| ccat||cu|dc +|+ ue c |ce|tc deste t|c de
t|e|ac a c se,+ +t|a|dc a+ su+ |ea|tude.
:e||+ c| |ssc +deu+dc ue cs +t|et+s e|ectu+ssea c seu t|e|ac a+ |st+ cca s++tcs de ccaet| c,
de acdc + ue cs ||tacs de t|e|ac este,+a ea s|atca|+ cca +s ccad| es + ue |e+|aeate se |e+||:+
+ ccaet| c.
12
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
t++c|d+de -a+e| c|+ l ct|c+
l|u|+ le tcdcs cs +t|et+s d+ +acst|+, kea+tc :||+ |c|,
a+tu|+|aeate, c +t|et+ ue a+|s t|+c+||cu c s|stea+ +a+e| c|c
d+d+ + e|e+d+ deead ac|+ ue c t|c de ccaet| es ue
|e+||:+ +|eseat+ ea |e|+ c +c aet+cc||sac +a+e| c|c | ct|cc.
www.atletismes.aet
iuJ NCi\ \N\!k 8i\ i CJiC\
(|, \e|cc|d+dekes|st ac|+
|// a./:: -t 1 aet|cs.
|a/-a/4:4- le + ].
|a/-r::| le ! + ) a|autcs.
l|ccst+s:
ke+||:+ c destes t|e|acs a+ |st+ cca s++tcs de ccaet| c.
- a+|c| esec|||c|d+de |etead|d+ cca este t|c de t|+c+||c, dee| ccac|et|:|se a+ |e+||:+ c destes
t|e|acs a+ |st+, cca cs s++tcs de ccaet| c, de acdc + ue c +t|et+ css+ |e+||:+| t|e|acs +
e|cc|d+de e|e+d+ e cca ua+ +t|tude t ca|c+ dese, e|.
\ct+s l|a+|s:
le acdc + cde|acs |ac|u|| +|ua+s ae||c||+s a+ +t|tude t ca|c+ dcs +t|et+s acae+d+aeate a+
|edu c dcs teacs de +c|c, |ccu| acs |+:e| este t|c de t|e|ac sea|e ue css e| ea te||eacs
cca ua+ desc|d+ au|tc ||e||+, cu aesac, + |+c| dc eatc. lste cu|d+dc |a||ae acs +t|et+s ua+
+t|tude de a+|c| |+c|||d+de a+ cc|||d+, cca ceae| c|cs a+ +t|tude t ca|c+ e c||t|+ ac t|e|ac. lst+
|eccu+ c +|eceacs |ac|t+ate e de |+ade ut|||d+de ac |ccessc de t|e|ac, |ac|us|+aeate ea
cc||edc|es de ae|c |uadc.
13
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
lct ac|+ -a+e| c|+ l ct|c+
l|u|+ - |e+||:+ c de |auae|+s sess es de t|e|ac |c|+ d+s ccad| es
de ccaet| c (|st+,, cde| te| |e+dc + ue + u+||d+de |etead|d+
+t|+ s de t|e|acs a+|s |ateascs, a c tea|+ s|dc +|c+a +d+.
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k\Mi\S, uiN\S ! Cukkiu\ !M \k!i\
(|, k+a+s
lcdeacs d|st|a|| dc|s t|cs de |+a+s ue cdea se| |e+||:+dcs ea d||e|eates acaeatcs d+ cc+
desc|t|+, cua||adc cc,ect|cs d|st|atcs ac |ccessc de |e+|+ c dcs +t|et+s:
k+a+s de |c| +:
l|ccu|+se, +c|a+ de tudc, +sscc|+| + cc|||d+ + ua deseac||aeatc dcs a e|s de |c| + dcs +t|et+s.
lste t|c de |+a+s c+|+cte||:+se c| te| ua+ |c|te |ac||a+ c ue cc||+ cs +t|et+s + |cdu:||ea
e|e+dcs a e|s de |c| + +|+ +s suc||ea.
k+a+s de t|+as|e| ac|+:
1|+t+ase de |+a+s ea ue c +t|et+ |ccu|+ ua+ a+|c| t|+as|e| ac|+ dcs a e|s de |c| + cct|dcs,
cca + ut|||:+ c de |+a+s a+|s su+es, ue e|a|t+a + cctea c de e|e+dcs a e|s de e|cc|d+de.
lcdeacs +|ad+ c|+ss|||c+| d||e|eates t|cs de |+a+s de +cc|dc cca + d|st ac|+ + e|cc||e|. -ss|a,
cdeacs te|:
k+a+s tu|t+s la|e||c|es + 1a, cca ua+ |ac||a+ c de 1 + 1]. leea se| e|cc|||d+s +
e|cc|d+des e|e+d+s cca |ecue|+ c +ct|+ de ) + ].
k+a+s a d|+s lat|e 1 e !]a e ua+ |ac||a+ c de ] + 1. leea se| e|cc|||d+s + |ateas|d+des
|u+|aeate e|e+d+s. late|+|cs de !). 1|+t+se de ua t|e|ac ue ccadu: + ua+ |+ade +cuau|+ c
| ct|c+ e ue e\|e ||cs d|+s +|+ sue|ccaeas+ c.
k+a+s |ca+s lcdea se| |e+||:+d+s scc|e cs ||ac |cs ue |eea + c|+a|:+ c dc t|e|ac
|ate|+|+dc cu de ||tac|es|st ac|+, , |e|e||dcs +ate||c|aeate.
(||, lua+s
1|e|acs |e+||:+dcs ea :ca+s de +|e|+, cca suc|d+s e desc|d+s de |c|te |ac||a+ c, cca cc|||d+ | |d+
cu |eat+, |ccu|+adc |+ades +||+ es d+s ccad| es de te||eac e de |ateas|d+des de cc|||d+.
||, tc|||d+ ea -|e|+
l|ccu|+se ua+ a+|c| t|+as|e| ac|+ dcs +a|cs d+ |c| + +|+ + cc|||d+, |e+||: acs t|e|acs de cc|||d+
ea +|e|+ ac||+d+ ( ,uatc u+,, de acdc + ue, +| a d+ |c| + aecess ||+ +|+ + cc|||d+, se udesse
+t|a|| e|cc|d+des de cc|||d+ |e|+t|+aeate e|e+d+s e ua+ +t|tude t ca|c+ a+|s | \|a+ d+ ue
c+|+cte||:+ + cc|||d+ ea |sc a+|s du|c.
l|ccst+s:
M+|c| ccac|a+ c de t|e|acs deste t|c.
0 t|+c+||c |e+||:+dc e e\e|| ac|+s , e|ectu+d+s ea +acs +ate||c|es, sue|eaacs ue, |c+e|aeate,
ua+ a+|c| ccac|a+ c destes d||e|eates t|cs de t|e|ac, css+ te| e|e|tcs au|tc cs|t|cs a+ ae||c||+
dcs a e|s de |c| + dcs +t|et+s du|+ate + cc|||d+.
M+|c| a ae|c de sess es de t|e|ac de |+a+s.
\+ e|d+de, aest+ cc+ desc|t|+ te| |+|t+dc ua+ a+|c| u+at|d+de de t|e|ac de |+a+s, ccac
ua ae|c c| e\ce| ac|+ +|+ ae||c|+| cs a e|s de |c| + du|+ate + cc|||d+. lste ua ccate dc ue
dee| se| |ac|eaeat+dc ea +acs cste||c|es ac |ccessc de t|e|ac destes +t|et+s.
14
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
k+a+s, lua+s e tc|||d+ ea -|e|+
l|u|+ 1 0s t|e|acs |e+||:+dcs a+ |+|+ |ee|+|+ase au|tc dc +|+dc
dcs +t|et+s, c ue se tc|a+ +|t|cu|+|aeate |ee|+ate teadc ea ccat+
+ d|||cu|d+de ac|a+|aeate +sscc|+d+ + este t|c de t|e|ac. - ut|||:+ c
d+ |+|+ ccac ae|c |e||||+dc de t|e|ac, cde +ss|a te| e|e|tcs au|tc
cea ||ccs acs +t|et+s.
l|u|+ 11 -s :ca+s de a+t+, cca |scs ea +|e|+ |c|+a ||eueateaeate
escc|||d+s +|+ + |e+||:+ c deste t|c de t|e|acs.
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Jk!iNu u! iuk \
0 t|e|ac de |c| + ea ae|c |uadc, +c ccat| ||c dc ue au|t+s
e:es se eas+, |uad+aeat+| a c s +|+ + ae||c||+ d+
|est+ c, ccac aesac +|+ + |eea c de |es es
e a+autea c de ua est+dc de ccad| c | s|c+ de
c+se ue este,+ de +cc|dc cca +s aecess|d+des d+
| t|c+ desc|t|+ de |ead|aeatc.
\est+ e|sect|+, +t||cu acs + este t|c de
t|+c+||c ua+ |ac|t ac|+ dec|s|+ +|+ +
ae||c||+ d+ |c|a+ dc cc||edc| de ae|c |uadc.
tcatudc, +|t|cu|+|aeate ||eueate, t|e|a+dc|es e +t|et+s ae||eac|+|ea + |ac|t ac|+ dc t|e|ac
de |c| +, ea ||tude d+ |+|t+ de teac, cu aesac, c| a c ||e +t||cu |ea c +|c| su||c|eate ue
,ust|||ue + su+ |ac|us c ac t|e|ac dc cc||edc| de ae|c |uadc e |uadc.
lste ua eas+aeatc ue, cca d|||cu|d+de, |ccu| acs ccat|+||+|. - |e+||d+de ccad|c|cacuacs
+ css|c|||d+de de t|+c+||+| est+ c++c|d+de ccad|c|ca+| d+ |c|a+ ue |e+|aeate dese,+||+acs.
tcatudc, +s |eccu+ es e\|st||+a sea|e +c |cac de tcd+ + cc+ desc|t|+ e dee| c |+:e|
+|te dc t|e|ac de u+|ue| ua destes +t|et+s, ||ac|+|aeate se +|uas de|es +ss+|ea + d|sc| de
a+|s teac +|+ c |ccessc de t|e|ac.
-ss|a, |ccu| acs ue cs +t|et+s t|essea e|c aeacs ua+ sess c de t|e|ac de |c| + c| sea+a+,
sea|e ue css e| du+s, de acdc + ue cs e|e|tcs deste t|c de t|+c+||c |e+|aeate se ||:essea
seat||. lstes cu|d+dcs eac|e|+a cs seu|ates t|cs de t|+c+||c:
1. 1|e|ac cca cc|+s aed|c|a+|s.
!. 1|e|ac de esc+d+s.
). 1|e|ac de |c| + |sca t||c+.
+. 1|e|acs ea c||cu|tc.
]. 1|e|acs cca c+|+s +d|c|ca+|s.
. 1|e|ac ||ca t||cc (+cc|d+dc a+s sec es dest|a+d+s t ca|c+ de cc|||d+ e esc+d+s,.
\ c scacs, ccatudc, au|tc +detcs de sess es de t|e|ac cca c+|+s +d|c|ca+|s, se cea ue, ea
dete|a|a+dcs acaeatcs esec ||ccs d+ cc+, css+a se| ut|||:+d+s +|+ |cace| ua +uaeatc
a+|s | |dc dcs a e|s de |c| + ea dete|a|a+d+s est|utu|+s auscu|+|es. tcatudc, +s d|||cu|d+des
de t|+as|e| ac|+ dcs a e|s de |c| + cct|dcs, |e+aacs + |ccu|+| ct+| c| a tcdcs de a+|c|
esec|||c|d+de e ue a c eac|+a ||sccs +c|esc|dcs de |es es.
l|ccu| acs +|ad+ +c |cac de tcdc c +ac |e+||:+| e\e|c c|cs de |c| + |sca t||c+, a c s +|+ |cace|
ua deseac||aeatc a+|s e||c+: de dete|a|a+d+s +t|tudes cstu|+|s |uad+aeat+|s +|+ + cc|||d+,
a+s t+ac a c| se t|+t+| de ua t|c t|e|ac au|tc e||c+: a+ ae||c||+ dcs a e|s de |c| + dcs +t|et+s.
15
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + tcas|de|+ es e|+|s
www.atletismes.aet
0 t|e|ac cca cc|+s aed|c|a+|s de escs d||e|eates e|a|te ua t|+c+||c auscu|+| au|tc d|st|atc cca +
css|c|||d+de de d|e|s|||c+|, a c s cs |ucs auscu|+|es eac||dcs ccac c t|c de est|au|cs |ccc+dcs
aua+ dete|a|a+d+ est|utu|+.
16
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac cca cc|+s aed|c|a+|s
l\e|c c|c 1+ 1c| es |+te|+|s dc t|cacc cca cs
c|+ cs estead|dcs.
l\e|c c|c 1c 1c| es |+te|+|s dc t|cacc
d|||cu|t+d+s c| cs +t|et+s |ccu|+|ea +|c+a +| +
cc|+ c| |+dcs d|st|atcs.
1+
1c
!
l\e|c c|c ! lst||+aeatc tct+| dc t|cacc.
l\e|c c|c + kct+ es |+te|+|s dc t|cacc a+
cs| c de seat+dc c ue cc||+ + ue + |ct+ c
se,+ e\c|us|+aeate |e+||:+d+ c| +c c de tc| c
dc t|cacc.
)
l\e|c c|c ) -cdca|a+| cca cc|+ aed|c|a+|.
+
l\e|c c|c ] l|e+ c d+s e|a+s cca cc|+
aed|c|a+| eat|e cs s.
]

l\e|c c|c -cdca|a+| cca cc|+ aed|c|a+| eat|e

cs ,ce||cs.
www.atletismes.aet
17
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac cca cc|+s aed|c|a+|s
l\e|c c|c l|e+ c d+s e|a+s cca cc|+
aed|c|a+| |es+ eat|e cs s, te|a|a+adc cca
e\teas c dc cc|c e cc|cc+ c d+ c+c|+.
l\e|c c|c -cdca|a+| cca cc|+ aed|c|a+| e
|+a +aeatc d+ cc|+ +|+ cca+a|e||c.

l\e|c c|c l\teas c de e|a+s |ccu|+adc \ut+| + cc|+ +|+ c

cc|e+.

www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac cca cc|+s aed|c|a+|s
l\e|c c|c 1 l\e|c c|c ccac|a+dc de ||e\ c e e\teas c dc t|cacc, cca cc|+ aed|c|a+| |es+ eat|e cs s.
18
1
www.atletismes.aet
19
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac cca cc|+s aed|c|a+|s
l\e|c c|c 11 l+a +aeatc |+te|+| de cc|+
aed|c|a+| scc|e ua +c|c.
11
ke|lex es |iaais
- |e+||:+ c de e\e|c c|cs cca cc|+s aed|c|a+|s ua+ |c|a+ +|t|cu|+|aeate cc+ +|+ deseac|e|
cs a e|s e|+|s de |c| + auscu|+| de ua acdc +|t|cu|+|aeate +|+d e|, cdeadc aesac +du||||
c+|+cte| st|c+s | d|c+s au|tc |ac|t+ates.
tca este t|c de t|+c+||c, tc|a+se css e| sc||c|t+| |ucs auscu|+|es +|t|cu|+|aeate |ac|t+ates
+|+ ua+ cc+ cstu|+ a+ cc|||d+, de acdc + se +t|a|| ua a e| de e\ecu c t ca|c+ a+ cc|||d+ au|tc
cc+.
tcatudc, e +es+| dcs e|deates ceae| c|cs ue este t|+c+||c cde t|+:e| +c cc||edc| de ae|c |uadc,
+ e|d+de ue este t|c de t|+c+||c d+ |c| + a c |c| au|tc ut|||:+dc du|+ate est+ cc+ desc|t|+.
- |+|t+ de teac +|+ c t|e|ac c| +|te dcs +t|et+s dc |uc de t|e|ac, |c| |e+adc + ue este t|+c+||c
|csse |e|e+dc +|+ seuadc |+ac.
le u+|ue| acdc, ,u|+acs |uad+aeat+| ue este t|+c+||c se,+ ut|||:+dc du|+ate + cc+ desc|t|+,
cca a|+se +|t|cu|+| acs e| dcs |e+|+t ||cs, ccac |c|a+ de |ccc+| ua cca |e|c| c auscu|+|.
www.atletismes.aet
20
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + lsc+d+s
l\e|c c|c 1 :uc|d+ de esc+d+s ea s|||a +|tc.
l\e|c c|c ! :uc|d+ + s ,uatcs.
l\e|c c|cs ) lsc+d+s +c cc\|a|c.
1
!
]
l\e|c c|c lesc|d+ de esc+d+s cca +c|cs
+|te|a+dcs.
l\e|c c|c lesc|d+s de esc+d+s + s ,uatcs.
l\e|c c|c :|||as t|c|ct |s|ccs cca c
cc,ect|c de |cace| +|ua+s t|+as|e| ac|+s
dcs +a|cs de |c| + +|+ c t|c de +c|c |e+||:+dc
a+ cc|||d+.

)
+
l\e|c c|c ] :uc|d+ de esc+d+s +a|+s ea :te.
- ut|||:+ c de esc+d+s ac |ccessc de t|e|ac cde |ee|+|se ccac ua e\ce|eate
ae|c +|+ c deseac||aeatc dc t|e|ac de |c| + e +du|||| c+|+cte| st|c+s de t|e|ac
||ca t||cc au|tc |e|e+ates +|+ c cc||edc| de ae|c |uadc.
\este seat|dc cdeacs +|eseat+| +|uas dcs e\e|c c|cs ue ut|||: acs cca a+|c|
|e|u ac|+:
www.atletismes.aet
21
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + lsc+d+s
ke|lex es |iaais
0 t|e|ac de esc+d+s |c| ||eueateaeate ut|||:+dc du|+ate + cc+ desc|t|+. 0s ceae| c|cs deste
t|c de t|+c+||c +|ecea e|deates e s c ||eueateaeate +cat+dcs e|cs |a+ctc cs|t|c ac
+uaeatc dcs a e|s de |c| + e| st|c+ dcs +t|et+s.
- su+ c|+a|:+ c cde, ccatudc +||+| s|a|||c+t|+aeate. -ss|a, c a ae|c de de|+us ut|||:+dcs,
+ su+ +|tu|+, + |c|a+ ccac se |e+||:+ + |ecue|+ c, cs teacs de |ate|+|c e + est|utu|+ c|+a|:+t|+
d+ sess c de t|e|ac, t a ac seu tcdc ua+ |a||u ac|+ dec|s|+ acs +a|cs +|c+a +dcs cca este t|+c+||c.
- ut|||:+ c dc t|e|ac de esc+d+s ac |uc de t|e|ac ccedeceu + +|uas ||ac |cs de |+ade
s|a||c|d+de ue t|a|+a ccac ||a+||d+de cteac|+| cs e|e|tcs destes t|e|acs. -ss|a, cs t|e|acs de
esc+d+s |c|+a sea|e +sscc|+dcs + ua+ |+ade d|e|s|d+de de e\e|c c|cs, acae+d+aeate de e\e|c c|cs
de |c| + e ||caet||+.
lc| cut|c |+dc, aest+s sess es de t|e|ac |ccu|cuse ue c t|+c+||c de esc+d+s |csse |e+||:+dc a c
+ea+s ea suc|d+ a+s t+ac a du|+ate + desc|d+, scc + |c|a+ de eueacs s+|tcs ea |c|uad|d+de
+|+ + |e+||:+ c de +|ua t|+c+||c e\c at||cc.
leste acdc, |ccu|cuse |ac|eaeat+| cs e|e|tcs cea ||ccs |cdu:|dcs c| c+d+ +c|c a+ cc|||d+,
+t|+ s de ccat+ctcs ue dee||+a se| c a+|s |e+ct|cs css e|. lstes +c|cs |c|+a |e+||:+dcs + s
+ ued+ de ua de|+u +|+ c cut|c, t|+c+||+adcse dest+ |c|a+ d||e|eates est|utu|+s auscu|+|es e
cca |ac|d ac|+s de t|+c+||c ccas|de|+e|aeate d|st|at+s.
-|| s, + cc|||d+ +c+c+ c| te| ua+ ccacaeate ||ca t||c+ de euea+ a+a|tude, a+s ue, sca+d+
+c |cac de ||cs +c|cs, +ssuae ua+ |ac|t ac|+ dec|s|+ acs a e|s de |+d|+ dcs cc||edc|es e
a+ su+ c++c|d+de de |est+ c.
- ccac|a+ c cca cut|c t|c de e\e|c c|cs, ||ac|+|aeate d||ecc|ca+dcs +|+ c deseac||aeatc
d+ |c| + auscu|+|, e|a|t||+a ue, aua+ aesa+ sess c de t|e|ac, se udesse +c|+ae| tcdc ua
cca,uatc de a tcdcs de t|e|ac d+ |c| +. \c|a+|aeate, a+ est|utu|+ de t|e|ac ue d|scacs, a c
se| +acs c++:es de ea|cc+| tcdcs estes a tcdcs de t|e|ac de |c| +, d+d+ + d|||cu|d+de ea |e+||:+|
a+|s sess es de t|e|ac de |c| +.
lc| +|ad+ e|deate +s ae||c||+s |adu:|d+s acs +t|et+s cca este t|+c+||c, +|t|cu|+|aeate seat|d+s +c
a|e| dc cc|t+a+tc, ea ue cs +t|et+s seat||+a a e|s de |c| + +|t|cu|+|aeate ccas, u+adc
cca+|+dcs cca cut|+s cc+ desc|t|+s. l+|eceacs c| |ssc |uad+aeat+| ue este t|c de t|+c+||c
se ea|+ + |eet|| ea cc+s seu|ates e aesac, se css e|, |e|c| +dc +t|+ s dc +uaeatc dc
a ae|c de sess es cu de +uaeatc dc c|uae de t|e|ac.
www.atletismes.aet
- ut|||:+ c de e\e|c c|cs de |c| + est t|c+ su|e ccac ua e\ce|eate ae|c de t|e|ac d+ |c| + +|+ cc||edc|es de
ae|c |uadc.
le |+ctc, cca este t|c de t|+c+||c cdeacs |ate||| de ua+ |c|a+ au|tc |ec|s+ ac |e|c| c dcs a scu|cs a+|s
|escas e|s e|+ a+autea c de ua+ cc+ +t|tude cstu|+| a+ cc|||d+, +|t|cu|+|aeate u+adc se t|+t+ de a scu|cs
ue du|+ate + cc|||d+ |ate| a de ua+ |c|a+ aeacs d|a a|c+, ccac c c+sc dcs a scu|cs d+ :ca+ +cdca|a+|,
|cac+|es e dc|s+|s.
- |+c|||d+de cca ue se cde |e+||:+| este t|c de t|+c+||c auscu|+|, cca cucc +et|ec|+aeatc e ut|||:+adc
||ac|+|aeate c esc dc | ||c cc|c, tc|a+c au|tc +cess e| +|+ c t|e|a+dc| e c +t|et+, ue cdea deseac|e|
|c|+a+s cca|etcs de t|e|ac de |c| + cca au|tc sucessc.
l\lkt tl0::
22
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + l\e|c c|cs est t|ccs
l\e|c c|c 1:
1. lcs| c |a|c|+|.
1+. l|e+ c d+ e|a+ esue|d+.
1c. l|e+ c d+ e|a+ d||e|t+.
1c. l|e\ c d+s e|a+s ea cs| c de c+||e||+s.
1d. l|e+ c d+s e|a+s cca euea+ c+|+ ac
tc|ac:e|c.
1
1+
1c
1c
1d
www.atletismes.aet
23
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + l\e|c c|cs est t|ccs
!
)
+
l\e|c c|c !:
!. lcs| c |a|c|+|.
!+. l|e+ c d+ e|a+ esue|d+.
!c. l|e+ c d+ e|a+ d||e|t+.
!c. l|e+ c d+s e|a+s cca euea+ c+|+ ac
tc|ac:e|c.
!+
!c
!c
)+ !+
l\e|c c|c ):
!. lcs| c |a|c|+|.
!+. l|e+ c d+ e|a+ esue|d+ e c|+ c d||e|tc.
!c. l|e+ c d+ e|a+ d||e|t+ e c|+ c esue|dc.
l\e|c c|c + l|+ac|+ |+te|+| cca +c|c a+s a cs.
www.atletismes.aet
24
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + l\e|c c|cs est t|ccs
]

1
]. l|+ac|+ |+te|+| cca +c|c ac +atec|+ c.
. t+de||+ |ae|t|d+.
. -cdca|a+|.
. lcac+|.
. l|+ac|+ |+c|+| cca cc|+.
1. t+de||+ |ae|t|d+ cca cc|+.
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + l\e|c c|cs est t|ccs
11
1!
1)
ke|lex es |iaais
lste t|c de t|+c+||c de |c| +, |c| dcs a+|s deseac||dcs +c |cac d+ cc+ desc|t|+. \+ e|d+de,
cs +t|et+s te| c ceae||c|+dc ccas|de|+e|aeate cca este t|+c+||c +c a e| d+ |eea c de |es es cea
ccac a+ +dc c de ua+ +t|tude t ca|c+ cca ua ccac|t+aeatc cstu|+| c+st+ate cca.
- |+ade d|e|s|d+de de e\e|c c|cs ue se cdea |e+||:+| + este a e| e|a|tea +|ad+ sc||c|t+| |+c||aeate
a c s d||e|eates |ucs auscu|+|es, ccac t+ac a, +|+ ua+ aesa+ est|utu|+ auscu|+|, ut|||:+|
d||e|eates e\e|c c|cs +|+ e|t+| +|ua+ acactca|+ ac |ccessc de t|e|ac.
lste , seu|+aeate, ua t|c de t|+c+||c de |+ade ut|||d+de +|+ cs cc||edc|es de ae|c |uadc e ue
cde se| |e+||:+dc +c |cac de tcd+ + cc+ desc|t|+ cca ua+ |+ade |+c|||d+de, e ea u+|ue|
|cc+| de t|e|ac, sea ue se,+a aecess ||+s |+ades ccad| es a+te||+|s de t|e|ac.
11. lcac+|/|su|ct|c|+|s.
1!. lcs| es de eu| c||c aua s +c|c.
1). lcac+|es/|su|ct|c|+|s.
25
www.atletismes.aet
0 t|e|ac ea c||cu|tc seu|+aeate ua+ d+s |c|a+s a+|s ut|||:+d+s +c a e| dc t|e|ac de ae|c |uadc. le
ua+ |c|a+ s|a|es e sea ut|||:+ c de |+ades |ecu|scs, css e| |e+||:+| ua t|e|ac de |c| +, cca ua+
ccacaeate c+|d|c+scu|+| au|tc s|a|||c+t|+, cca e\e|c c|cs au|tc | \|acs de s|tu+ es de cc|||d+ e
cca ua+ c++c|d+de de t|+as|e| ac|+ dcs +a|cs de |c| + au|tc e|e+d+.
lste ae|c de t|e|ac |c| au|tc ut|||:+dc du|+ate + cc+ desc|t|+, cca ea| se au|tc +|t|cu|+| ea e\e|c c|cs
cca ua+ est|utu|+ aec a| c+ ue t| essea ua+ |c|te t|+as|e| ac| + +|+ + cc||| d+.
- est|utu|+ de |e+||:+ c destes c||cu|tcs de t|e|ac, eac||+ ac|a+|aeate + 1! est+ es de t|e|ac/e\e|c c|cs
ea ue e|+a |e+||:+dcs ) seuadcs de e\e|c c|cs cca ) seuadcs de |ate|+|c. 0s +t|et+s |+a aud+adc
de est+ c +|+ est+ c e, aua+ sess c de t|e|ac, cd|+a se| |e+||:+d+s eat|e 1 + ) s ||es cca ) a|autcs
de |ate|+|c.
l\lkt tl0: M-l: l1lll/-l0::
26
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac ea t||cu|tc
1
!
)
+
l\e|c c|c 1:
1 :|||a +|tc ac |u+|.
! :+|t+| cc|d+.
) -cdca|a+|.
+ l|e\ c |+at+|/dc|s+|.
] -|uadcs cca t|cc+ de e|a+.
]
www.atletismes.aet
27
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac ea t||cu|tc
:tel

l\e|c c|c ccac|a+dc l|e\ c de c|+ cs/e\teas c de e|a+s/s+|tc e|t|c+|/++c|+aeatc/||e\ c de c|+ cs.
www.atletismes.aet
28
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac ea t||cu|tc
ke|lex es |iaais
0 t|e|ac ea c||cu|tc cc|cc+ c +t|et+ e|+ate e\| ac|+s e|e+d+s ac ue d|: |ese|tc +cs seus a e|s
de |c| +/|es|st ac|+, |ccc+adc a e|s de |+d|+ auscu|+| au|t+s e:es seae||+ates s e|+d+s ea
ccaet| c.
1|+t+se de ua t|c de t|e|ac au|tc e|s t||, ue cde |ac|u|| e\e|c c|cs de ua+ |+ade d|e|s|d+de
e ac u+| se cdea e||| cs teacs de |ate|+|c e de e\e|c c|c d+ |c|a+ ue se ,u|+| a+|s ccaea|eate
e de +cc|dc cca c a e| de |e+|+ c de c+d+ +t|et+. ua t|c de t|e|ac ue e\|e +c +t|et+ ua+
e|e+d+ c++c|d+de de est c dc es|c| c, c ue, c+sc a c se,+ ccaseu|dc c| +|te deste, cde
|ec||t+| c ||a+| d+ sess c de t|e|ac cu aesac c||+| ccad| es |+c| e|s ccc|| ac|+ de +c|deates
e +c ++|ec|aeatc de |es es.
le ua+ |c|a+ au|tc s|a|es, tc|a+se css e| deseac|e| |+|aca|cs+aeate cs a e|s de |c| + de
ua +t|et+ sea c+|+s +d|c|ca+|s cu cca c+|+s ||e||+s, cca a e|s de |ateas|d+de de es|c| c e|e+d+s
e, se +ss|a se |eteade|, cca ua+ |cc+||:+ c au|tc +|t|cu|+| ea dete|a|a+d+s est|utu|+s auscu|+|es.
lc| cut|c |+dc, este t|c de t|e|ac e|a|te +c +t|et+ a+ate| ccas a e|s de act|+ c, ua+ e: ue
e|a|te ccat|c|+| + ec|u c dc a ae|c de |eet| es ue |e+||:+ +|+ c+d+ e\e|c c|c. lc| cut|c |+dc,
+ css|c|||d+de de se c|+a|:+|ea sess es de t|e|ac cca cs aesacs cc,ect|cs, a+s cca |+ade
+||+c|||d+de de e\e|c c|cs, e|a|te ua+ ae||c| +ss|a||+ c d+s c+|+s de t|e|ac.
www.atletismes.aet
- ut|||:+ c de c+|+s +d|c|ca+|s c+st+ate ccaua ac +t|et|sac, acae+d+aeate cca + ut|||:+ c de c+|+s
|||es (|+|te|es,. - ut|||:+ c de |+|te|es ac +t|et|sac e|a|te ue c +t|et+ css+ deseac|e| cs seus a e|s
de |c| +, eaceadc des|u|| c||cs |ccc+dcs c| ua e|e+dc a ae|c de |+us de ||ce|d+de, ue e|a|te
+ |e+||:+ c de ac|aeatcs a+|s cca|etcs e cca ua+ a+|c| acc|||:+ c d+ est|utu|+ auscu|+|. -
aecess|d+de de eace| + +c c d+ |+|d+de e de dete|a|a+dcs des|u|| c||cs, e|a|te +c +t|et+ deseac|e|
+|ad+ a+|s + su+ est|utu|+ auscu|+| |escas e| e|c seu eu|| c||c.
\c eat+atc, +c a e| dc ae|c |uadc + ut|||:+ c de |+|te|es, a+ acss+ e|sect|+, a c se |ee|+ t c |ac|t+ate
u+atc c a+s d|sc|||a+s t ca|c+s dc +t|et|sac. \este seat|dc, + su+ ut|||:+ c +ea+s se ,ust|||c+ ea
dete|a|a+dcs acaeatcs au|tc esec ||ccs d+ cc+, acs u+|s su|e + aecess|d+de de se |e+||:+| ua a+|c|
|e|c| c auscu|+| cu aesac +|ua t|+c+||c de ||e|t|c||+.
l\lkt tl0: M-l: l1lll/-l0::
29
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1|e|ac de |c| + 1|e|ac cca c+|+s +d|c|ca+|s
1
1 :tel cca c+|+.
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!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
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30
www.atletismes.aet
ke|lex es |iaais
0 t|e|ac de |c| + cca c+|+s +d|c|ca+|s |c| cucc ut|||:+dc +c |cac d+ cc+ desc|t|+, c ue se
cde ,ust|||c+| e|cs act|cs +ate||c|aeate +|eseat+dcs.
le u+|ue| acdc, ea dete|a|a+dcs acaeatcs d+ cc+, acae+d+aeate +|+ +uaeat+| cs a e|s
de |c| + ac e| cdc |e+|+t ||c cu +|+ + |ecue|+ c de |es es, este t|c de t|+c+||c cde||+ se|
ua cucc a+|s ut|||:+dc.
u|+acs, c| |ssc ue, ea +acs seu|ates, se cde| |ecc||e| a+|s ||eueateaeate ut|||:+ c de
c+|+s +d|c|ca+|s du|+ates estes e| cdcs.
J CNiC\ u! Cukkiu\
- cctea c de e|e+dcs a e|s de |ead|aeatc ac +t|et|sac |essu e ua+ |+ade |eccu+ c cca
+ |c|a+ c t ca|c+ dcs +t|et+s ac |ccessc de t|e|ac. lst+ |eccu+ c, +es+| de +ssua|| a+|c|
d|aeas c a+s d|sc|||a+s t ca|c+s, a c de|\+ de se| ||d+ e |ac|t+ate +c a e| dc ae|c |uadc, cade
tcdcs cs +sectcs |e|+c|ca+dcs cca + ct|a|:+ c aec a|c+ d+ cc|||d+ cdea +|e| ||+c es de
seuadc t c |ac|t+ates + +|t|| de ua dete|a|a+dc a e| de |ead|aeatc. lc| a, a c cdeacs e|
+ t ca|c+ de cc|||d+ ccac +|c ue s de+ se| t|+c+||+dc c| +t|et+s de +|tc a e|. \+ e|d+de, +
|c|a+ c dc ,cea cc||edc| dee +ss+| ea |+ade aed|d+ c| ua+ |c|a+ c t ca|c+ +deu+d+,
ue ||e e|a|t+ cc||e| cca a+|c| eccaca|+ de es|c| c e ac c+sc d+s d|sc|||a+s de ae|c |uadc
cu|tc, cca ua+ |edu c, + a+|c| css e|, dcs teacs de +c|c du|+ate + cc|||d+.
\est+ aed|d+, + |c|a+ c de cc||edc|es, tea de +ss+| |ae|t+e|aeate c| ua+ t|+c+||c t ca|cc
||c|csc e s ||c. \ c c+st+| d|:e| +cs +t|et+s u+at+s |eet| es deea |+:e| e u+atcs e\e|c c|cs
|+| c +|te d+ sess c de t|e|ac. 0 t|e|ac t ca|cc e\|e ua+ |esea + ccat+ate dc t|e|a+dc| e ua+
|ate|ea c s|stea t|c+, ac seat|dc de cc||||| e||cs cu aesac cteac|+| + cc|||d+ c+|+cte| st|c+ de
ua dete|a|a+dc +t|et+.
0 t|+c+||c d+ t ca|c+ a c dee, ccatudc, |ate||e||| ac est||c de cc|||d+ dc +t|et+, a+s +ea+s |ate|||
a+ cc||ec c de e||cs ue c|+|+aeate |e,ud|c+a + cc|||d+ cu eat c a+ |ccu|+ de ct|a|:+ c de
dete|a|a+d+s +c es t ca|c+s d+ cc|||d+.
tcatudc, +|+ +| a d+ cc||ec c de e||cs cu ct|a|:+ c d+ cc|||d+, c t|e|ac t ca|cc cde te| ua+
|a||u ac|+ au|tc |ac|t+ate a+ ae||c||+ dcs a e|s de |c| + e de eae|+ c dc a scu|c.
0 t|e|ac t ca|cc cde cteac|+| c ea|c de est au|cs +c a scu|c d+ |c|a+ a+|s cc||ect+ e c a+|s
|+|d+aeate css e|. lste t|+c+||c aeu|causcu|+| |uad+aeat+| +|+ ue c cc||edc| css+ se|
| |dc u+adc |e+|aeate aecess|t+ e +|+ ue se,+ c++: de |a | |+ades aud+a +s de ||tac a+
su+ cc|||d+.
-| a d|ssc, c t|+c+||c de t ca|c+ de cc|||d+, acae+d+aeate sea c+| +dc, |ac|eaeat+ ua t|+c+||c
auscu|+| au|tc esec ||cc, acc|||:+adc ||ac|+|aeate cs a scu|cs a+|s ut|||:+dcs a+ cc|||d+.
1|+d|c|ca+|aeate, + est|utu|+ de t|e|ac dc ae|c |uadc e |uadc ea lc|tu+|, a c +ssuae este t|c
de t|+c+||c cca + |ac|t ac|+ ue este dee||+ te|. leste acdc, + |ac|us c de ua t|+c+||c a+|s
|eu|+| de t ca|c+ de cc|||d+ ac ae|c |uadc c|tuu s, esec|+|aeate a+ |c|a+ c dc ,cea cc||edc|,
se||+ ce|t+aeate ua+ a+|s +||+ + +c|esceat+| + ua+ escc|+ t c ||c+ ea te|acs de t|e|ac ac ae|c
|uadc.
lste |c| ua dcs ccate dcs de t|e|ac ue e\|e +c t|e|a+dc| ua +cca+a|+aeatc a+|s ||eueate
e cu|d+dcsc, a c s +c a e| dcs /--4|:.| ea|t|dcs +cs +t|et+s, ccac t+ac a +c a e| d+ | ||+
deacast|+ c dcs e\e|c c|cs.
31
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ l\e|c c|cs a+|s ||eueates
32
l|u|+ 1 :|||a c+|\c.
l|u|+ ! :|||a a d|c.
1
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1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ l\e|c c|cs a+|s ||eueates
)
l|u|+ ) :|||a +|tc.
33
+
l|u|+ + t+|c+a|+|es +cs | tecs.
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ l\e|c c|cs a+|s ||eueates
]
l|u|+ ] :|||a a d|c cca +s a cs acs | tecs.
34
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ l\e|c c|cs a+|s ||eueates
)
l|u|+ :|||a t|c|ct |s|cc.

35
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ l\e|c c|cs a+|s ||eueates

l|u|+ :+|t|t+|es.
36
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ l\e|c c|cs a+|s ||eueates

37
l|u|+ l+ss+d+s s+|t+d+s.
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+ l\e|c c|cs a+|s ||eueates
l|u|+ tc\|a|cs.

38
www.atletismes.aet
!strutura e e plaai|ica e aaual e precesse e treiae
1 ca|c+ de cc|||d+
39
ke|lex es |iaais
-ates de a+|s, act ||+ + d|||cu|d+de ue cs +t|et+s t a ea d|sc| de teac su||c|eate +|+ |e+||:+|ea
este t|+c+||c cca ||eu ac|+. -ss|a, c t|+c+||c ded|c+dc t ca|c+ de cc|||d+, +c+c+ c| se| au|tc
cucc.
lst+ d|||cu|d+de, ||eueateaeate seat|d+ c| a s, cc||cu + ue, ea |+ade +|te dc +ac, c t|+c+||c
t ca|cc de cc|||d+ +ea+s se e|ectu+sse ua+ e: c| sea+a+, +c ||adesea+a+.
\ c teacs d |d+s ea +|||a+| ue | aecess|d+de de se |+:e| +|c a+|s ac seat|dc de +uaeat+| c
teac ded|c+dc +c deseac||aeatc/ae||c||+ d+ t ca|c+ de cc|||d+.
- t ca|c+ de cc|||d+ tea de de|\+| de |uac|ca+| +ea+s ccac ua+ |c|a+ de +uec|aeatc a+|s
esec ||cc +|+ t|e|acs e ccaet| es e +ss+| + +ssua|| ea de||a|t|c + |+ade |ac|t ac|+ ue de
|+ctc tea.
0s +t|et+s e|deac|+|+a ua+ e|e+d+ u+||d+de t ca|c+, u+||d+de ess+ ue |c| ae||c|+adc
s|a|||c+t|+aeate +c |cac d+ cc+ desc|t|+.
\c |utu|c, ,u|+acs se| |uad+aeat+| ue se +cste aeste t|c de t|+c+||c, ea esec|+|, ac t|e|ac
de ,ceas +t|et+s.
www.atletismes.aet
tcat|c|c dc 1|e|ac
- ++||+ c ||s|c| |c+ dcs +t|et+s tea s|dc ua+ ccast+ate a+s |t|a+s cc+s desc|t|+s, a+s u+|s se tea
|ccu|+dc |ate|||+| t+atc u+atc css e| +|uas |ad|c+dc|es ||s|c| |ccs cca c |ccessc de t|e|ac e
|esu|t+dcs ccaet|t|cs.
tcatudc, aea sea|e | c|| ut|||:+| esses |ad|c+dc|es ac |ccessc de t|e|ac. le u+|ue| acdc
actcuse +c |cac dc +ac ua+ |+ade |eccu+ c a+ |ad||du+||:+ c dc |ccessc de t|e|ac, c ue
t+ac a s se tc|a+ css e| cca ua |ccessc de ++||+ c ue e|a|t+ + cctea c de |ad|c+dc|es cc,ect|cs
e |ad||du+||:+dcs.
leste acdc, +c |cac dest+ cc+ desc|t|+ e +|+ +| a dc |ccessc de ++||+ c e ccat|c|c dc t|e|ac
ue c t|e|a+dc| dee sea|e |e+||:+|, |c|+a e|ectu+dcs testes de ++||+ c ||s|c| |c+, acae+d+aeate testes
de \0!a+\ ea t+ete |c|+ate e testes de dete|a|a+ c dc ||a|+| +e| c|c/+a+e| c|c a+ |st+ de +t|et|sac.
1cdcs cs +t|et+s |c|+a e|deac|+adc ae||c||+s ea +|uas dcs |ad|c+dc|es, +|ad+ ue +|uas |ee|+ssea
ua+ tead ac|+ sue||c| de ae||c||+ ea +|uas dcs +| aet|cs estud+dcs. lcacs +ss|a |ccu|+adc, +c
|cac d+ cc+, ue cs |esu|t+dcs acs e|a|t|ssea |ad||du+||:+| c t|e|ac.
leste acdc, de ua+ |c|a+ s|at t|c+ cdeacs te| ea ccat+ +s |+ades |eccu es ue |c|+a c||eat+adc
+ acss+ |ate|ea c +c a e| dc ccat|c|c dc t|e|ac de cc||edc|es. 0 ue + seu|| se +|eseat+, +sseat+
aua+ |e|s c d+ ||te|+tu|+ ea tc|ac dcs ccace|tcs e testes de ccat|c|c dc t|e|ac ue a+|s ut|||: acs +c
|cac dest+ cc+ desc|t|+ e ue |cacs |+:eadc |e|e| ac|+ +c |cac deste t|+c+||c.
40
www.atletismes.aet
\c +t|et|sac a+c|ca+| t a s|dc ||cs cs c+scs de ,ceas +t|et+s ue +|c+a +|+a e|e+dc a e| ccaet|t|c e ue, ua+
e: c|e+dcs +c esc+| c s a|c|, a c ccaseu||+a d+| seu|aeatc ec|u c de |esu|t+dcs +ates ccaseu|d+, eadc
c seu a e| de |est+ c desc|t|+ est+a+dc. lste |ea aeac, c+st+ate ||eueate ea esec|+| ac acssc ae|c |uadc
e |uadc, cde se| e\||c+dc +t|+ s de d||e|eates |+ctc|es ccac c|uaes e |ateas|d+des de t|e|ac des+,ust+d+s |d+de
dcs +t|et+s, e||cs aetcdc| |ccs ac |ccessc de t|e|ac, +|t|c|+ c e\cess|+ ea ccaet| es (a+ su+ a+|c||+ cca
e|e+dc a e| ccaet|t|c,, |+|t+ de +cca+a|+aeatc a d|cc, eat|e cut|cs +sectcs.
- |e+||:+ c de testes de ++||+ c ||s|c| |c+ e|a|te a c s e\||c+| c |ead|aeatc dcs +t|et+s ccac t+ac a ccat|c|+|
c |ccessc de t|e|ac dcs aesacs. \este seat|dc, + +||c+ c |e||ect|d+ deste t|c de ++||+ c e|a|te +c t|e|a+dc|
ct+|, de |c|a+ susteat+d+, e|+s ae||c|es c es |s+adc + cctea c de e|e+dcs |esu|t+dcs (se css e| cca aeac|
d|s ad|c eae| t|cc,, + d|a|au| c d+ |ac|d ac|+ de |es es e de est+dcs de scc|et|e|ac, d|a|au|adc +ss|a + est+a+ c
desc|t|+ e c +c+adcac |eccce d+ | t|c+ desc|t|+. 0u se,+, + +||c+ c de testes de ++||+ c +,ud+ c t|e|a+dc|
a+ escc||+ d+s ae||c|es sc|u es |s+adc + eccaca|+ e e||c| ac|+ dc |ccessc de t|e|ac, a c s cca c cc,ect|c de
ae||c|+| + |est+ c desc|t|+ dcs +t|et+s, a+s t+ac a de d|a|au|| + acactca|+ e |ct|a+ dc | ||c |ccessc.
lecc||eate dest+ aecess|d+de t a s|dc deseac||dcs ||cs testes de ccat|c|c de t|e|ac, a c s + a e| |+cc|+tc||+|
ccac t+ac a +c a e| dc te||eac (hec| et +|, 1],. lste |t|ac t|c de testes, c| ut|||:+| ae|cs |+c|tu+|s de t|e|ac
e ccaet| c dcs +t|et+s, |c|aece d+dcs cca a+|c| +||d+de e +||c+c|||d+de +|+ + | t|c+ desc|t|+ (0||e||+, 1,.
lste +sectc |e+acs + uest|ca+| c acdc ccac dete|a|a+dcs |esu|t+dcs |c|+a cct|dcs e, aua+ cut|+ e|sect|+,
+ |a+|a+| cs |esu|t+dcs ue dete|a|a+dcs +t|et+s cde||+a te| +t|a|dc se c seu |ccessc de t|e|ac t|esse s|dc cea
c||eat+dc, ccat|c|+dc e |ad||du+||:+dc.
1eadc c| c+se ue + |est+ c desc|t|+ de +t|et+s de ae|c |uadc e |uadc (+t|et+s cca cs u+|s |c| |e+||:+dc este
t|+c+||c, deeade, eat|e cut|cs |+ctc|es, dc seu aet+cc||sac +e| c|c, +ccase|| e| e dese, e| ++||+| c |e|e||dc
aet+cc||sac de acdc + e|t+| +|uas dcs e||cs +c|a+ |e|e||dcs. tca e|e|tc, ac acssc + s e\|stea +|uas estudcs
(tc|+ c 1, :+atcs, 1], ue s+||eat+a + aecess|d+de e + ut|||d+de d+ +dc c de a tcdcs de ccat|c|c de t|e|ac
a+|s ec|u dcs e |ec|scs.
\valia e e Meta|elisme \er |ie
0 |ead|aeatc de u+|ue| +t|et+ |c|teaeate |a||ueac|+dc e|c seu e|||| ||s|c| |cc (-st|+ad e kcd+||, 1,. \c
ue se |e|e|e |est+ c +e| c|+, est+ cde se| dete|a|a+d+ t+atc e|+ c++c|d+de ccac e|+ ct ac|+ dcs s|stea+s
eae| t|ccs auscu|+|es.
- ct ac|+ a \|a+ +e| c|+, e\|ess+ e|c ccasuac a \|ac de c\| a|c ( \0! a+\,, t|+du: + c++c|d+de de |cdu c
de eae||+ +e| c|+, e|+s ||c|+s auscu|+|es +ct|+s , + ua+ t+\+ e|e+d+ (+ascc et +|, 1),. lc| seu |+dc, + c++c|d+de
+e| c|+, ac|a+|aeate dete|a|a+d+ e e\|ess+ e|c ||a|+| +a+e| c|c (l+a,, |e||ecte + c++c|d+de de a+autea c de
ua+ |ateas|d+de de e\e|c c|c |e|+t|+aeate e|e+d+, du|+ate ua e| cdc |c|ca+dc de teac, sea ue ccc||+a
+uaeatcs |cauac|+dcs dc |+ct+tc s+au aec (hec| et +|, 1],. leste acdc, cdeacs |+c||aeate |deat|||c+| dc|s
c+a|a|cs d|st|atcs +|+ + dete|a|a+ c d+ |est+ c +e| c|+ dcs +t|et+s: c \0!a+\ e c l+a.
Ceasume M xime e uxig aie vu2max
0 \0!a+\ ua +| aet|c c| e\ce| ac|+ de ++||+ c d+ ct ac|+ a \|a+ +e| c|+, seadc ccas|de|+dc c| +|uas
|aest|+dc|es ccac c ae||c| |ad|c+dc| dc s|stea+ c+|d|c+scu|+| (|cc|s et +|, 1,. lc| \0!a+\ cdeacs eateade|
+ a \|a+ u+at|d+de de c\| a|c c+t+d+ e, cste||c|aeate, t|+asc|t+d+ e ut|||:+d+ e|cs tec|dcs, c| ua|d+de de
teac.
- su+ dete|a|a+ c cde se| e|ectu+d+ c| a tcdcs d||ectcs e |ad||ectcs. \cs a tcdcs |ad||ectcs ut|||:+ase testes
a \|acs cu suca \|acs e + su+ ++||+ c c+se|+se a+ |e|ess c ||ae+| eat|e c ccasuac de c\| a|c e + ||eu ac|+
c+|d +c+. \c eat+atc, c |ecu|sc + ua +| aet|c cucc // :-| ccac + ||eu ac|+ c+|d +c+, +ccase||+ + eac+|+| estes
testes cca +|ua+s |ese|+s (:+atcs, 1],.
Qu+adc ++||+dc +t|+ s de a tcdcs d||ectcs, |cced|aeatc c| a s +dct+dc du|+ate c |ccessc de t|e|ac, c \0!a+\
dete|a|a+dc +t|+ s dc |ecu|sc e\||caet||+, cu se,+, +a ||se d+s ||+c es +scs+s e\||+d+s du|+ate + |e+||:+ c
de ua teste |c|ess|c ue ccadu:+ e\+ust c (-st|+ad e kcd+||, 1,.
lu|+ate c e\e|c c|c | s|cc, aed|d+ ue + |ateas|d+de dc es|c| c +| +uaeat+adc, c ccasuac de c\| a|c +uaeat+
t+ac a, +t +c catc ea ue se +t|ae ua +|c| a \|ac, cc||escadeadc +c \0!a+\. Mesac ue + c+|+ +uaeate,
c ccasuac de c\| a|c + s esse catc se| |u+| cu aesac |a|e||c|. Qu+adc se t|+c+||+ cca +t|et+s de +|tc a e|,
c +|c+a +| de ua |+te+u ua +| aet|c |uad+aeat+| ua+ e: ue e|a|te |e|+c|ca+| c ccasuac de c\| a|c cca
+ e|cc|d+de cu + c+|+ de t|+c+||c (-st|+ad e kcd+||, 1,. lc| cut|c |+dc, + css|c|||d+de de cde| se| e\|essc
ea te|acs |e|+t|cs (a|||||t|cs c| u||c|+a+ c| a|autc, cu ea te|acs +csc|utcs (||t|cs cu a|||||t|cs c| a|autc,
e\|e ua+ |ate||et+ c cu|d+dcs+ dcs |esu|t+dcs dc \0!a+\.
41
\valia e e ceatrele |isiel gice e treiae
www.atletismes.aet
la +ac|eate |+cc|+tc||+|, +s ++||+ es s c ac|a+|aeate |e+||:+d+s ea c|c|ce| aet|c cu, ccac ac acssc c+sc, ea
t+ete |c|+ate. ke|+ e|+|, cs +|c|es cct|dcs ac c|c|ce| aet|c s c 1 + 1] |a|e||c|es +cs |cea|eates dc t+ete
|c|+ate (|cc|s et +|, 1,. tcatudc, est+s ccad| es de |e+||:+ c ||a|t+a |c|teaeate cs +d| es de e\ecu c t ca|c+
(descca|c|tc |ccc+dc e|c eu|+aeatc, e |adu:ea |ea aeacs de |+d|+ e||| ||c+ |eccce, ccadu:|adc + +|te|+ es
a+ )-r/ro:a.-, e|c ue c /r:a/-r dcs d+dcs +|+ c t|e|ac eaccat|+se, de ce|t+ |c|a+, ||a|t+dc. 0 t|e|ac cde,
ac eat+atc, |ccc+| +uaeatcs dc \0!a+\ de +|c\|a+d+aeate 1 + ! (|cc|s et +|, 1,.
lu|+ate au|tc teac, c \0!a+\ |c| ccas|de|+dc ccac c +| aet|c a+|s |a||ueate a+ )-r/ro:a.- ea cc|||d+s de
du|+ c (lcste|, 1), e c ae||c| +| aet|c +|+ ++||+| c++c|d+de +e| c|+. tcatudc, +|uas estudcs e||||c+|+a ue
ae||c||+s ac deseaea|c +e| c|c de ce|tcs +t|et+s a c e|+ +cca+a|+dc e|cs cc||escadeates +uaeatcs de \0!a+\
(M+de|, 11,, c ue de|\++ +atee| ue c ccasuac de c\| a|c a c cd|+ se| c a|cc |escas e| e|+ )-r/ro:a.-
+e| c|+. tcae cu + su||| + e|d ac|+ ue cut|cs |+ctc|es te||+a ue se| ccas|de|+dcs a+ |est+ c ea |c+s de
du|+ c. \est+ e|sect|+, c a \|ac ccasuac de c\| a|c, c| s| s , a c ccaseue e\||c+| ccac ue, +t|et+s cca
seae||+ates +|c|es seae||+ates de \0!a+\, cct|a|+a |esu|t+dcs sucst+ac|+|aeate d||e|eates ac aesac t|c de
ccaet| es (h+e|a+a, 1!,.
hec| e seus cc|+cc|+dc|es (1], c|e+|+a eat|et+atc ccac|us c ue + ut|||:+ c dc \0!a+\ a+ ++||+ c d+
)-r/ro:a.- +e| c|+ +ea+s se dee +||c+| + es|c| cs de cu|t+ du|+ c, cu se,+, ue ccadu:+a e\+ust c dc +t|et+
ea e| cdcs ue +||+a eat|e cs ) e 1 a|autcs. -|ad+ seuadc cs aesacs +utc|es, +|+ es|c| cs de |es|st ac|+ de
a d|+ (1 + ) a|autcs, e |ca+ (a+|s de ) a|autcs, du|+ c, c \0!a+\ ua +| aet|c |asu||c|eate +|+ + ++||+ c
d+ c++c|d+de de -a4ar:a.-. \c seu|aeatc dest+s ccac|us es, -|ce||| (1!, ccas|de|+ este +| aet|c ua|c+aeate
ccac |ad|c+dc| d+s css|c|||d+des dc +t|et+, d+dc ue este +ea+s |c|aece |a|c|a+ es scc|e +s d|sca|c|||d+des de
c\| a|c e scc|e + su+ ut|||:+ c e|c c|+a|sac, a c esec|||c+adc + u+at|d+de |e+| de c\| a|c ue ut|||:+d+ e|+
auscu|+tu|+ +ct|+.
leste acdc, e eacc|+ se ccas|de|e c \0!a+\ ccac ua +| aet|c ||s|c| |cc c++: de est+ce|ece| d||e|ea +s eat|e
+t|et+s de d||e|eates d|sc|||a+s, +s ||+c+s cc||e|+ es eaccat|+d+s eat|e ccaet| c de a d|+/|ca+ du|+ c e \0!a+\
(lua++| et +|, 1!,, |e|+a cca|c+| ue este +| aet|c cde| a c se| c ae||c| |ad|c+dc| +|+ + |es|st ac|+ de
a d|+ e |ca+ du|+ c.
iimiar \aaer |ie iaa
tcac , |acs +ate||c|aeate, +|+ +ct||d+des de |es|st ac|+ de a d|+ e |ca+ du|+ c, c \0!a+\ cde se| ccas|de|+dc
ccac ua |ad|c+dc| |asu||c|eate dc est+dc ||s|c| |cc dcs +t|et+s. leste acdc, cs cc,ect|cs est+ce|ec|dcs +|+ c t|e|ac
deste t|c de +ct||d+des |s+a cut|cs +| aet|cs ||s|c| |ccs a+|s |a||ueates a+ su+ )-r/ro:a.-.
lcs estudcs eat|et+atc |e+||:+dcs scc|ess+|u + |de|+ ue, +|+ cs es|c| cs de a d|+ e |ca+ du|+ c, + |est+ c dcs
+t|et+s se||+ ||a|t+d+ e|+ c++c|d+de de +dc c de |ateas|d+des e|e+d+s de cc|||d+ + ua+ e|ceat+ea e|e+d+ dc
seu \0!a+\, sea ue t+| se t|+du:|sse ea +uaeatcs |cauac|+dcs d+ |+ct+tea|+ (le|e||+, 1,. lst+ a+autea c de
a e|s c+|\cs de |+ct+tc s+au aec s css e| +t|+ s d+ +dc c de |ateas|d+des de cc|||d+ |a|e||c|es s cc||escadeates
+c \0!a+\ dcs +t|et+s, e ue s c |ac|us|+aeate |a|e||c|es s cc||escadeates +c l+a (:+atcs, 1],, +sectc e||||c+dc
a+ a+|c||+ d+s ccaet| es de |ca+ du|+ c. la ,e|tc de ccac|us c, cdese |e|e||| ue cs es|c| cs de |ca+ du|+ c
s c |e+| | :+dcs +e| +adc +ea+s + ua+ | |+c c d+ c++c| d+de a \| a+ +e| c| + dcs +t| et+s.
\est+ e|sect|+, +|uas estudcs dccuaeat+|+a + )-r/ro:a.- +e| c|+ ccac seadc a+|s deeadeate dc e||||
aet+c ||cc +sscc|+dc s ccaceat|+ es de |+ct+tc, dc ue dc \0!a+\ (hec| et +|, 1], :+atcs, 1],. l+|+ estes
aesac +utc|es, + ae||c| |c|a+ de ++||+| cca |ec|s c + c++c|d+de +e| c|+ dcs +t|et+s +t|+ s d+ aed| c destes
|ad|c+dc|es aet+c ||ccs ea es|c| cs suca \|acs. 0 l+a ccae cu eat c + +|||a+|se ccac ua +| aet|c |u|c|+| +|+
+ ++||+ c e ccat|c|c dc t|e|ac de -a4ar:a.- (hec| et +|, 1], M+de|, 11, :+atcs, 1],, d+dc ue e|e+dcs a e|s
de |+ct+tc s+au aec |a||ueac|+a ae+t|+aeate + )-r/ro:a.- 4- -a4ar:a.-, ua+ e: ue d|a|auea + ||+c c de
\0!a+\ ut|||:+d+ (-st|+ad e kcd+||, 1,. l+|+ est+ +||a+ c au|tc ccat||cu|u t+ac a + |+c|||d+de de ut|||:+ c deste
t|c de aetcdc|c|+. tcac t+|, + |aest|+ c e c ccat|c|c de t|e|ac aeste c+ac +ss+|+a + te| ccac ||ac|+|
cc,ect|c + +a ||se d+s ccaceat|+ es s+au ae+s deste aet+cc||tc.
l+|ece +ss|a a+|s cu aeacs ccaseasu+| + |de|+ de ue e\|stea dc|s t|cs de |escst+ aet+c ||c+ +c e\e|c c|c de |ca+
du|+ c (M+de|, 11,:
q a+autea c de ua+ dete|a|a+d+ |ateas|d+de de c+|+ du|+ate ua |cac e| cdc de teac aua est+dc
de /-:4;/:/-, est+dc esse ea ue +s aecess|d+des eae| t|c+s s c suc|t+d+s e|c aet+cc||sac c\|d+t|c. lste
est+dc t|+du:|dc c| ua eu|| c||c eat|e + |cdu c e + |eac c dc c|dc | ct|cc |escst+ c+|+cte| st|c+ dcs
desc|tcs d|tcs de -a4ar:a.-,
q aecess|d+de de |c|a+ c e +cuau|+ c +d|c|ca+| de c|dc | ct|cc +|+ a+ate| du|+ate ua ce|tc e| cdc
de teac ua+ dete|a|a+d+ |ateas|d+de de e\e|c c|c. lste t|c de es|c| c ccadu: a+|s |+|d+aeate + ua est+dc de
|+d|+, ua+ e: ue |ccc+a +|te|+ es ac +ac|eate | s|ccu a|cc d+s c |u|+s auscu|+|es. la |ua c dcs a e|s de
|c|a+ c e +cuau|+ c de |+ct+tc +d|c|ca+|, c +t|et+ eat|+| ea |+d|+ aua e| cdc eat|e cs ) e cs 1].
42
\valia e e ceatrele |isiel gice e treiae www.atletismes.aet
lat|e estes dc|s t|cs de |escst+ aet+c ||c+, e\|ste ua catc de t|+as| c des|a+dc c| limiar aaaer |ie, catc
esse ue s|a|||c+ + e\|st ac|+ de ua+ aud+a + dc |c|aec|aeatc e\c|us|c de eae||+ e|+ |+ c\|d+t|+ +|+ ua
|c|aec|aeatc +d|c|ca+| de eae||+ ||cc| t|c+ (M+de|, 11,. lc| cut|+s +|+|+s, e\|ste ua+ |ateas|d+de de e\e|c c|c
+ +|t|| d+ u+|, u+|ue| +uaeatc de c+|+, +|ad+ ue eueac, ccadu: + ua+ |eeat|a+ +cuau|+ c d+s ccaceat|+ es
de |+ct+tc s+au aec (hec| et +|, 1], M+de|, 11,, u+| e|+|aeate se +t||cu| ua +|c| de + aac| (hec| et +|,
1],.
lac|t+ +|ad+ |e|e||| ue cs dc|s t|cs de e\e|c c|c +ate||c|aeate |cc+dcs ccadu:ea t+ac a + est+dcs d||e|eac|+dcs
de |escst+s c |d|c+scu|+|es e |es||+t ||+s (e||||c e|s e|+s +|te|+ es d+s t|cc+s +scs+s e d+ ||eu ac|+ c+|d +c+,.
- +a ||se e ++||+ c destes d+dcs |e|e|eates +cs dc|s t|cs de +ct||d+des css|c|||t+ + ++||+ c d+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+
de |c|a+ |ad||ect+ (a c |a+s|+,, seadc est+, ccatudc, aeacs |ec|s+ e || e|, e cca aeac| t|+as|e| ac|+ +|+ c
te||eac, +|+ c t|e|ac, cca+|+t|+aeate +cs a tcdcs |a+s|cs (:+atcs, 1],.
- |aest|+ c |e+||:+d+ (h+e|a+a, 1!, e|a|t|u ccse|+| ue +t|et+s cca ||a|+|es a+|s e|e+dcs cct|a|+a
||eueateaeate ae||c|es e||c|a+aces ue +t|et+s cca \0!a+\ a+|s e|e+dcs, a+s cca +|c|es |a|e||c|es de l+a.
tcatudc, a c acs cdeacs esuece| ue, +|+ se cssu|| ua ||a|+| e|e+dc, c +t|et+ aecess|t+ de cssu|| ua \0!a+\
|u+|aeate e|e+dc, e|c ue u+adc e\|essc ea e|ceat+ea dc \0!a+\, c ||a|+| | ct|cc ua dcs ae||c|es
|ad|c+dc|es de )-r/ro:a.- 4- -a4ar:a.-. \est+ e|sect|+, c|u:+| |a|c|a+ es de cut|cs +| aet|cs |a||ueates
a+ e||c|a+ace ( \0!a+\, eccaca|+ de cc|||d+, ut|||:+ c ||+cc|ca+| dc \0!a+\, cca +s |et||+d+s dc l+a, c ae||c|
c+a|a|c +|+ cca|ece| tcdc c cteac|+| dc +t|et+.
le |+ctc, + ut|||:+ c dc ||a|+| +a+e| c|c ac c+ac dc t|e|ac e|c css|c|||t+| a c s + ++||+ c d+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+
dcs +t|et+s, ccac t+ac a c||eat+ es |ac|t+ates e |ec|s+s +|+ c |ccessc de t|e|ac (hec| et +|, 1], :+atcs,
1],. -t|+ s deste |ad|c+dc| css e| +a+||s+| e |ad||du+||:+| + c+|+ de t|e|ac, |e+,ust+| ess+ aesa+ c+|+ cca
c+se a+ |+ct+tea|+ e ++||+| |ca|tud|a+|aeate + e||c c|+ dc |ccessc de t|e|ac (tc|+ c, 1,. leste acdc, c |ecu|sc
+ estes a tcdcs e|a|te ue cs +t|et+s ae||c|ea + su+ e|ce c de d||e|eates |ateas|d+des de es|c| c (le|e||+, 1,
e ccast|tuease ccac ua dcs ae||c|es ae|cs de |ad||du+||:+ c d+s |ateas|d+des de t|e|ac (:+atcs, 1,.
\cs |t|acs +acs, e |e|+t|+aeate +c l+a, t a su||dc |a ae|cs ccace|tcs, d|e||adc esseac|+|aeate a+ du|+ c dcs
+t+a+|es dcs testes |ac|eaeat+|s de dete|a|a+ c, a+ a+a|tude dcs +uaeatcs de c+|+ eat|e c+d+ +t+a+| e a+
ccaceat|+ c de |+ct+tc ea ue se +c|+a +|+ + eeatu+| ccc|| ac|+ dc ||a|+| ( M+de|, 11, .
lst+s d|e| ac|+s |ee|+|+a ue +sectcs ccac + |ateas|d+de e + du|+ c dc es|c| c t a |a||u ac|+ acs |esu|t+dcs
||a+|s (hec| et +|, 1],. Qu+|ue| ue se,+ c ccace|tc +dct+dc e c |ctccc|c ut|||:+dc, c |c|aec|aeatc +d|c|ca+| de
eae||+ ||cc| t|c+, ue s|acc||:+ c ||a|+|, detect+dc e|c +uaeatc a c ||ae+| d+ ccaceat|+ c de c|dc | ct|cc ea
|ua c d+ c+|+ +||c+d+ (M+de|, 11,. tca a suc||a|+| ue ua +sectc |ac|t+ate +|+ e|t+| eeatu+|s eu cccs
de ++||+ c, |eadese cca + ccas|st ac|+ e ua||c|a|:+ c dcs |ctccc|cs + +||c+|.
0 ||a|+| +e| c|c+a+e| c|c de M+de| e seus cc|+cc|+dc|es (1, +|eseat+ ua cca,uatc de +at+eas a+ ++||+ c
de es|c| cs de -a4ar:a.- |e|+t|+aeate +cs cut|cs ccace|tcs, ua+ e: ue, de|dc su+ | c|| e | |d+ dete|a|a+ c
(+ +t+a+|es |ac|eaeat+|s de c+|+ cca du|+ c sue||c| + ] a|autcs,, e|a|te ua+ ++||+ c a+|s cc,ect|+ dcs
es|c| cs de |ca+ du|+ c, cssu adc +|ad+ |+ade t|+as|e| ac|+ +|+ c t|e|ac dc +t|et+ (M+de|, 11,. 0s |ac|eaeatcs
de c+|+ s c de ,+ a/s. tca + +||c+ c deste |ctccc|c, estes +utc|es ccast+t+|+a ue c+|+ de + aac|/|, a+ cu|+
de ccaceat|+ c dc |+ct+tc, cc||escad|+ ua est+dc de eu|| c||c de |+ct+tc, d+ + |+c|tu+| des|a+ c de ||a|+| d+s
+ aac|/|, ccaceat|+ c ess+ ue cc||escade +c des|c dc suc|te eae| t|cc e\c|us|c e|+ |+ c\|d+t|+ +|+ c
suc|te +|c|+| e|+ |+ ||cc| t|c+ (M+de| et +|, 1],.
- dete|a|a+ c d+ e|cc|d+de de cc|||d+ cc||escadeate +c ||a|+| e|a|te eat c + dete|a|a+ c de |ateas|d+des de
es|c| c cc||escadeates + +|c|es de |+ct+tc d|st|atcs de +cc|dc cca c t|c de t|+c+||c ue se |eteade |e+||:+|.
-es+| d+ |+ade +||ed+de de ccace|tcs |ccst+, eas+acs ue este a tcdc de M+de| e seus cc|+cc|+dc|es (1,
+|eseat+ ua cca,uatc de +at+eas ue c tc|a+ |e|e| e|, teadc s|dc c a tcdc c| a s +dct+dc +|+ + ++||+ c
d+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+ dcs +t|et+s +c |cac d+ cc+ desc|t|+ . :euadc ||cs +utc|es (hec| et +|, 1], M+de|,
11,, +s ||ac|+|s +at+eas dc a tcdc s c:
- c| se| ua a tcdc |a+s|c, +|eseat+ ua |+u de ||+c|||d+de e|e+dc
- a tcdc ||dc, cca e|e+d+s cc||e|+ es cca c M+\l+ss
- testes de te||eac +||d+dcs + +|t|| de testes |+cc|+tc||+|s
- dete|a|a+ c s|a|es, |ate|c|+ c ||ae+|
- |ase|ese a+ |+a|||c+ c dc +t|et+
- teca|c+aeate | c||, |ecc||+ de s+aue c+||+| ac | cu|c d+ c|e||+
- c+|\cs custcs, |edu:|dc a ae|c de dcse+aeatcs
43
\valia e e ceatrele |isiel gice e treiae
www.atletismes.aet
tcac ||ac|+|s c+|+cte| st|c+s deste a tcdc cdeacs +cat+|:
- |cc+| de |e+||:+ c: |st+ de +t|et|sac (+ cu !a,
- du|+ c dcs +t+a+|es: eat|e ] e 1 a|autcs
- a ae|c de +t+a+|es: + +t+a+|es
- e|cc|d+des ut|||:+d+s: )) / )! / )] / !]! (+, / ], / ],+ / ], a/s,
- d|st ac|+ c| +t+a+|: !a
- du|+ c dc teste: eat|e !] e ) a|autcs
- |ecc||+s de s+aue: ac ||a+| de c+d+ +t+a+|
- teac de |ecc||+ dc s+aue: |a|e||c| + 1)
- |cc+| de |ecc||+: | cu|c d+ c|e||+
- |e+||:+ c destes |ccesscs de ++||+ c e|a|te ua+ dete|a|a+ c e||c+: d+ e|cc|d+de de cc|||d+ cc||escadeate s + aac|/|
( \+,, c ue css|c|||t+ ua+ a+|c| |ate|ea c ac t|e|ac +deu+adc +s |ateas|d+des de cc|||d+ ccat au+ e dcs t|e|acs |ate|+|+dcs,
s c++c|d+des +e| c|+s dc +t|et+ ea dete|a|a+dc acaeatc.
- dete|a|a+ c de e|cc|d+des de cc|||d+ |e|e|eates |ateas|d+de de es|c| c cc||escadeate + cut|+s ccaceat|+ es s+au ae+s
de |+ct+tc ue a c + aac|/|, + dete|a|a+ c d+s |ateas|d+des t|a+s de es|c| c +|+ c+d+ +t|et+, c cca|ec|aeatc d+ ec|u c
d+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+ +c |cac de ua+ cc+ desc|t|+, + ec|u c d+ \+ e d+ ||eu ac|+ c+|d +c+, s c |a|c|a+ es c+st+ate
te|s +|+ c |ccessc de t|e|ac dcs +t|et+s de -a4ar:a.- e ue ,ust|||c+a + ut|||:+ c deste ccace|tc ac t|e|ac.
- s|a||c|d+de dcs |cced|aeatcs e c eac|ae cca,uatc de d+dcs ue acs |c|aecea, ,ust|||c+a ua |aest|aeatc c| +|te dcs
t ca|ccs ac seat|dc de |ate|||ea e dca|a+|ea est+s est|+t |+s de ccat|c|c dc t|e|ac, acae+d+aeate +c a e| d+ cc|||d+ de
a d|+ e |ca+ du|+ c.
\c eat+atc, e +es+| d+ est|utu|+ dc |ead|aeatc ea d|sc|||a+s de a d|+ e |ca+ du|+ c deeade| au|tc d+ c++c|d+de +e| c|+,
e acae+d+aeate d+ \+, est+ a c + sc|u c de tcdcs cs |cc|ea+s, e|c ue +ccase|| e| cc||e|+c|ca+| cs d||e|eates d+dcs
d|sca e|s.
Bibliografia recomendada:
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rd
Edition. McGraw Hill International Editions. New
York.
Bangsbo, J., Petersen, A. e Michalsik, L. (1993). Accumulated O2 deficit during intense exercise and muscle characteristics of elite athletes. Int. J. Sports
Med.; 14: 207-213.
Brooks, G., Fahey, T. e White, T. (1996). Exercise physiology: human bioenergetics and its applications. 2
nd
Edition, Mayfield Publishing Company.
Califrnia.
Oliveira, P. (1999). A avaliao da capacidade aerbia e anaerbia em corredores juniores de meio fundo. Dissertao apresentada s provas de
Mestrado. Faculdade de Cincias do Desporto e de Educao Fsica da Universidade do Porto.
Foster, C. (1983). VO2max and training indices as determinants of competitive Running performance. J. Sports Sci.; 1: 13-22.
Hagerman, F. (1992). Energy metabolism and fuel utilization. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.; 24 (S): 309-314.
Heck H., Mader A., Hess G., Mucke S., Muller R. and Hollmann W. (1985) Justification of the 4 mmol/l Lactate Threshold. Int. J. Sports Med.; 6: 117-
130.
Kumagai, S., Tanaka, K., Matsura, Y., Matsuzaka, A., Hirakoba, K. e Asano, K. (1982). Relationships of the anaerobic threshold with the 5 km and 10
mile races. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol.; 49: 13-23.
Mader, A. (1991). Evaluation of the endurance performance of marathon runners and theoretical analysis of the test results. J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness.
31 (1): 1-19.
Mader, A., Liesen, H., Heck, H., Philippi, H., Rost, R., Schrch, P. e Hollmann, W. (1976). Zur Beurteilung der sportartspezifischen Ausdauerleistungsfhigkeit
im Labor. Sportarzt. Sportmed; 24 (4), 80 (5), 26 (5).
Pereira, J. (1996). Limiar anaerbio fundamentao fisiolgica e aplicao no treino. Investigao mdico desportiva, 8: 27-41.
Santos, P. (1995). Controlo de treino em corredores de meio-fundo e fundo. Avaliao da capacidade aerbia com base no limiar lctico das 4 mmol/l
determinado em testes de terreno. Dissertao apresentada s provas de Doutoramento. Faculdade de Cincias do Desporto e de Educao Fsica
da Universidade do Porto.
Santos, P. (1996). Relao entre a capacidade aerbia e a intensidade e o volume de corrida contnua em meio fundo e fundo. Revista Atletismo, 173:
31-33.
44
\valia e e ceatrele |isiel gice e treiae www.atletismes.aet
la+ escc|+ (|a,su||c|eate
0 ae|c |uadc e |uadc lc|tuu s, c+t+u|t+dc e|cs |e|tcs de t+||cs lces ea 1, +|c+a cu ua e|e+dc a e| desc|t|c,
ccast+t+dc a c s e|+s aed+||+s ccau|st+d+s ccac t+ac a e|cs |u+|es ccu+dcs e|cs +t|et+s a+c|ca+|s acs r:a|/a
eu|ceus e auad|+|s. le |+ctc, c +t|et|sac tease ccast|tu dc ccac ua dcs desc|tcs cca a+|s |e|ec ac acssc + s.
lste sucessc, +|c+a +dc c| +t|et+s ccac t+||cs lces, kcs+ Mct+, le|a+ad+ k|ce||c, M+aue|+ M+c|+dc, eat|e au|tcs cut|cs,
dese|tcu c |ate|esse dcs a+|s +||+dcs estud|cscs dc +t|et|sac, ue desde cedc c |ccu|+|+a cca|eeade| e e\||c+|. :e|
ua+ uest c ea t|c+ :e| ua+ uest c scc|+| lc| t|c+ Metcdc| |c+
tcatudc, acs |t|acs +acs, teacs +ss|st|dc + ua+ |e|+t|+ c||se aest+ |e+ dc +t|et|sac, |+c||aeate ccast+t+d+ e|+ |+|t+ de
|c|uad|d+de dcs acsscs r:a|/a e e|+ esc+sse: de aed+||+s ccau|st+d+s ea |+ades c+aeca+tcs. :e |e,e|t+|acs + |de|+
de cs +t|et+s c|tuueses d+ +ctu+||d+de se|ea aeacs dct+dcs eaet|c+aeate, te|eacs eat c ue te| ea ccas|de|+ c ua+
css e| des+ctu+||:+ c de ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac ue css+ te| tc|a+dc cs +t|et+s c|tuueses aeacs ccaet|t|cs. lste
ua |cc|ea+ ue, ea acss+ c|a| c, c+|ece de se| |esc||dc, ua+ e: ue + detec c e e||a|a+ c de css e|s e||cs
aetcdc| |ccs ac |ccessc de t|e|ac dcs acsscs +t|et+s, ea au|tc cdea ccat||cu|| +|+ ue c ae|c |uadc e |uadc a+c|ca+|
s+|+ dest+ s|tu+ c.
l+|+ (1],, cca|||acu + e\|st ac|+ de ua+ escc|+ c|tuues+ de ae|c |uadc e |uadc, escc|+ ess+ ue se c+|+cte||:+ e|+
+dc c de ua+ aetcdc|c|+ c+st+ate seae||+ate, cu aesac |u+|, aetcdc|c|+ de M ||c Mca|: le|e||+.
le ua+ |c|a+ sua ||+, +|eseat+|eacs de seu|d+ +s ||ac|+|s c+|+cte| st|c+s d+ Metcdc|c|+ de 1|e|ac de Me|c luadc e
luadc de M ||c Mca|: le|e||+. la+ d+s su+s ||ac|+|s c+|+cte| st|c+s |e|+c|ca+se cca + ut|||:+ c de ua+ e||cd|:+ c du|+
ue se t|+du: ea dc|s a+c|cc|c|cs, ua de lae|ac e cut|c de \e| c (e| . ,. lst+ c|+a|:+ c |e||ecte + est|utu|+ c dc
t|e|ac ea |ua c d+s ccaet| es: t+aeca+tcs de lc|tu+| e Muad|+| de t|css (lae|ac, e t+aeca+tcs d+ lu|c+ cu dc
Muadc de l|st+ e ccs 0| a|ccs ( \e| c,. lstes dc|s a+c|cc|c|cs d||e|eac|+ase e|+ +||ed+de de ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac
ut|||:+dcs e c| d||e|eates d|a a|c+s de c+|+: +uaeatc d+ |ateas|d+de e dc c|uae de t|e|ac ac lae|ac e +uaeatc d+
|ateas|d+de e d|a|au| c dc c|uae de t|e|ac ac \e| c.
la acss+ c|a| c, + +dc c de ua+ e||cd|:+ c du|+ du|+ate ||+s cc+s ccasecut|+s cde |esu|t+| aua+ +cuau|+ c
+d|c|ca+| de est+dcs de |+d|+, |esu|t+ates d+ e\|st ac|+ de dc|s e| cdcs ccaet|t|cs c+st+ate +|ess|cs, c ue, +sscc|+dc
+c e|e+dc a ae|c de ccaet| es |e+||:+d+s c| cc+, cde| ccad|c|ca+| + dese, e| ec|u c dcs +t|et+s e d|a|au|| +
|cae|d+de d+ su+ c+||e||+. -| a d|ssc, Mca|: le|e||+ de|ead|+ ue cs seus +t|et+s dee||+a ccaet|| du|+ate tcd+ + cc+,
ua+ e: ue, seuadc c aesac, cs +t|et+s cde||+a est+| ea |c|a+ du|+ate + 1 aeses.
-teadeadc +c e|e+dc a e| ccaet|t|c dc +t|et|sac +ctu+| eas+acs ue t+| c|a| c , ac a a|ac, d|scut e|, e +s |t|a+s
cc+s t aacs d+dc +|ua+ |+: c. :e cca+|+|acs c acssc ae|c |uadc cca c ae|c |uadc es+a|c|, c| e\ea|c, cdeacs
eaccat|+| du+s |c|a+s d||e|eates de |+ae+aeatc. la+, + dcs acsscs +t|et+s, c+|+cte||:+se e|+ |ccu|+ de ua cca est+dc
de |c|a+ du|+ate |+t|c+aeate tcdc c +ac e e|+ ccast+ate +|t|c|+ c ea ccaet| es. tcatudc, c ue |a|e||:aeate se tea
e||||c+dc, ue cs ae|c |uad|st+s e cs |uad|st+s c|tuueses, u+adc c|e+a s |+ades ccaet| es, eaccat|+ase , aua+
|+se desceadeate de |c|a+ | s|c+ de|dc e\teas c d+ | ||+ cc+ e +c e|e+dc a ae|c de +|t|c|+ es ea des+st+ates
ccaet| es. -c |a s, cs +t|et+s es+a| |s |c|+a+a + su+ cc+ ea |ua c d+s |+ades ccaet| es, ++|eceadc ea |+ade
|c|a+ aesses aesacs acaeatcs (c ue ||es tea |cc|c|ca+dc ||+s aed+||+s,.
\c|t+adc est|utu|+ de t|e|ac t|+d|c|ca+| d+ escc|+ c|tuues+ de ae|c |uadc e |uadc, e ut|||:+adc cs ccace|tcs +dct+dcs
c| l+|+ (1],, cs dc|s a+c|cc|c|cs s c d||d|dcs ea aescc|c|cs, ue c| su+ e: se d||dea ea a|c|cc|c|cs. t+d+ a|c|cc|c|c
ccast|tu dc, ac|a+|aeate, c| 1! + 1) ua|d+des de t|e|ac, e cssu| ua+ est|utu|+ t |c+ ue se |eete c|c|c + s c|c|c. -ss|a,
aua a|c|cc|c|c ccast|tu dc c| 1! sess es de t|e|ac, se| c dest|a+d+s cc|||d+ ccat au+, cca du|+ c de e\cetc +c
dca|ac, d|+ ea ue cs +t|et+s |e+||:+a ua+ sess c a+|s |ca+, ac|a+|aeate . -s |est+ate ) sess es se| c dest|a+d+s +c
t|e|ac |ate|+|+dc e\teas|c a d|c ( 1e| +|e||+,, +c t|e|ac de |+a+s (ac lae|ac, cu t|e|ac |ate|+|+dc |ateas|c (ac \e| c,
ue se||+ |e+||:+dc Qu+|t+ cu Qu|at+|e||+, e +c t|e|ac |ate|+|+dc e\teas|c cu|tc (ac|a+|aeate :e\t+ cu +c : c+dc,. \+s
sea+a+s de ccaet| c, e|+|aeate, s c e||a|a+d+s +s sess es de t|e|ac |ate|+|+dc e\teas|c a d|c (lae|ac, cu de t|e|ac
|ate|+|+dc |ateas|c ( \e| c,.
leste acdc, cs ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac |e|e|eac|+|aeate ut|||:+dcs e|+ escc|+ c|tuues+ de ae|c |uadc e |uadc |esuaea
se, esseac|+|aeate, cc|||d+ ccat au+, +c t|e|ac |ate|+|+dc e\teas|c a d|c e cu|tc, +c t|e|ac de |+a+s e +c t|e|ac |ate|+|+dc
|ateas|c (||u|+ ,. tcatudc, l+|+ (1], ccast+tcu ue +|uas t|e|a+dc|es c|tuueses |ecc||ea t+ac a + cut|cs ae|cs e
a tcdcs de t|e|ac ccac c /:r/|-|, dua+s, cc|||d+ ea +|e|+, eat|e cut|cs, eacc|+ ea a ae|c |edu:|dc de sess es de t|e|ac.
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la acss+ c|a| c, + est|utu|+ de t|e|ac t |c+ d+ escc|+ c|tuues+ de ae|c |uadc e |uadc c+|+ct||:+se
e|+ (aca tca+, |eet| c de ua |edu:|dc a ae|c de ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac. lst+ esc+sse: de
ccate dcs de t|e|ac t|+du:se aua cca,uatc de est au|cs seae||+ates +cs u+|s c c|+a|sac se +|
|+c|tu+adc cca|caeteadc + dese, e| +d+t+ c ||s|c| |c+ +c t|e|ac. \est+ e|sect|+, se| dese, e|
+|+|+| cs ccate dcs dc t|e|ac de acdc + +|ce|t+| + c++c|d+de de t|e|a+c|||d+de dc cc|c |ua+ac e
+ sc||c|t+| cut|+s c++c|d+des ccad|c|ca+|s.
leste acdc, eas+acs se| aecess ||c |ac|u|| ac |ccessc de t|e|ac ua+ a+|c| +||+c|||d+de de |ateas|d+des
de cc|||d+ e de c++c|d+des sc||c|t+d+s. \este seat|dc, + |ac|us c, a+ est|utu|+ de t|e|ac, de sess es de
t|+c+||c dest|a+d+s t ca|c+ de cc|||d+, +c t|e|ac ||ca t||cc, ||e\|c|||d+de, +c |e|c| c auscu|+| e +|t|cu|+|
cde t|+:e| ua cca,uatc de +at+eas, a c s +c a e| de ae||c||+s de |ead|aeatc ccac t+ac a +c a e|
de |eea c de |es es.
46
l|u|+ Me|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac |uad+aeat+|s d+ escc|+ c|tuues+ de ae|c |uadc e |uadc.
!scela iertuguesa e Meieiuae e iuae. ue |uture|
www.atletismes.aet
CuNCiiS !S
1. \c ue |ese|t+ +cs ccate dcs de t|e|ac +|eceacs |e|e+ate te| ea +tea c cs seu|ates
+sectcs aua+ acss+ |ate|ea c |utu|+ +c a e| dc t|e|ac:
ct+| sea|e e|+ ut|||:+ c de ua+ |+ade +||ed+de de ae|cs e a tcdcs de t|e|ac,
|ccu|+adc ccate dcs de t|e|ac t c d|e|s|||c+dcs u+atc css e|,
|ccu|+| |cc+|s de t|e|ac +|+d e|s, ue uec|ea + acactca|+ e ue +||ea cca
||eu ac|+ +c |cac dc +ac,
ct+| sea|e c| ua+ +t|tude ac |ccessc de t|e|ac de ccast+ate ||| ac|+ a+ u+||d+de
de e\ecu c c| +|te dcs +t|et+s, ac seat|dc de |at|cdu:|| cc||ec es |ec|s+s e ac acaeatc
+|c||+dc, |e,e|t+adc c +e| dc t|e|a+dc| ue +ea+s |esc|ee c |ccessc de t|e|ac,
te| sea|e ua+ |+ade ||e\|c|||d+de a+ |a|eaeat+ c d+s sess es de t|e|ac. 0 t|e|ac
dcs +t|et+s a c se cde +|eseat+| de ua+ |c|a+ | |d+, ccac se c +t|et+ t|esse sea|e de c
ccac|et|:+| + u+|ue| custc. -c t|e|a+dc| c+ce + seas|c|||d+de de se +e|cece| dcs acaeatcs
ea ue cs seus +t|et+s cdea |e+|aeate ccac|et|:+| c t|e|ac |e|stc cu a c.
!. l|ccu|+| |a|eaeat+|, cca,uat+aeate cca cs +t|et+s, ua cca,uatc +|+|+dc de |eccu+ es,
||+d+s +cs +sectcs aut||c|ca+|s, de |ecusc, de | c|tcs de |d+, eat|e cut|cs, ue se,+a c++:es
de |a||ueac|+| + u+||d+de dc seu |ccessc de t|e|ac. lst+s |eccu+ es deea se| sea|e
+ssua|d+s cca c aesac |+u de |ac|t ac|+ +t||cu d+ +c | ||c |ccessc de t|e|ac.
). - ut|||:+ c de |ad|c+dc|es ccac|etcs de ++||+ c e ccat|c|c ||s|c| |cc dc t|e|ac ua +sectc
dec|s|c. tcatudc, a c c+st+ e||||c+| se c +t|et+ ae||c|+ cu a c cs seus |ad|c+dc|es de |est+ c.
aecess ||c ue esses |esu|t+dcs se |+ +a seat|| aua+ a+|c| |ad||du+||:+ c dc |ccessc de
t|e|ac.
+. l+|eceacs +|t|cu|+|aeate |ac|t+ate |e|c| +| + |de|+ de ue c t|e|a+dc| tea de est+| sea|e
+teatc + accs e\e|c c|cs de t|e|ac e cca||+| +ue|es ue ||e +|ecea a+|s e|ect|cs +|+ cs
cc,ect|cs ue |eteade +t|a||. \ c cdeacs ||c+| |escs + ua cca,uatc de ae|cs cu de e\e|c c|cs
est+ad+|d|:+dcs, ue |e+a cs +t|et+s desact|+ c e + ua+ |e+||:+ c cucc eaea|+d+ d+s
t+|e|+s |ccst+s.
47
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