Lesson 24 The aorist is a punctiliar (or point) tense, which can be thought of as single dot: .

The action of the verb is thought of as simply happening, without any regard to its continuance or frequency. The Present Imperative will be used to denote a command to continue to do an action or to do it habitually. The Aorist Imperative to denote a command simply to do an cation without any regard to its continuance or frequency. Lesson 26
There are three common uses of oJti 1. oJti can be used causally, i.e. Meaning because. 2. It is very frequently used to introduce dependent (or indirect) statement. 3. There is the use known as oJti recitative. Past + oJti + Pres = past + that + past Past + oJti + Past = Past + that + plupf Lesson 28 Dative Plural k, g, c + sin = xin p, b, f + sin = yin t, d, q, n, + sin = sin ant + sin = asin ent + sin = eisin ont + sin = ousin Lesson 32
pas can be used in the following ways

Mutes with s (r.89) k, g, c + s = x p, b, f + s = y t, d, q + s = s Mutes with q (p. 144) k, g, c + q = cq p, b, f + q = fq t, d, q + q = sq

1. It can stand alone 2. It can stand with a noun without an article 3. It can stand with a noun with an article, usually in the predicative position Lesson 34: Perfect and pluperfect le-lu-k-a is made up of 1. a reduplication: le 2. the stem: lu 3. k which is the characteristic of the 1st Per. Act 4. a personal ending Rules of reduplication of Perfect 1. Reduplication is the placing in front of the verb of the first consonant of the stem followed by e

2. Verbs beginning with c, f, q reduplicate kec-, pef-, teq3. Verbs beginning with s, z, x usually simply prefix an ej. The Perfect represents a present state resulting from a past action. (gegraptai = It stands written) The Pluperfect corresponds precisely to that of the Perfect, except that the action in past time is thought of as also completed in past time. Lesson 35: the Aorist and Future Passive The 1st Aor. Pass. Ind. is made up of : augment + verbal stem + q + the endings of -ebhn (e.g. ejluqhn = I was loosed) The 2nd Aor. Pass. Ind. is made up of : augment + 2nd Aor. Pass. Stem + endings of -ebhn (e.g. ejgrafhn = I was written) Verbal stem ajg prag Present ajgw prassw 1st Aor Pass. hjcqhn ejpracqhn Fut. Pass. ajjcqhsomai Pracqhsomai

There are two corresponding Future Passive The 1st Fut. Pass. Ind. is made up of: verb stem + qhs + the endings of the Pres. Pass. of luw. (e.g. luqhsomai = I shall be loosed) 2 Fut. Pass. Ind. Is made up of: 2 Aor. Pass. Stem + hs + the endings of the Pres. Pass. of luw.
nd nd

(e.g. grafhsomai = I shall be written)

The participles are verbal adjective The tense of the participle is relative to the time of the leading verb. The present participle, therefore, is used if the action denoted by the participle is represented as taking place at the same time as the the action denoted by the leading verb no matter whether the action denoted by the leading verb is past, present, or future The aorist participle denotes action prior to the action denoted by the leading verb, whether the action denoted by the leading verb is past, present, or future. The aorist passive participle denotes action prior to the time of the leading verb. The genitive absolute: a noun or pronoun with a participle often stands out of connection with the rest of the sentence in the construction called the genitive absolute.
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Lesson 37 Periphrastic Tenses: In Greek, tenses are sometimes formed, as in English, by using a part of the verb to be together with a participle. They are called 'periphrastic tenses' because they show forth (frazw) their meaning in a roundabout (peri) way. The common periphrastic tenses are: 1. Periph. Impf. -- Impf of eijmi + Pres. Part. Was....ing 2. Periph. Fut. -- Fut of eijmi + Pres. Part. Will 3. Periph. Perf. Pres. of eijmi + Perf. Part. Have been 4. Periph. Plupf. Impf of eijmi + Perf. Part. Was ...d Lesson 38: Subjunctive mood Subjunctive mood is the mood of doubtful assertion. There are 8 main uses: 1. Indefinite clause a) Whoever, Whatever: ojv ajn Sub. b) Wherever, whenever oJpou + ajn Sub./ oJtan + Sub. c) Until eJwv eJwv ajv 2. Purpose (final) clause iJna, oJpov + Sub. = In order that, that 3. Noun clauses introduced by iJna 4. Hortatory Subjunctive 1st Pl. (let us...) 5. Deliberative Subjunctive ti/ ? (asking question) 6. Emphatic Negative Future ouj mh + Aor. Sub. Will not 7. Commands not to begin an action 8. Future conditions Lesson 39
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1) Negative command a) mh with the Pres. Imper. generally denotes a command to cease to do an action already begun b) mh with the Aor. Sub., however, generally denotes a command not to begin an action. 2) Conditional tenses have two parts, the protasis and the apodosis. The protsis is the 'if' clause The apodosis is the 'then' clause. 3) Classification of conditional sentences The five types of conditional sentence man be classified as follows: Conditions of fact (1) past (eij + Aor.) (2) Present (eij + Pre.) (3) Future (ejan + Sub.) Conditions contrary to fact (4) Past (eij + Aor...+ Aor. ajn) (5) Present (eij + Impf....+ Impf. ajn) 4) Mood of conditional sentences the indicative is always used, except in future condition. Future conditions takes the Subjunctive in the protasis. THE OPTATIVE MOOD The optative mood is the mood of more doubtful assertion. Two common uses: 1) To express a wish; 2) in dependent (indirect) questions. genoito: 2nd Aor. Mid. Opt. 3.S. ginomai: I become mh genoito May it not happen! God forbid! eijh: Pres. Opt. 3.S. eijmi: I am was, could possibly be