1.

1 The primary objective of the protest lodged against KFC was to stop the cruel treatment of poultry raised and slaughtered for KFC restaurant. The protesters were not happy with the way chicken was raised by KFCs suppliers and were calling for more humane treatment of these chickens. The protest was meant to force KFC to use its power over suppliers and demand better ways conditions for the raising and transportation of chickens by suppliers.

1.2 KFC is a well known brand and an attack on such a brand will draw public interest. KFC buys poultry from small independent producers and PETA is not happy with the management of these chickens by suppliers, these small and independent entities are much more difficult to attack. The protesters hope that an attack on KFC brand will force KFC to demand better conditions for the raising and transport of poultry from its suppliers.

1.3 An attack on the KFC brand will make the KFC products less popular among the consumers. This is an undesirable situation for KFC since this will lower the sales volumes will fall and potential revenue is lost. In an attempt to avoid this KFC may opt to stop the protests through demanding better treatment of chickens supplied to the company. Producers will be forced to comply since KFC has a big market share, if it refuses to buy from these suppliers they may incur considerable losses.

1.4 Macdonalds improvement plan to appease protesters imposed stricter animal welfare standards on its suppliers. Mcdonalds required cages with more space to avoid overcrowding of chickens. This is because overcrowding in chickens is associated with cannibalism and diseases also spread rapidly under these conditions. Mcdonalds also conducted surprise slaughter house inspections to ensure that suppliers adhered to the set minimum welfare standards. More effective stunning methods were used on chickens before they were killed. These was meant to reduce the stress levels endured by the chickens before they were slaughtered.

1.5 A multinational company is an organisation that is engaged in doing business in foreign countries. A multinational corporation usually operates in many different countries but is managed from one home country. www.ism.edu.com

1.6 Unilever Barclays Coca-Cola 1.7i) Religion ii) Philosophy iii) Cultural experience iv) Law

1.8 Ethics is the study of good and evil, right and wrong , just and unjust this means that business ethics are the dos and donts in a business . This is a practise of individuals conduct themselves within an organisation according to a standard code of conduct. Multinationals should not be allowed to follow unethical behaviour since by the virtue of their foreign ownership multinational corporations may not perform social responsibilities in countries they operate in but may instead invest in their home countries. Profits may be returned to the home country without giving back to the communities where multinational corporations do business these companies will care less about the environment they are operating in and may adopt wasteful and harmful production techniques when left unmonitored. Multinational corporations may also understate their profits in an attempt to evade taxes (Mutomba, 2000). There is need to develop and enforce standards and procedures for multinationals to prevent criminal activities. There is need to communicate these standards to multinationals and punish met whenever there standards are not met. The existence of multiple stakeholders exposes managers to conflicting ethical claims. There is need to ensure that multinationals adhere to domestic ethical standards through monitoring and auditing the multinational corporations. Iniedu (2003) pointed out some irregularities in the Nigerian economic arena as multinationals crude oil leaving Nigeria dry yet it one of the biggest oil producers in the world

2. Industrial pollution is a danger to human health and industrial activity harms the biosphere. Using an example explain how environmental risks can be managed and analysed

Environmental risks can be analysed through four ways which are as follows

hazard assessment which is a link between a substance and human disease. This is common when waste is discharged into rivers for example cyanide a mining waste product is known to cause respiratory problems when humans drink water contaminated by cyanide.

Dose-response is another way of analysing environmental risk in an attempt to establish acceptable levels of harm carried by waste products. This is a quantitative technique which seeks to establish at what levels does a product start problems to humans.

Exposure assessment is the study of how much a substance is absorbed through inhalation, contact and ingestion. This is a very useful technique especially in establishing what protective clothing to provide to those who are at risk.

Risk characterisation is the overall conclusion of the dangers of a substance which is usually containing both qualitative and quantitative evidence. This is important in letting people know the amount of risk they are exposed to.

Environmental risks can be managed through the use control options are alternative methods for reducing risks including scientific and regulatory options.

Legal considerations are readings on environmental laws which control decisions based on best technology. Some form of legislation dictate reasonable levels of potential hazards carried by industrial wastes while some are strict on no harm levels.

Regulatory options can be used to manage industrial risks which is the strict control of one end which is usually the waste products while there is freedom at the other end which is usually the input side. Duncan, 2003 states that regulation is the most effective way of ensuring that risks are kept at a minimum. Stiff penalties should be imposed on polluters

Information disclosure which is about environmental performance works through its effects on consumers perceptions of a company.

Voluntary regulation can also be used by firms who want to improve the image of the company by imposing on themselves minimum standards which are no enforced by law but only work as a promise of good service to the society

The use of social factors can be important in analysing costs and benefits and polling to discover public preferences.

3.1 Corporate Governance is the legal checks and balances that define the rights and limit the powers of the shareholders, board of directors and managers. The authority to govern is granted by a government instrument called the corporate charter which brings a corporation into being and defines its scope of authority. The charter specifies the responsibilities of stockholders, directors and officers. The charter specifies how directors should be chosen, methods of declaring dividends, annual meetings and amending of the articles of incorporation.

3.2 The Sarbanes-Oxley act was passed in 2002 and its primary aims were i) To prevent financial fraud ii) Promote higher standards of ethical conduct iii) To require better oversight by directors

3.3 The seven provisions of this act are as follows

i)

It prescribes improved auditing rules and procedures for boards of directors to oversee auditing It requires directors to put a system open to whistle blowing which is the exposing of financial irregularities.

ii)

iii) iv) v) vi) vii)

It requires top executives to certify the accuracy of financial statements It imposes financial penalties on executives when fraud is discovered It prohibits executive loans not available to outsiders It establishes new criminal penalties It allows securities exchange commission to bar individuals from serving as board of directors.

4. Corporate social responsibility is the duty that a corporation has to create wealth using means that avoid harm, to protect, or enhance societal assets. It has expanded in meaning over time. In classical theory a business was socially responsible if it maximised profits while operating within the law. The economist Milton Friedman argues that a managers social responsibility is to operate the business in the best interest of the shareholders. He argues that anytime the managers decide to spend the organisations resources for a social good they are adding the cost of doing business. The neoclassical has the view that the only responsibility of the business is to make profits because businesses perform better when responding to market conditions. The government should be left to run all social programs not companies. In a free market system, managers are responsible only to stockholders . Spending money on social projects will wrongly appropriate money that belongs to investors. Consumers are also made to pay higher prices for products. It is argued that social responsibility threatens political freedom because it requires that companies perform political functions, gives executives political power and opens business evaluation by a political criteria. The socioeconomic view is however different because it states that the managers responsibility goes beyond making profits to include protecting and improving the societys welfare. The socioeconomic school of thought believe that business organisations are not just

economic institutions but should also take part in social objectives and provision of public goods. The three principal elements of social responsibilities are market responsibilities, mandated actions and voluntary actions . Market actions are competitive responses to market forces. When a corporation responds to markets, it creates jobs and pays taxes which is a huge social function in the economy. Mandated action are required by government regulation or workers unions. Voluntary actions are those that are not enforced by governments or unions. Social responsibility states that the corporations have a duty to correct and reverse the adverse social impacts they cause. Corporate behaviour should also comply with norms in social contracts and are expected to publicly report on their market, mandated and voluntary actions.

5. Compensatory justice requires that those marginalised by past discrimination be compensated and affirmative action helps them , to level playing fields

To a greater extent compensatory justice should seek to level playing fields for the previously marginalised by past discrimination. A very good of a discriminating system is the apartheid system in South Africa were people were segregated along racial grounds. Blacks were denied the chance to get white collar jobs. Blacks were forced to work long hours for little or no payment under the oppressive system. The apartheid system also denied blacks access to buy houses in deemed white communities. Compensatory justice is concerns the remedy which is taken to restore a persons original position that he/she would have occupied if the unlawful conduct had not occurred. Compensatory justice in the apartheid context seeks to compensate previously segregated groups so that they dont continue to be disadvantaged by their previous circumstances.

Affirmative action is critical in ensuring that policies seek out, encourage and sometimes give preferential treatment to employees in groups protected by law. The emergence of black empowerment groups in the post apartheid era is important in ensuring that blacks are given a better position when competing with whites in the economic arena. This is because if whites and blacks are allowed to compete for opportunities on a level playing field, whites will have an unfair advantage over blacks simply because the apartheid system favoured the economic prosperity of white this created a white community with more resources than the black community. Affirmative action in South Africa refers to policies that factor into consideration aspects such as race, colour, religion, sex or national origin (Bakers, 2011). This ensures that qualified people in the workplace get equal opportunities The apartheid system also favoured white owned companies and the majority of business owners in South Africa are white people hence the segregation may continue if affirmative action does not take pace.

However the use of compensatory justice will reduce the competitiveness in an economy because this kills the concept of equal opportunities. This situation encourages corruption and other illicit business practices which result in the poor blacks becoming poorer.( Fischer 2002) argues that affirmative action will only benefit people who are well off in the society as opposed to the poor and working class.

References Baker M, Legal systems and affirmative action: A South African perspective, 2011 Duncan C, environmental management, 2012 Fisher R, Realities of affirmative action, oxford press, 2002 Mutomba A, Multinationals and Capacity Development, 2000 www.ism.edu.com Iniedu C, Fuel Shortages a nation in a dilemma, 2003