UDML COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, JAIPUR

SEMINAR ON
ADVANCEMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

for
The partial fulfillment of B. Tech course & as per curriculum of RAJASTHAN TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, KOTA

Submitted to :Ms. Preeti Barot Lecturer

Submitted by:Om Prakash RTU Roll Number (08EUDEC065)

Electronics & Communication

ADVANCEMENT IN NANOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT It gives me a great pleasure in experiencing heartfull thanks and profound to MS. Preeti Barot for allowing me to take this seminar under his guidance . I extended my deep sense of gratitude for her persistence encouragement, motivation and inspiration which led me to pinnacle of success. Anything done would have been very difficult without her vast, experience, innovative ideas and through knowledge. I am thankful to all my friends who have always motivated me and shown the right way to proceed in my work. Thanks to my parents, family members and friends for their continuous support and encouragement to strive for my goals.

Om Prakash Date :

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

ABSTRACT

This paper focusses on the research, developments, advantages and disadvantages of Nanotechnology. Nanotechnology is perceived as one of the key technologies of the 21st century with a potential to flourish in the near future. The aim of nanotechnology is to build the future, atom by atom. When we get to the very, very small world of atoms, we have a lot of new things that would happen that represent completely new opportunities for design. Atoms on a small scale satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics. So, as we go down and fiddle around with the atoms down there, we are working with different laws, and we can expect to do different things. We can manufacture in different ways. Another thing we will notice is that, if we go down far enough, all of our devices can be mass produced so that they are absolutely perfect copies of one another. We cannot build two large machines so that the dimensions are exactly the same. At this atomic level, we have new kinds of forces and new kinds of possibilities, new kinds of effects. The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials will be quite different. In a few decades, this emerging technology will let us inexpensively arrange atoms and molecules in most of the ways permitted. It will let us make supercomputers that fit on the head of a pin and fleets of medical nanorobots smaller than a human cell able to eliminate cancer, infections, clogged arteries, and even old age. Hence nanotechnology is a development that cannot be avoided. We are just at the beginning of the road, and a few commercial products are using one-dimensional nano-structures (nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanolayers, and superlattices). New concepts and economical manufacturing of two- and threedimensional nanostructures are challenging issues for the future. People will look back on this era with the same feelings we have toward medieval times--when

technology was primitive and almost everyone lived in poverty and died young. Described as 'a new industrial revolution', nanotechnologies have the potential to produce sweeping changes to all aspects of human society inspite of the minor flaws.

Features:

Introduction
The term nano is used in science as a prefix meaning one billionth (using billion in its American sense of a one followed by nine zeros). A nanometer therefore means one billionth of a meter and it is exceedingly small about 10 atoms across. Nanotechnology refers to technologies that are working at the nanometer level (Whatmore 2006) and, as such, encompasses both a) techniques used to manufacture products with nano-scale characteristics and b) nanomaterials manufactured by whatever means. Both aspects have relevance in the field of modern electronics. Nanoparticles can theoretically be produced artificially from nearly any chemical (Dreher 2004). Such engineered nanomaterials are commonly defined as materials designed and produced to have structural features with at least one dimension of 100 nanometers of less (Oberdrster et al. 2005b). Presently, most nanoparticles that are in use have been made from transition metals, silicon, carbon (carbon nanotubes, fullerenes) and metal oxides (zinc oxide and titanium dioxide). In some cases, engineered nanoparticles exist as nanocrystals composed of a number of compounds such as silicon and metals (as is the case for quantum dots) (Dreher 2004). In electronics, the present method used in the manufacturing of electronic devices is called top down (i.e. manufacturing nanoscale components and materials from larger starting materials) though scientists are now also developing a new approach based on self-assembly of atoms and molecules, the so-called bottom up approach. Top down nanotechnology has enabled the production of progressively smaller structures to be made using lithography and related techniques for the construction of electronic components and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMs) (Maruccio et al. 2004). Top down nanotechnology has, for example, led to the hugely successful semiconductor- and information-andcommunicationstechnology- (ICT-) industries, as well as the manufacture of tiny micromechanical machines for sensing and actuation (MEMs) (see section 2 below). Bottom-up technology is a promising alternative to top down, one which enables building of nanodevices and/or nanomachines starting from molecular building blocks instead of lithographically carving bigger pieces of matter into smaller and smaller pieces (Maruccio et al. 2004).

In a more general context nanotechnology can be seen as just the current stage of a long-term ability to understand and manipulate matter at ever smaller scales as time goes by. Over the last century, physicists and biologists have developed a much more detailed understanding of matter at finer and finer levels. At the same time, engineers have gradually acquired the ability to reliably manipulate material to increasingly finer degrees of precision. Although we have long known much of what happens at the nanolevel, the levels of knowledge implied by; 1) knowing about the existence of atoms, 2) actually seeing them 3) manipulating them, and 4) truly understanding how they work,are dramatically different. The last two stages especially open up significant new technological abilities. At the nanolevel technology has just recently reached these stages.

Nanoparticles in Various Fields

NANOTECHNOLOGY-BRIEF

Nanotechnology is a creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of matter on nanometer scale .It is often termed as MOLECULAR MANUFACTURING. When solids, liquids, and gases are confined to regions smaller than 100 nm, for instance, their behavior can be modified by the confinement. Properties such as thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, optical absorption and emission spectra, mechanical strength, and viscosity are size dependent. Hence nanotechnology works at nanometer scale which is very small. The tip of probe of scanning tunneling microscope, used to record surface topography has a diameter of 10 nanometers----thats 0.01 micrometer or 10000 across on tip of a pin! Nanotechnology includes integration of nanoscale structures into larger architectures that could be used in industry, medicine, and environmental protection. Nanotechnology is the amalgamation of knowledge from chemistry, physics, biology, materials science, and various engineering fields.What has nanotechnology got to do with mechanical engineering? In fact, quite a bit of nanoscale science and engineering is already performed by mechanical engineers. For example, mechanical engineers have been essential in developing instruments such as nanoindentors and atomic force microscopes, which are used for mechanical testing, nanoscale imaging, and metrology.Mechanical engineering issues extend to instruments for nanoparticle and aerosol detection and characterization, as well as to various forms of nanoscale imaging. Magnetic data storage technology already has many features that fall well into the nanometer size range, and requires mechanical engineering knowledge and expertise to further its development. Mechanical engineering concepts also come into play in designing magnetic data storage, which currently requires heads to fly over a disk with spacing of about 10 nm. Maintaining such flying heights without crashing calls for exquisite design and manufacturing of disks and heads, and fundamental understanding of dynamics, non-continuum fluid mechanics, and surface forces.

This has always been part of mechanical engineering and is expected to remain so even as the scales involved shrink. Another field where nanotechnology may need mechanical engineers is information processing and storage. When transistors reach the scales of 20 to 30 nano-meters (a scale that will be necessary to keep up with Moore's law) quantum effects such as electron tunneling will lead to electron leakage, and this will cost power. Higher speeds will also require electromagnetic isolation, which will necessitate the use of materials that have extremely low thermal

conductivities. In addition, novel cooling technologies that directly interface with electronic and optoelectronic chips must be developed. To create chip designs that solve these thermal problems, technologists will need a basic understanding of how heat flows in nanostructures and across interfaces. One of the biggest challenges in magnetic recording is the so-called super paramagnetic limit, which occurswhen the volume of a magnetic domain is sufficiently small that thermal fluctuations randomize its polarization. This can be overcome by patterning the magnetic medium. How does one manufacture highly regular magnetic bits with sizes in the range of 20 to 100 nm over a disk surface with diameter of about 3 to 10 cm? The ultimate solution to this problem will be derived from mechanical engineering.

There are many concepts in mechanical engineering that are critical in the development of nanotechnology. Hence it is incumbent upon mechanical engineers to provide depth in these areas.

Nanotechnology in Electronics Manufacture

Traditional electronic circuits are built by etching individual components into silicon wafers (Appell 2002). Commercialisation of integrated circuits (IC) and the creation of the microelectronics industry began in 1965 using silicon processing technology (Gargini 2004). Over time, there has been ever-increasing progress in the technology being used and, in parallel, a progressive reduction in size of circuits. Such rapid technological progress was first predicted in 1965 by Gordon Moore in the now famous Moores Law, which stated that integrated circuit density and performance would double every 18 months. This has broadly held true, the improvements being brought about by reduced transistor dimensions, increased transistor counts and increased operating frequencies (Bohr 2002). Circuits have reduced in size over the years to such an extent that current generations of chips may carry circuits only 65 nm wide and more than a million transistors on a single piece of silicon a few millimetres across (Whatmore 2006). The field effect transistor (FET) was first scaled below 100 nm in the year 2000, inaugurating the era of silicon nanoelectronics (Gargini 2004). The term nanoelectronics (circuit dimension less than 100 nm) can therefore now be used instead of microelectronics. Presently 65nm and 90nm process technology is being used to manufacture chips (see list of products below). According to the company Intel, the next two process generations, 45 nm and 32 nm, are due to be produced in 2007 and 2009 respectively. Intel is now producing more than half of its mobile, desktop and server microprocessors using 65 nm process technology (Intel 2006).

According to research conducted by the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars in Washington DC, products on the market using 65 nm or 90 nm technology include: Intel Pentium D Processor, Intel Pentium 4 Processor, Intel Core Duo Processor and Intel StratFlash Cellular Memory by Intel; XBOX 360 by Microsoft; AMD Athlon 64 FX Processor and AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core Processor by AMD; IBM PowerPC 970FX/970MP Processor by IBM; and iMac G5 and IPod Nano by Apple Inc. (using memory chips from Samsung and Toshiba). (Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars 2006) The same study also noted that many current flash memory chips are based on 90 nm fabrication technology.

Nanomaterials in Electronics
While the manufacture of chips described above uses nanotechnology, it does not use nanomaterials in the sense of free or bound nanoparticles. However, such nanomaterials are also being used in electronics. Some of the most common nanomaterials being investigated and used are carbon nanotubes and quantum dots, a description of each of which is given below.

Carbon Nanotubes and Fullerenes

Fullerenes are a family of substances made of carbon in the form of a hollow sphere, ellipsoid or tube. Spherical fullerenes are commonly known simply as fullerenes (C60) or now less frequently as Bucky balls (after Richard Buckminster Fuller who popularised in architecture the geodesic dome structures which these molecules resemble) and have been researched for use in electronics and other applications. Tubular fullerenes, generally called carbon nanotubes, are considered as possibly the most famous objects in nanotechnology and possess extraordinary properties arising from their nanoscopic dimensions. They were discovered in 1991 in the insoluble material of arc-burned graphite rods. Carbon nanotubes are molecules which are composed only of carbon atoms and are markedly different from bulk graphite. They can be viewed as a graphene sheet rolled into a cylinder and seamlessly welded together. Carbon nanotubes exist in either of two forms, singlewall carbon nanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes. Single-wall nanotubes consist of a single graphene layer while multi-wall nanotubes consist of multiple concentric layers. . In addition to the synthetic production of carbon nanotubes for research and commercial purposes, it has recently been discovered that multi-wall carbon nanotubes were present in particulate matter collected from propane or natural gas kitchen stoves. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes were also found in particulate matter collected in outdoor air, with one possible source being car exhaust fumes . Carbon nanotubes can be either metallic or semi-conducting depending on the actual way in which the carbon atoms are assembled in the tube. The metallic forms possess electrical conductivities 1000 times greater than copper and are now being mixed with polymers to make conducting composite materials for applications such as electromagnetic shielding in mobile phones and static electricity reduction in cars.