Escolar Documentos
Profissional Documentos
Cultura Documentos
A study of the design of mosques of the ministry of Awqaf and Islamic aairs in Kuwait
OMAR KHATTAB
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering & Petroleum, Kuwait University, Kuwait. e-mail:OKHATTAB@kuc0l.kuniv.edu.kw
ABSTRACT
The mosque is the prominent and perhaps only religious building in Islam. It is a building type which often reects the impact of the manifestation of local architectural traditions, which later on formed the core of Islamic architecture. Indeed the mosque is sometimes considered the prime symbol of a country's religious stance, or national identity. In an attempt to assert its national identity, the State of Kuwait has constructed numerous mosques over the past few decades. Through various ministerial agencies, funds were raised for mosque-building schemes. This paper attempts to provide a visual and architectural survey of the mosques built by the Ministry of Awqaf & Islamic Aairs [MAIA] in Kuwait. It investigates the similarities and dierences in the design patterns, and searches for underlying endeavours to create distinctive styles that reect traditional values of Kuwaiti mosque architecture. The primary objective of this paper is to document the design process of MAIA mosques as well as to provide a glimpse of their architectural features. With the intention of searching for underlying similarities and dierences in their design patterns. There are very few documented studies on mosque architecture in general in Kuwait (Al Roumy 1988). But certainly there is no study, whatsoever, on the MAIA mosques. which represent one third of government mosques and around 14% of all existing mosques in Kuwait. This makes this preliminary reconnaissance study, which documents qualitatively all MAIA mosques and which visually analyses their architecture, the rst in its eld and an initial contribution to the study of this important topic. Keywords: components; design; mosque architecture; visual analysis.
INTRODUCTION
The appearance of new Muslim nations/states, particularly after the progressive dissolution of the Western colonial empires, has introduced a somewhat dierent source of funding. Since c. 1960 these states, whatever their political ideology, have increasingly engaged in mosque-building projects at all levels and on several scales. These ever more capital-intensive building programmes can be seen as attempts to
136
Omar Khattab
create new expressions not only of political power, social control and piety, but also of sovereignty, national identity and modernity (Khan 1994, p. 248). The State of Kuwait is no exception to this prevailing pattern. Even more so, after earning its independence in 1961, Kuwait needed to further assert of its national and Islamic identity in the Arab and Muslim world. Hence, the country embarked on a mosque building scheme starting from the early seventies. Although all the mosques in Kuwait are under the administration of the MAIA, they can be classied, according to construction nancing, under two main categories; those mosques directly nanced by the MAIA, and other public or private mosques. The rst category is subdivided into large gathering principal mosques (Masjed for Friday prayer) and relatively smaller district mosques for everyday congregational prayers (Jama'). The primary objective of this preliminary study is the documentation of the architectural design of the mosques commissioned and built by the MAIA from 1973 to 1990. These mosques represent all the MAIA mosques (Fig. 1). Another objective is to examine, through visual analysis, whether the design process of these mosques has produced architecture that reects some of the Kuwaiti mosque heritage and architectural traditions. During this period 107 mosques were completed featuring 15 design types in addition to 7 mosques which have not followed the set-forward design types, totalling 114 completed mosques (Fig. 2). This gure represents 14% of all existing mosques in Kuwait, which shows the signicance of MAIA mosques. The reason for the choice of this particular time period is the availability of data on the subject at the Ministry of Public Works' [MPW] archives. Also,
Fig. 1. Total number of MAIA mosques completed from 1973 to 1990. (Ref. MAIA in 50 years 1997).
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
137
Fig. 2. Total number of MAIA mosques according to design types. (Ref. MAIA in 50 years 1997).
after 1990, the MAIA and the MPW have slowed down, or virtually halted, the construction of new mosques, and concentrated eorts, instead, on nishing the commissioned and uncompleted mosque projects, as well as on restoring other mosques damaged or destroyed as a result of aggression during the Gulf War. Mosque types were put forward as a set of basic requirements for variable mosque sizes. They represent the design brief for individual MPW design sta. Each design type states the components that must be found in a particular size mosque, in addition to determining the areas of, and the relationships between these components. Each design type also species the architectural treatments that should be followed and the nishing materials that should be used. In short, design types give almost a complete description of the mosque to be designed leaving little room for individual designers' innovations.
An Historical Background
Over the years, benevolent people of Kuwait have built mosques all around the country, as an act of charity and a means of approaching Allah by encouraging Muslims to pray with in congregation in each vicinity. There benevolent people in their wills. allocated a third of their inheritance as Waqf for mosque construction. They did not only nance the construction of mosques, but have also furnished and equipped them with all the essentials and have allotted money to pay for maintenance and running costs. The rst mosque to be built in Kuwait was Al-Baher (Al-Ibrahim) mosque, completed at 1696 (MAIA 1997, p.27). Mosque building and maintenance activities continued in the same individual benevolent manner over the years from 1696 up to 1949. MAIA renovated most of the old mosques built around Kuwait during the period from 1949 to 1960. After independence, most mosque construction activities were given to the Design Section [DS] at the MPW. In the newly founded residential
138
Omar Khattab
areas, the National Agency for Housing Welfare [NAHW] was given the task of mosque construction since it is responsible for the establishment of these areas. After completion of construction. The MAIA takes over the responsibility of supervision, maintenance and operation of these mosques in terms of the appointment of Imam and Muezzin for each mosque.
METHODOLOGY
To determine the main design components of MAIA mosques it was necessary to carry out an architectural survey. A sample of the total population of these mosques was selected for the visual architectural survey. Sample selection was based on availability of architectural drawings of MAIA mosques and aimed to cover the most frequently used and more recent MAIA mosque types. After collecting a large number of mosque drawing for the sample, the author classied them and sieved the relevant ones that could be used for the visual analysis. Time and resource limitations available to the author restricted the number of mosques selected. As mentioned earlier the total number of MAIA mosques is 114. This represents 14% of the existing 795 mosques in Kuwait according to 1998 statistics from the Mosques Department [MD] at the MAIA. This comprises all public and private, old and new mosques, including those of the MAIA (Fig. 3). Of that number there are 345 government-funded mosques in Kuwait, one third of which are the MAIA mosques. This puts the MAIA mosques in context in terms of size and magnitude.
Governates
Fig 3. Distribution of total existing number of mosques in Kuwait by governate. (Ref. MAIA in 50 years 1997).
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
139
Out of the population of MAIA mosques, a sample of 12 mosques was chosen for analysis in this paper. There are 15 dierent design-types, as well as 7 non-type mosques that are developed by the DS sta at the MPW for the MAIA. Due to limitations of available data at the MPW, a sample of 9 of these types are covered in the visual and architectural survey in addition to 3 other non-type mosques that do not follow the design-type system, which are Musallam, Mulla Saleh and Jahra mosques. Table (1) shows the relation between the surveyed sample and the total population of MAIA mosques.
Table 1: Relation between sample size and total number of MAIA mosques according to design types. Type 1 2 6 0 3 11 0 4 1 0 7 0 8 0 9 9A 10 11 11A 13 15 20 60 Non-type Total 1 0 9 1 7 1 13 1 3 1 16 1 9 2 1 1 1 1 7 3 114 12 Number 4 Sample 0 14 11
As stated ealier, each design type prescribes a set of areas and proximity relationships for all the functional components that need to be designed. In the few specic cases of MAIA mosques that did not follow the type system [non-type mosques], more freedom was given to DS sta to formulate the design brief according to site conditions, basic requirements, context, and personal innovations. The available architectural drawings of the 12-mosque samples were obtained from the MPW and redrawn by the author who also photographed their external facades. Attention is given in this paper to the documentation and analysis of the design component parts of the mosques surveyed. According to the criteria set by Frishman (1994), the main components of a mosque are the haram (prayer hall), sahn (courtyard), riwaq (colonnade), qibla wall, mihrab (niche), minbar (pulpit), dikka (tribune), kursi (Qur'an holder), maqsura (imam's lodge), maida' (ablution place), minaret, and portal. For the purpose of this research and due to the nature of MAIA mosque design the visual analysis in this paper is limited to some of these components namely the haram, sahn, riwaq, qibla wall, minbar, mihrab, minaret, maida' and portal. The rest of the components are not dealt with here. The focus is, however, on plan forms, elevations and external components, e.g. minarets, and portals. It is not the aim or scope of this paper to make a comparison of the design of old and new mosques of Kuwait. However, in order to describe the typical component parts of a traditional Kuwaiti mosque, two outstanding examples of old mosques, Al-Khalifa and Al-Saeed mosques, are referred to. While the rst example is regarded as the most representative among old Kuwaiti mosques (Lukoke 1978, p. 148), the second example is said to be the only remaining mosque in old Kuwait town which preserves many of its original architectural features (Al-Rashoud 1995, p. 203).
140
Omar Khattab
A DESIGN PROCESS
As a common practice in Kuwait after the commission to build a mosque is given to the MPW by the MAIA, the DS at the MPW takes over the job and embarks on completing the design documents of the new mosque. The MPW in conjunction with the MAIA have developed a set of design guidelines for mosques, dealing with all aspects of mosque construction. While the MAIA has developed a set of general design requirements for all mosques, the MPW has developed the design types for various mosque sizes and outlined the specic design guidelines for each type. The latter include a list of all component parts, the preferred square meter area for each of them as well as the governing relationships among all these components, in addition to the prescribed architectural treatment and nishing materials selection. However, some freedom is given to individual DS sta in the choice of architectural treatment of each project providing they abide by the guidelines. Since the MPW employs foreign expatriates as DS sta, the nal design output depends, to some extent, on each designer's professional background. This has resulted in the variety of architectural treatments of the mosque types and in the dierent interpretations of the MAIA design guidelines. In order to study the design of MAIA mosques it is essential to rst understand the nature of these guidelines. Therefore, it is important to summarise these guidelines as a threshold for the analysis of the output design patterns.
General Requirements
These come in the form of a set of general design suggestions as follows: 1 - Simplicity must be sought in internal and external design, without contradictions to worship requirements. 2 - Circular shapes must be excluded and plans should be congurations of rectangular and square shapes to ensure regularity of prayers lines. 3 - Friday mosques should be provided with fully equipped libraries.
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
141
4 - Harmony must be sought in selection of indoor furnishings and outdoor colours. A marble plinth of at least 1m high should be made all around internal walls.
Specic Requirements
This part deals with detailed requirements for each mosque component. They are meant to help designers form evaluation criteria for the design of new mosques. They include specic guidelines on area, height, shape, and proportions of all mosque components, such as the haram, sahn, riwaq, minaret, and maida'.
142
Omar Khattab
The Haram
Al-Awadi Mosque
Al-Mataba Mosque
The Portal
Al-Khalifa Mosque
The Portal
The Qiblawall
Al-Mutawa Mosque
Naif Mosque
The Minaret
Al-Flaij Mosque
The Minaret
The Minaret
Al-Nisf Mosque
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
143
Haram Riwaq
Sahn
Haram Riwaq
Sahn
Al-Khalifa Mosque
Al-Saeed Mosque
HISTORICAL PRECEDENT
Minaret Details
Minaret Details
Source: Author's sketches after drawings obtained from the Architectural & Engineering Affairs Department, the National Council for Culture, Arts, and Letters, Kuwait.
Fig. 5. Main components of Al-Khalifa and Al-Saeed mosques.
144
Omar Khattab
Riwaq
Haram
Portal
Qibla Wall
Sahn
HISTORICAL PRECEDENT
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
145
The plans of the Al-Khalifa and Al-Saeed mosques demonstrate the presence of haram, riwaq, and shan in similar procession in old Kuwaiti mosques. The rest of the main components, i.e. qibla wall, minbar, maida', minaret, and portal, are also visible in the visual analysis of both traditional mosques (Figs. 5 & 6). These two examples are, to a great extent, typical of the conguration of traditional Kuwaiti mosques.
Table 2: Proportion of the haram, riwaq and sahn to the demarcated space in the MAIA mosques sample. Type Haram Riwaq Sahn 9A 10 11 11A 13A 15 15A 20 60 Musallam Jahra M.Saleh average 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.2
146
Omar Khattab
Table 3: Proportion of the haram, riwaq and sahn to the demarcated space in the old mosques sample. Type Haram Riwaq Sahn Al-Khalifa 0.25 0.25 0.5 Al-Saeed 0.3 0.2 0.5 average 0.3 0.2 0.5
The sahn, in 50% of the cases surveyed, is surrounded by the riwaq on 4 sides, while the other 50% has only a single riwaq from the haram side. A Mosque's main entrance is often found perpendicular to the qibla wall. The haram has a partly high level ceiling in its centre, covered by a dome with a clearstory in 60% of the sample and covered only by a clearstory in the remaining 40%. Arrangement of the components of the demarcated space, i.e. the haram, riwaq, and sahn, in the MAIA mosque sample is shown in Fig. 7. Mosques are identied in all the analysis gures in this paper by either a name or a type number depending on whether they are following the type design or not. In addition to this, design-types 11, 13 and 15 were modied from the original type design throughout the period of implementation, and therefore are referred to in the gures as 'modied' types.
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
147
Jahra Mosque
Musallam Mosque
HARAM HARAM
HARAM
HARAM
HARAM RIWAQ
RIWAQ
SAHN RIWAQ
Mosque Type 20
SAHN
Source: Author's sketches after original drawings obtained from M.P.W. Kuwait.
Fig. 7: Haram, Sahn, and riwaq as surveyed in the MAIA mosque types.
148
Omar Khattab
Type 20
Musallam
Type 9A
Type 20
Qibla Wall
Source: Author's sketches after original drawings obtained from M.P.W., Kuwait.
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
149
3. The Minbar
This is a pulpit or raised platform for the Imam to be comfortably seen by worshippers during the delivery of the Friday sermon. The mihrab and minbar are assumed to be the most important features of a mosque, as all worshippers have to position themselves perpendicular to them during prayers. Therefore, or eort is made to distinguish the minbar and mihrab from the rest of the qibla wall through architectural treatment and ornamentation. MAIA mosques have adopted a built-in type minbar integrated with the mihrab, and always positioned to its right, in a single unit that may have been inspired by inuences from the nearby Indian sub-continent. Ninety-two% of the MAIA mosque sample showed a three-compartment unit for the minbar and the mihrab and a space for or amplifying sound system to the left of the mihrab which is in the middle of this unit. The remaining 8% of the sample, which is type 15, showed a two-compartment unit. The three-compartment unit has an axis of symmetry passing through the centre of the mihrab with some special articulation to highlight the minbar. This articulation for both minbar and mihrab mainly uses Islamic geometric and oral patterns and motifs, such as mukarnas, integrated with Arabic calligraphy of verses of the Qura'n as the main source of decoration. Frequently used materials for decoration of minbar and mihrab in MAIA mosques sample are marble, ceramic tiles, and stucco. Some surveyed examples of minbar and mihrab demonstrating the prevailing variations are shown in Fig. 9.
150
Omar Khattab
Type 15
Jahra
Jahra
Type 9A
Type 20
Musallam
Type 20
Type 11
Mulla Saleh
Source: Author's sketches after original drawings obtained from M.P.W., Kuwait.
Fig. 9: Minbar and mihrab as surveyed in the MAIA mosque types.
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
151
SAHN
MEN'S W.C.
SUPERVISORS ROOM
WASH BASINS
MEN'S ABLUTION
ELECTERICAL ROOM
Musallam Mosque
WOMEN'S W.C.
STORE
Source: Author's skectche after original drawings obatined from M.P.W., Kuwait.
Fig. 10: The pool or ablution as surveyed in MAIA mosque types.
WOMEN'S ABLUTION
IMAM'S ROOM
Jahra Mosque
MEN'S ABLUTION ENT.
Type 9A
Type 15
152
Omar Khattab
5. The Minaret
Although this component part has lost, to a great extent, its original intent as a high place to broadcast the call for prayer (adhan) as far as possible, it has acquired a greater role in mosque, and perhaps Islamic architecture. The minaret has not only become the identifying feature of a mosque, but also it has become the symbol of Islam. The tradition was to build one minaret for each mosque until the Ottoman era when twin minarets came in to existence (Fletcher 1998). Currently there are mosques with more than two minarets, for example Al-Haram Al-Sharif Mosque in Mecca has seven minarets. Minarets in the mosques of Kuwait were building of low height and almost at roof level or slightly higher. (Lukoke 1978, p. 148). Lukoke (1978) states that in 1912 there were a few minarets in Kuwait that could hardly be seen above the rooftops of the houses due to their low height. Also Gardiner (1983) conrms that during the 1920s there was no signicantly high minarets. There were no great buildings in Kuwait, no mosques with gleaming sea-blue domes, no unique pieces of special historical signicance. (Gardiner 1983, p. 39). This emphasises the fact that traditional mosques of Kuwait were simple and humble in their architectural features. MAIA mosque-types have adopted the single and simple minaret model, apart from the large capacity model type 20 (more than 2000 worshipper capacity) where there are two minarets. It is also observed that all minarets in the sample are located to the right of haram, apart from Jahra mosque where it is to its left. Again, this is in adherence with the specic requirements in MAIA design guidelines. The dominant plan forms of minaret shafts in the surveyed sample are the octagon and the square shapes (percentages are 67% and 25% respectively). Occasionally we nd a shaft with a circular plan (only 8%) as in Table 4.
Table 4: Minarets' shaft plan shapes in MAIA mosques sample. Minaret's shaft plan shapes Plan shape No. in sample Octagon 8 Square 3 Circle 1 12 Total no.
All minarets have a spiral concrete staircase in the centre leading to mosque's roof and balcony level. All surveyed minarets are relatively low (height ranges from 21 to 29 meters), apart from type 20 where height is 45 meters, with only one balcony level ending with a bronze crescent xed over their dome-like top part. Again this brings to mind the traditional Kuwaiti forms of low rise, onebalcony level minarets shown earlier in the examples of old mosques. Examples of minarets from the MAIA mosques sample are shown in Fig. 11.
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
153
The Minaret
Type 9A
Type 11
Type 15
Musallam
Type 15
Type 11
Type 9A
Musallam
Mulla Saleh
Jahra Type 20 Section Jahra Source: Author's sketches after original drawings obtained from M.P.W. Kuwait. Note: Minarets are not drawn to the same scale.
Fig. 11: Minarets as surveyed in MAIA mosque types.
154
Omar Khattab
6. The Portal
This is basically the threshold between hasty earthly life and the tranquil atmosphere inside the mosque. It is overloaded with symbolic meanings, as the saying goes; believers should take their mind o all earthly matters as they takeo their shoes at the portal to enter the mosque. While, traditionally, the minaret served as the reference to the location of a mosque from a far distance the portal, at a closer distance, is the reference to its heart, i.e. the prayer hall. Much attention is paid to design of portals in MAIA mosques in order to dene them unmistakably. In all surveyed examples the portal is raised a few steps above pavement level and is surrounded by a protruding frame, colonnade or canopy casting shadow on it for further identication from the rest of the entry wall. Furthermore, the portal should also reect the generosity of the mosque's patron, in case it is nanced through individual Waqf (inheritance) administered by MAIA. For this, the patron's name is engraved on a marble sign put close to the portal which also identies the mosque's name (if dierent from that of the patron's) and completion date (Fig. 12). MAIA mosques use a combination of building materials, which is standardised for unity and simplicity. Combinations include lime or sand bricks for walls with plaster and paint for roof trims. Alternatively lime or sand cut-stones for walls together with marble slabs for roof trims.
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
155
Type 11
Type 15
Jahra [detail]
Jahra
Type 15
The Portal
Type 9A
Musallam
Source: Author's sketches after original drawings obtained from M.P.W. Kuwait.
Fig. 12: The portal as surveyed in MAIA mosque types.
156
Omar Khattab
Type 60
Type 20
Type 15
Type 11
Type 11 [modified]
Type 10
Type 9A
Type 13 [modified]
Type 15 [modified]
Musallam mosque
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
157
the old mosques of Kuwait on the other, may substantiate these ndings and reveal more results.
CONCLUSION
In this paper a representative sample of the MAIA mosque population was visually and architecturally surveyed in an attempt to document the design process and features of this signicant segment of mosque architecture in Kuwait. Since these mosques are directly nanced and designed by the Kuwaiti government, it is assumed that they should be a symbol reecting the country's political stance and asserting its inherited values and traditions. The author tried to examine how much the design process of MAIA mosques allows for that intent to materialise. MAIA mosque types are a product of two processes; the rst is the application of the MPW and MAIA guidelines for mosque design and the second is the limited individual innovations of the DS sta at the MPW. As indicated earlier, application of the rst process has produced some similarities among MAIA surveyed mosques especially in terms of plan congurations and overall appearance. Application of the second process has led to some architectural dierences among them notably in facade treatment and specic design components such as domes and minarets. Like the homes and buildings the mosques of old Kuwait were simple, with low minarets and little decoration. Today there is an exquisite mosque in every street, some in traditional, many in ultra modern, Islamic styles. (Kuwait State Directory 1998, p. 19). While the latter part of this statement conrms the fact that new mosque architecture in Kuwait, by-and-large, has little attachment to its past, its rst part probably summarises the design criteria that MAIA mosque-types are adopting. That criteria is generally simple, straight forward, and to some extent derived from old Kuwaiti mosque forms as has been primarily presented throughout the visual and architectural survey of the sample. So far, this criteria has succeeded in creating an easily recognisable and unmistakable image of most MAIA mosques. What is yet to be achieved is a contemporary image that reects the long tradition of mosque architecture in Kuwait. This can only be possible when more insightful architectural guidelines, derived from the careful analysis of the traditional mosques of Kuwait, are available to designers for reference and application. This study does not claim to have deeply exhausted the issue of MAIA mosque design, since this requires a more extensive, deep and broad study using a larger sample size and more in-depth coverage. Nonetheless, it regards itself as
158
Omar Khattab
the threshold to further elaborate research on the matter. Parallel to this, a similar study has to be conducted on the traditional mosques of Kuwait in order to explore further the historical precedent and to draw a set of reference guidelines for the design of new mosques that may reect Kuwait's national identity. Comparative analysis across these two studies would help in giving some needed insight to MPW design sta responsible for the design of new mosques.
REFERENCES
Al-Rashoud, C.F. 1995. Mosques of Kuwait. In: Fullerton, A. & Fehervari, G. (Ed). Kuwait Arts and Architecture, a Collection of Essays. Pp. 199-207. Oriental Press, UAE. Fletcher, B. 1998 (20th ed.). A History of Architecture. Architectural Press, Oxford, UK. Frishman, M. 1994. Islam and the Form of the Mosque. In: Khan, H.U. & Frishman, M. (Ed). The Mosque. Pp. 17-41. Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, UK. Gardiner, S. 1983. Kuwait the Making of a City. Longman, Essex, UK. Hillenbrand, R. 1994, Islamic Architecture. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, UK. Ibn Al-Roumy 1988. Tariekh Masajed Al-Dierah Al-Qadima. [or History of the Country's Old Mosques] Al-Qabas Commercial Press, Kuwait. (in Arabic). Khan, H.U. 1994. An Overview of Contemporary Mosques. In Khan, H.U. & Frishman, M. (Ed). The Mosque. Pp. 247-267. Thames and Hudson Ltd, London, UK. Kuwait State Directory 1998. Kuwait, Multimedia Publishing, Kuwait. Lukoke, R. 1978. Al-Emara Al-Taklidiya Al-Kuwait wa Shamal Al-Khalij. [or The Traditional Architecture of Kuwait and the North of the Gulf]. London, U.K. (in Arabic). Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs [MAIA] in 50 years 1997. A Ministerial report prepared by the Information Unit, Planning and Follow-Up Administration, Planning and Development Section, Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs [MAIA]. Kuwait.
A Study of the Design of Mosques Of The Ministry of Awqaf and Islamic Aairs in Kuwait
159
? Y ;L
OGT}yG K=YC ?+|;S G IQ9}gyG Q(a@ QCC .e;S G ,p A9"< dhCh ~$C ($ OGT}yG k Og< 9}+ph .9$O+y9t@h 9%@Q9}f ~+s #f Q=fh 9%!("p eqI jPyG ($h 9%fG(!C #| 9f(! ?+"*OyG ?*(%zy ,S9S}G R|QyG Q=Ag* &!C 9}v ,?+|;S G IQ9}gyG >zs OGT}yG f(v .?yhO j} ?+|(tyG ?+ZMWyGh #v| Ov*OvgvyG A9vWv!{v< Bv*(vwvyG ?vyhO Bv|9vs ,?v+v"v_(vyG 9v%vAv+vZvMvV {v+vYzvAvy ?vyh9vJv| ,vp GP$ aO%* .IO*Of ?+|(wI J9%F #| {*(}A< xyPh ?t<9TyG O(tgyG d;L OF9T}yG ?+|;S G fh|WyGh a9sh}G IQGRh OF9T}y jQ9}g|h jQZ< KT| ~*Ot@ )yE EJ=yG ?qzAM}yG ~+}ZAyG b9T!G #+< a;AL:Gh &=WyG &FhC Q9%cE dh9J* 9}v .B*(wyG ?yhO< Uwg* ,zJ| h<9_ O9G* J:h9J| #| &"w@ 9| #f EJ=*h OF9T}yG #| ?+f("yG gP%y k .B*(wyG ,p ?+CGQAyG OF9T}yG ~+}Z@ ~+s #| 9]g< IQGRh OF9T}y jQ9}g}yG ~+}ZAyG ?+z}f u+C(@ ($ ?sQ(yG gP$ #| ,S9S}G aO%yG ?yh9J| h| ?*Q9}g}yG 9%}y9g| ~$} h*QS VQf h| ?+|;S G fh|WyGh a9sh}G k #f ?tC(}yG J9SGQOyG #| GOF {+zs OOf c9"$ .9%"+< ?vQAW}yG {|G(gyG a9WwASG #f ?tC(| ?*Q9}g| ?SGQO jC c9"$ U+y #wyh .e9f {wW< B*(wyG ,p OF9T}yG IQ9}f OF9T}yG ,y9}FE #| %14 ,yG(I {D}@ ,AyGh ?+|;S G fh|WyGh a9sh}G IQGRh OF9T| {GT@ ,AyGh ,?+FO=}yG ?+q*QgAyG ?SGQOyG xz@ #| {gG* GP$h .B*(wyG ,p ?}F9tyG k Q9}]}yG GP$ ,p 9%f(! #| )yh}G ,$ ,OF9T}yG gP%y jQ9}g}yG ~+}ZAyG USC 9+f(! .e9%yG Y(\(}yG GP$ ?SGQO ,p ?+S9SCh ?+yhC ?vQ9W| 9%zgG* 9}v