Star Seismic PowerCat Test 1 (TR-2003 - 04, Star Seismic Final Report)

STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
RESEARCH PROJECT
Report No.
TR-2003/04
SUBASSEMBLAGE TESTING OF STAR

SEISMIC BUCKLING-RESTRAINED
BRACES
by
STEVE MERRITT
CHIA-MING UANG
GIANMARIO BENZONI
Final Report to Star Seismic, LLC.

May 2003
Department of Structural Engineering

University of California, San Diego
La Jolla, California 92093-0085

Structural Systems Research Project
Report No. TR-2003/04
SUBASSEMBLAGE TESTING OF STAR SEISMIC

BUCKLING-RESTRAINED BRACES
by
Steve Merritt
Graduate Student Researcher
Chia-Ming Uang
Professor of Structural Engineering
Gianmario Benzoni
Associate Research Scientist
Final Report to Star Seismic, LLC.

La Jolla, California 92093-0085
May 2003
ABSTRACT
Subassemblage testing of eight full-scale buckling-restrained braces for Star Seismic,
LLC was conducted using a shake table facility at the University of California, San Diego.
The specimens featured an A36 steel yielding element with concrete infill in a hollow
structural section (HSS) casing. Each specimen was pin-connected to a gusset knife plate at
each end. The shake table imposed both longitudinal and transverse deformations to one end
of the brace. Both modified Standard Loading and Low-cycle Fatigue tests as derived from
the proposed SEAOC-AISC Recommended Provisions for Buckling-Restrained Braced
Frames were conducted; one specimen was also subjected to a simulated Sylmar, Northridge
earthquake response in real-time.
All specimens performed well under the Standard Loading Protocol.
Only two
specimens eventually fractured during the Low-cycle Fatigue tests in the yielding element.
The pin-connections were able to accommodate an end rotation of at least 0.013 radians in the
transverse direction. The hysteresis behavior of the braces was very stable prior to fracture,
and a significant amount of energy was dissipated by each specimen.
The relationship between the tensile strength adjustment factor, w, and the brace axial
deformation can be approximated by two straight lines. Based on the expression derived in
this study, the average value of w at 1.5Dbm is 1.44.
The relationship between the
compression strength adjustment factor, , and the brace axial deformation can be
approximated by a straight line; the average value of at 1.5Dbm is 1.15.
A procedure that can be used to evaluate the cumulative inelastic axial deformation
capacity, , in a consistent manner was developed. Only Specimens 1 and 2 failed at values
of 900 and 600, respectively. The other six specimens that did not experience any fracture
were tested to values of between 900 and 1,650, with the average being 1,180. This value is
significantly higher than that (140) required by the proposed SEAOC-AISC Recommended
Provisions for uniaxial testing.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Funding for this project was provided by Star Seismic, LLC in Salt Lake City, Utah.
The design of the specimens was provided by Star Seismic. Star Seismic would like to thank
Messrs. Rafael Sabelli, Bradri Prassad, Walterio Lopez, and other engineers that provided
input for the project.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................... i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................................ iii
LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................................... v
LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................ vi
LIST OF SYMBOLS ............................................................................................................ xiii
1.
2.
3.
4.
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................ 1
1.1
General ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.2
Scope and Objectives ................................................................................................. 1
TESTING PROGRAM.................................................................................................... 2
2.1
Test Specimens .......................................................................................................... 2
2.2
Material Properties ..................................................................................................... 2
2.3
Test Setup and Connection Details ............................................................................ 2
2.4
End Connections ........................................................................................................ 3
2.5
Loading Protocol........................................................................................................ 3
2.6
Instrumentation .......................................................................................................... 6
2.7
Data Reduction........................................................................................................... 6
TEST RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 26

3.1
Introduction .............................................................................................................. 26
3.2
Test Set No. 1Specimens 1, 2, 3, and 4................................................................ 27
3.3
Test Set No. 2Specimens 5 and 6......................................................................... 29
3.4
Test Set No. 3Specimens 7 and 8......................................................................... 30
COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS ....................................................................... 147

4.1
Fracture Mode ........................................................................................................ 147
4.2
Correction for Pinhole Elongation ......................................................................... 147
4.3
Hysteretic Energy, Eh, and Cumulative Inelastic Deformation, ......................... 148
4.4
Tension Strength Adjustment Factor, w................................................................. 148
4.5
Compression Strength Adjustment Factor, ......................................................... 149
iii
5.
4.6
Comparison at the SEAOC-AISC Limit State ....................................................... 149
4.7
Equivalent Viscous Damping................................................................................. 150
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 164

5.1
Summary ................................................................................................................ 164
5.2
Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 164
REFERENCES..................................................................................................................... 166
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Specimen Dimensions.............................................................................................. 10
Table 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Steel Core Plates ............................................................. 11
Table 2.3 Member Properties................................................................................................... 11
Table 2.4 Shake Table Peak Input Displacements ................................................................... 12
Table 2.5 Testing Sequence ..................................................................................................... 12
Table 3.1 Specimen 1 Peak Response Quantities .................................................................... 32
Table 4.1 Specimen Fractures in the Low-cycle Fatigue Test ............................................... 151
Table 4.2 Corrected Peak Longitudinal Brace Deformations (in.) ........................................ 151
Table 4.3 Tension Strength Adjustment Factor Idealization ................................................. 152
Table 4.4 Compression Strength Adjustment Factor Idealization ......................................... 153
Table 4.5 Select Quantities at 1.5Dbm (=7.5Dby) .................................................................... 153
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 All Specimens prior to Testing ............................................................................... 13
Figure 2.2 Overall Geometry ................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.3 Sections at Midspan (Specimens 1 to 4)................................................................. 15
Figure 2.4 Sections at Midspan (Specimens 5 to 8)................................................................. 16
Figure 2.5 SRMD Facility........................................................................................................ 17
Figure 2.6 Overall View of Specimens and SRMD (Strain Gage Locations also
Shown) ............................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.7 Typical Wall End Support (West End)................................................................... 19
Figure 2.8 Gusset Plate at West End (Strain Gages of Specimen 7 also shown)..................... 19
Figure 2.9 Standard Loading Sequence ................................................................................... 20
Figure 2.10 Sample Low-cycle Fatigue Loading Sequence (for Specimen 1) ........................ 21
Figure 2.11 Simulated Sylmar Response Loading Sequence................................................... 22
Figure 2.12 Displacement Transducer Instrumentation ........................................................... 23
Figure 2.13 Hysteresis Loop in the i-th Cycle ......................................................................... 24
Figure 2.14 Procedure for Calculating w* ................................................................................ 24
Figure 2.15 Comparison of Yield Force Definitions ............................................................... 25
Figure 3.1 Specimen 1: Testing Photos ................................................................................... 46
Figure 3.2 Specimen 1: Table Displacement Time Histories (Standard Test)......................... 47
Figure 3.3 Specimen 1: Brace Force versus Deformation (Standard Test).............................. 48
Figure 3.4 Specimen 1: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Standard Test) .............................. 48
Figure 3.5 Specimen 1: Table Displacement Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)......... 49
Figure 3.6 Specimen 1: Brace Force versus Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue Test).............. 50
Figure 3.7 Specimen 1: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Low-cycle Fatigue Test) .............. 50
Figure 3.8 Specimen 1: Table Displacement Time Histories (Both Tests Combined)............ 51
Figure 3.9 Specimen 1: Brace Force versus Deformation (Both Tests Combined)................. 52
Figure 3.10 Specimen 1: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Both Tests Combined) ............... 52
Figure 3.11 Specimen 1: Brace Response Envelope................................................................ 53
Figure 3.12 Specimen 1: versus Deformation Level............................................................. 53
vi
Figure 3.13 Specimen 1: w and w versus Deformation Level ............................................... 54

Figure 3.14 Specimen 2: Testing Photos.................................................................................. 55
Figure 3.15 Specimen 2: Table Displacement Time Histories (Standard Test)....................... 56
Figure 3.16 Specimen 2: Brace Force versus Deformation (Standard Test)............................ 57
Figure 3.17 Specimen 2: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Standard Test) ............................ 57
Figure 3.18 Specimen 2: Brace Force versus Brace Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue
Test).................................................................................................................................. 58
Figure 3.22 Specimen 2: End Rotation Comparison................................................................ 61
Figure 3.23 Specimen 3: Testing Photo ................................................................................... 61
Figure 3.27 Specimen 3: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)......................... 64
Figure 3.28 Specimen 3: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test) ........................... 65
Figure 3.29 Specimen 3: Table Displacement Time Histories (Sylmar Earthquake
Test).................................................................................................................................. 66
Figure 3.30 Specimen 3: Brace Force versus Deformation (Sylmar Earthquake Test) ........... 67
Figure 3.31 Specimen 3: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Sylmar Earthquake Test)............ 67
Figure 3.32 Specimen 3: Table Displacement Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 1)................................................................................................................................ 68
Figure 3.33 Specimen 3: Brace Force versus Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 1)................................................................................................................................ 69
Figure 3.34 Specimen 3: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No.
1) ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Figure 3.35 Specimen 3: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 1)................................................................................................................................ 70
Figure 3.36 Specimen 3: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 1)................................................................................................................................ 71
vii
No. 2)................................................................................................................................ 72
No. 2)................................................................................................................................ 73
2) ...................................................................................................................................... 73
Figure 3.40 Specimen 3: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 2)................................................................................................................................ 74
Figure 3.41 Specimen 3: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 2)................................................................................................................................ 75
Figure 3.42 Specimen 3: Table Displacement Time Histories (All Tests Combined)............. 76
Figure 3.43 Specimen 3: Brace Force versus Deformation (All Tests Combined) ................. 77
Figure 3.44 Specimen 3: Hysteretic Energy Time History (All Tests Combined) .................. 77
Figure 3.53 Specimen 4: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)......................... 84
Figure 3.54 Specimen 4: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test) ........................... 85
Figure 3.55 Specimen 4: Table Displacement Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)....... 86
Figure 3.56 Specimen 4: Brace Force versus Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)............ 87
Figure 3.57 Specimen 4: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Low-cycle Fatigue Test) ............ 87
Figure 3.58 Specimen 4: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)......... 88
Figure 3.59 Specimen 4: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)............ 89
Figure 3.60 Specimen 4: Table Displacement Time Histories (Both Tests Combined).......... 90
Figure 3.61 Specimen 4: Brace Force versus Deformation (Both Tests Combined)............... 91
Figure 3.62 Specimen 4: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Both Tests Combined) ............... 91
viii

No. 1)................................................................................................................................ 98
No. 1)................................................................................................................................ 99
1) ...................................................................................................................................... 99
No. 2).............................................................................................................................. 100
No. 2).............................................................................................................................. 101
2) .................................................................................................................................... 101
Figure 3.77 Specimen 5: Table Displacement Time Histories (All Tests Combined)........... 102
Figure 3.78 Specimen 5: Brace Force versus Deformation (All Tests Combined) ............... 103
Figure 3.79 Specimen 5: Hysteretic Energy Time History (All Tests Combined) ................ 103
Figure 3.80 Specimen 5: Brace Response Envelope.............................................................. 104
Figure 3.81 Specimen 5: versus Deformation Level........................................................... 104
Figure 3.82 Specimen 5: w and w versus Deformation Level ............................................. 105
Figure 3.83 Specimen 5: End Rotation Comparison.............................................................. 106
Figure 3.84 Specimen 6: Testing Photos................................................................................ 107
Figure 3.85 Specimen 6: Table Displacement Time Histories (Standard Test)..................... 108
Figure 3.86 Specimen 6: Brace Force versus Deformation (Standard Test).......................... 109
Figure 3.87 Specimen 6: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Standard Test) .......................... 109
ix
Figure 3.88 Specimen 6: Table Displacement Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)..... 110
Figure 3.89 Specimen 6: Brace Force versus Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue Test).......... 111
Figure 3.90 Specimen 6: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Low-cycle Fatigue Test) .......... 111
Figure 3.91 Specimen 6: Table Displacement Time Histories (All Tests Combined)........... 112
Figure 3.92 Specimen 6: Brace Force versus Deformation (All Tests Combined) ............... 113
Figure 3.93 Specimen 6: Hysteretic Energy Time History (All Tests Combined) ................ 113
Figure 3.94 Specimen 6: Brace Response Envelope.............................................................. 114
Figure 3.95 Specimen 6: versus Deformation Level........................................................... 114
Figure 3.96 Specimen 6: w and w versus Deformation Level ............................................. 115
Figure 3.97 Specimen 6: End Rotation Comparison.............................................................. 116
Figure 3.98 Specimen 7: Testing Photos................................................................................ 117
Figure 3.99 Specimen 7: Table Displacement Time Histories (Standard Test)..................... 118
Figure 3.100 Specimen 7: Brace Force versus Deformation (Standard Test)........................ 119
Figure 3.101 Specimen 7: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Standard Test) ........................ 119
Figure 3.102 Specimen 7: Gusset Longitudinal Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard
Test)................................................................................................................................ 120
Figure 3.103 Specimen 7: Gusset Rosette Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)....... 121
Figure 3.104 Specimen 7: Table Displacement Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue
Test No. 1)...................................................................................................................... 122
No. 1).............................................................................................................................. 123
Figure 3.106 Specimen 7: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 1).............................................................................................................................. 123
Figure 3.107 Specimen 7: Gusset Longitudinal Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle
Fatigue Test No. 1)......................................................................................................... 124
Figure 3.108 Specimen 7: Gusset Rosette Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle
Fatigue Test No. 1)......................................................................................................... 125
Test No. 2)...................................................................................................................... 126
No. 2).............................................................................................................................. 127
No. 2).............................................................................................................................. 127
Figure 3.112 Specimen 7: Gusset Longitudinal Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle
Fatigue Test No. 2)......................................................................................................... 128
Figure 3.113 Specimen 7: Gusset Rosette Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle
Fatigue Test No. 2)......................................................................................................... 129
Figure 3.114 Specimen 7: Table Displacement Time Histories (All Tests Combined)......... 130
Figure 3.115 Specimen 7: Brace Force versus Deformation (All Tests Combined) ............. 131
Figure 3.116 Specimen 7: Hysteretic Energy Time History (All Tests Combined) .............. 131
Figure 3.117 Specimen 7: Brace Response Envelope............................................................ 132
Figure 3.118 Specimen 7: versus Deformation Level......................................................... 132
Figure 3.119 Specimen 7: w and w versus Deformation Level ........................................... 133
Figure 3.120 Specimen 7: End Rotation Comparison............................................................ 134
Figure 3.121 Specimen 8: Testing Photos ............................................................................. 135
Figure 3.122 Specimen 8: Table Displacement Time Histories (Standard Test)................... 136
Figure 3.123 Specimen 8: Brace Force versus Deformation (Standard Test)........................ 137
Figure 3.124 Specimen 8: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Standard Test) ........................ 137
Test No. 1)...................................................................................................................... 138
No. 1).............................................................................................................................. 139
No. 1).............................................................................................................................. 139
Test No. 2)...................................................................................................................... 140
No. 2).............................................................................................................................. 141
No. 2).............................................................................................................................. 141
Figure 3.131 Specimen 8: Table Displacement Time Histories (All Tests Combined)......... 142
Figure 3.132 Specimen 8: Brace Force versus Deformation (All Tests Combined) ............. 143
xi
Figure 3.133 Specimen 8: Hysteretic Energy Time History (All Tests Combined) .............. 143
Figure 3.134 Specimen 8: Brace Response Envelope............................................................ 144
Figure 3.135 Specimen 8: versus Deformation Level......................................................... 144
Figure 3.136 Specimen 8: w and w versus Deformation Level ........................................... 145
Figure 3.137 Specimen 8: End Rotation Comparison............................................................ 146
Figure 4.1 Hole Elongation Sources ...................................................................................... 154
Figure 4.2 Specimen 7: Brace Force versus Deformation Comparison................................. 155
Figure 4.3 All Specimens: Eh and Time Histories .............................................................. 156
Figure 4.4 All Specimens: Eh and Time Histories (Corrected)........................................... 157
Figure 4.5 All Specimens: w versus Brace Deformation ....................................................... 158
Figure 4.6 All Specimens: w versus Brace Deformation (Corrected).................................... 159
Figure 4.7 All Specimens: versus Brace Deformation........................................................ 160
Figure 4.8 All Specimens: versus Brace Deformation (Corrected) .................................... 161
Figure 4.9 Model for the Calculation of the Effective Viscous Damping ............................. 162
Figure 4.10 All Specimens combined: Equivalent Viscous Damping (Corrected) ............... 162
Figure 4.11 All Specimens individually: Equivalent Viscous Damping (Corrected)............ 163
xii
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Ayz
Area of yielding element
Dbm
Deformation of brace in region L1 at Design Story Drift
Dby
Deformation of brace in region L1 when steel core first yields
Eh
Total hysteretic energy dissipated by brace
Es
Youngs modulus of elasticity of steel
Fya
Measured yield strength of steel core (average of coupon tests)
Fyn
Nominal yield strength of steel core
Fua
Measured tensile strength of steel core (average of coupon tests)
L1
Brace length defined in Figure 2.12(a) for calculating end rotation
Lb
Total length of brace
Lyz
Length of yielding element
P*y
Effective yield force
Actual resultant brace force
Pmax
Maximum compression force
Pya
Actual yield force, FyaAyz
Pyn
Nominal yield force, FynAyz
Ry
Material overstrength factor, Fya/Fyn
Tmax
Maximum tensile force
Tension strength adjustment factor, Tmax/Pyn
w*
Tension strength adjustment factor at 5Dby
Compression strength adjustment factor, Pmax/Tmax
xiii
Actual brace deformation recorded by linear transducer L1
max
Maximum axial deformation of brace in tension (end to end of brace)
min
Minimum axial deformation of brace in compression
Cumulative inelastic axial force deformation capacity, Eh/(DbyP*y)
xiv
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
General
Using buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) for seismic resistance design of building
structures has been popular in Japan since the 1995 Kobe earthquake (Reina and Normike
1997). With the idea of preventing brace buckling under compression, one form of BRB
comprises a yielding steel core, which is encased in a concrete-filled steel hollow structural
section (HSS). The BRB system is also gaining acceptance by the design engineers in the
United States a few years after the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake (Clark et al. 1999,
Lopez 2001, Shuhaibar et al. 2002), and a number of buildings have been constructed with
BRBs in the past few years.
One type of BRBs that was developed by Star Seismic, LLC in the United States has
been experimentally investigated at the University of Utah; the study was limited to uniaxial
testing of the braces. According to the proposed Recommended Provisions for BucklingRestrained Braced Frames (SEAOC-AISC 2001), however, subassemblage testing of braces
that considers the effect of rotational restraint from the framing elements is also required to
evaluate the performance of the brace. This requires that both longitudinal and transverse
deformations be imposed to the brace subassemblage.
1.2
Scope and Objectives

A total of eight full-scale brace subassemblage were tested at the University of
California, San Diego. The objective of the testing was to evaluate the cyclic performance of
these subassemblage based on the acceptance criteria of the proposed Recommended
Provisions.
2. TESTING PROGRAM
2.1
Test Specimens
A total of eight full-scale specimens were tested with varying capacities and designs.
Figure 2.1 shows all eight specimens together prior to testing and Figure 2.2 shows the
geometry of a typical test specimen. Each specimen was composed of central steel core
plates, which were confined in concrete-filled rectangular HSS.
(The reinforcing in all
sections was No. 4 rebar [See Figure 2.2(c)]). Table 2.1 shows the dimensions of each
specimen and the HSS size used.
The specimens were grouped into three sets for the purpose of presentation. The
specimens in the first set (1 through 4) varied in capacity but were similar in configuration.
Each comprised two flat steel core plates encased by a single HSS. On the contrary, the
second and third sets were each composed of two specimens that were identical in design
capacity but with differing configurations. See Table 2.1, Figure 2.2, Figure 2.3 and Figure
2.4 for detailed dimensions of the steel core plates and their geometric differences for each
section.
2.2
Material Properties
A36 steel, with a nominal yield strength, Fyn, of 36 ksi, was specified for the steel core
plates, and A500 Grade B steel was used for the HSS. Tensile coupon tests of the steel core
plates were conducted by Sherry Laboratories for the actual material properties; the results are
summarized in Table 2.2. Based on the average measured yield strength (Fya), the values of
material overstrength factor, Ry (=Fya/Fyn), and the brace yield forces are calculated and listed
in Table 2.3.
The specified 28-day concrete strength was 3,500 psi.
2.3
Test Setup and Connection Details

A shake table facility, called the Seismic Response Modification Device (SRMD)
facility, at the University of California, San Diego was employed to test the specimens. The
SRMD facility, which has six degrees of freedom, is shown in Figure 2.5(a). By attaching
one end of the specimen to the wall end, the longitudinal and vertical movements of the shake
table imposed both axial and transverse deformations to the specimen [specimen setup is
shown in Figure 2.5(b)]. Figure 2.6 shows the specimens and the test setup, and Figure 2.7
depicts the brace support at the wall end.
2.4
End Connections
The ends of each brace were pin-connected to a gusset plate (see Figure 2.8). The pin
used throughout testing was 4.5 in. diameter, grade A354BC steel in double shear with an
ultimate strength of 115 ksi. The figure also shows that the gusset plate was thickened around
the hole by welding a plate in order to increase the bearing capacity.
2.5
Loading Protocol
According to the proposed Recommended Provisions for Buckling-Restrained Braces
(SEAOC-AISC 2001), the design of braces shall be based upon results from qualifying cyclic
tests in accordance with the procedures and acceptance criteria of its Appendix. In addition to
the Standard Loading Protocol and Low-cycle Fatigue Loading Protocol that are stipulated in
the Recommended Provisions, a real-time dynamic test that simulates a seismic response was
also conducted for a specimen.
Standard Loading Protocol
According to the Appendix of the proposed Recommended Provisions, the following
loading sequence shall be applied to the test specimen, where the deformation is the axial
deformation of the steel core plates:
(1) 6 cycles of loading at the deformation corresponding to Dby,
(2) 4 cycles of loading at the deformation corresponding to 0.5Dbm,
(3) 4 cycles of loading at the deformation corresponding to 1.0Dbm,
(4) 2 cycles of loading at the deformation corresponding to 1.5Dbm, and
(5) Additional complete cycles of loading at the deformation corresponding to 1.0Dbm as
required for the Brace Test Specimen to achieve a cumulative inelastic axial deformation
of at least 140 times the yield deformation (not required for the Subassemblage Test
Specimen).
Note that the requirement of cumulative inelastic axial deformation is for uni-axial brace
testing, not subassemblage testing. The above loading sequence requires two quantities: Dby
and Dbm. Dby is defined as the axial deformation at first significant yield of the specimen, and
Dbm corresponds to the axial deformation of the specimen at the Design Story Drift.
Because item 5 in the loading sequence is not required for the subassemblage test
specimen, it was decided to establish a loading sequence as shown in Figure 2.9(a) for axial
deformation.
This loading sequence, defined as the Standard Loading Protocol herein,
satisfies items 1 through 4. It further contains an addition cycle at 1.0Dbm, five cycles at
2.0Dbm and two cycles each at 2.5Dbm and 3.0Dbm. The additional cycles were added with the
intent to satisfy the OSHPD (Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development)
requirement for a cumulative inelastic axial deformation of at least 350 times the yield
deformation at this deformation level.
The calculation of Dby was based on the deformation expected over the gage length of
transducer L1 [see Figure 2.12(a)]. This initial pin-to-pin distance was 21-0 (252 inches)
for all specimens. To establish the value of Dby, the following components were considered at
the actual yield force level, Pya:
(1) yield deformation of the steel core plates in the yielding length, Lyz [see Figure 2.2(a) and
Table 2.1 for Lyz], and
(2) elastic deformation of the steel core plates outside the yielding length, Lyz. This includes
Lkp and Ltz on each end of the steel core plates.
With a calculated Dby value for each specimen (see Table 2.3), the shake table
displacement protocol was created by adding additional displacement to account for the
following:
(1) elastic deformation of the gusset bracket, and
(2) elastic deformation due to flexibility of the end supports and reaction wall at the SRMD
facility (see Figure 2.7) based on a known total system stiffness of 4,090 kips/in.
This value was then increased conservatively for all specimens for testing purposes to ensure
yielding in the first 6 cycles. See the tabulated shake table input values in Table 2.4(a).
The value of Dbm needs not be taken as greater than 5Dby (SEAOC-AISC 2001). Once
these values were established, longitudinal amplitudes for the other cycles could be
determined (Table 2.4). Note that these amplitudes were adjusted upward slightly and, thus,
are more conservative than those shown in Figure 2.9(a).
The specimens were tested to simulate a 45-degree bracing configuration. With this
assumption, the corresponding amplitudes for the transverse movement of the shake table
were established in Table 2.4(a). Figure 2.9(b) shows that the transverse movement is inphase with the longitudinal movement in order to simulate a realistic frame action effect to
gusset connections. The transverse end deformations were imposed by vertical displacements
of the shake table.
Low-cycle Fatigue Loading Protocol
After the Standard Loading Protocol was imposed to the test specimen, low-cycle
fatigue testing followed. It will be defined as the Low-cycle Fatigue test sequence herein.
Each test corresponded to a different loading. See Figure 2.10 for a sample Low-cycle
Fatigue loading protocol. Table 2.4(b) shows the deformation amplitudes and number of
cycles for each specimen. The intention was that if the specimen did not fracture during the
test, the same test was repeated until the specimen fractured. Do to testing time constraints,
however, the specimen was removed before fracture after enduring a large amount of inelastic
low-cycle fatigue testing.
Note that the amplitudes used for Low-cycle Fatigue Testing were often more than
that (1.0Dbm) required by SEAOC-AISC for uni-axial low-cycle fatigue testing.
High-
amplitude low-cycle fatigue testing is more demanding, which generally results in a reduced
energy dissipation capacity and cumulative inelastic axial deformation.
Simulated Sylmar Response
Specimen 3 was subject to a real-time dynamic test to simulate the effect of the
Sylmar ground motion that was recorded during the 1994 Northridge, California earthquake.
The test was performed after the Standard Test and before the Low-cycle Fatigue Test. For
this test, the specimen was only subject to uni-axial deformations.
Figure 2.11(a) shows the fault-normal component of the Sylmar ground acceleration
record that was used by the SAC Joint Venture (Somerville 1997). Since it was the simulated
axial deformation of the brace, not the ground motion, that was imposed to the specimen, a
nonlinear time-history analysis was conducted by R. Sabelli. The equivalent single-degreeof-freedom system for a buckling-restrained braced frame is shown in Figure 2.11(b).
Assuming that the angle of inclination of the brace from the horizon is 45 degrees, the
resulting brace axial deformation time history is shown in Figure 2.11(b).
2.6
Instrumentation
Four displacement transducers [L1 through L4 in Figure 2.12(a)] measured the axial
deformation of the test specimen; Figure 2.12(b) shows the mounting device for these
transducers at one end of the specimen. As shown in Figure 2.12(a), the mounting points for
the transducers L1 through L3 were located at the centers of the pin for each specimen end for
consistency with the Dby calculation. The longitudinal and transverse movements of the shake
table were also recorded.
The force measured by the load cell in each of the four actuators that drove the shake
table was recorded. The resultant force components in both the longitudinal and transverse
directions were then computed from these measured forces.
Specimen 3 and 4 were instrumented with strain gages on the HSS and collar. The
gages on the collar were labeled Top and Bottom and were oriented transverse to the
axial load. The Top gage was one half inch from the edge of the three-foot collar. The
Bottom gage was 6 inches from the end plate. The gages on the HSS were labeled North
and South and were oriented longitudinal to the axial load at the one-third point along the
pin-to-pin brace length. The Bottom gage was omitted for Specimen 5. See Figure 2.6 for a
photo with the strain gage locations on these specimens.
The gusset plate of Specimen 7 was also instrumented was 4 strain gages as shown in
Figure 2.8. The gages were labeled as shown. Gages A and B were each 2.5 inches from
the centerline of the hole. Gages R1 and R2 were 3 inches below the centerline of the
hole.
An inclinometer was mounted on the gusset plate of every specimen except Specimen
1. It was mounted near the pin connection on the west end as shown in Figure 2.12(b).
2.7
Data Reduction
Brace Axial Deformation,

In the following chapter, the brace axial deformation, , corresponding to that
measured by the displacement transducer L1 in Figure 2.12(a) is reported.
Brace End Rotation

The brace end rotation is computed by dividing the measured table transverse (i.e.,
vertical) movement by the length L1 shown in Figure 2.12(a).
Resultant Brace Force, P
The resultant axial force in the brace was calculated as the square root of the sum of
the squares of the longitudinal and transverse forces that were recorded. By conducting a
simple empty-table displacement history and analyzing the longitudinal and transverse forces
recorded, it was determined the force of friction in the system was approximately 8 kips. This
value, roughly 2% or less of the peak axial forces, was subtracted from the resultant force
except near the displacement peaks where the shake table was essentially still.
Tension Strength Adjustment Factor, w
The proposed SEAOC-AISC Recommended Provision defines w as follows:
Tmax
T
= max
(2.1)
Pyn
Fyn Ayz
where Fyn = nominal yield strength, and Ayz = area of the yielding segment of steel core plates.
w=
The variation of w with respect to the brace axial deformation () for the Standard Loading
Protocol will be presented.
Compression Strength Adjustment Factor,
The value is computed as follows (SEAOC-AISC 2001):
Pmax
(2.2)
Tmax
is the maximum compressive force, and Tmax is the maximum tension force
=
where Pmax
corresponding to a brace deformation of 1.5Dbm. Note that, for capacity design, the product of
and w represents the overstrength of the brace in compression beyond its nominal yield
strength.
Hysteretic Energy, Eh
The area enclosed by the P versus hysteresis loops represents the hysteretic energy
dissipated by the brace:
E h = P d
(2.3)
Cumulative Inelastic Axial Deformation Capacity,

Consider the i-th cycle of a hysteresis plot in Figure 2.13. Based on the idealized bilinear hysteresis loop, the cumulative inelastic axial deformation, pi, is defined as:
pi = +pi + pi =
pi
E hi+ E hi
+
Py+ Py
E hi
Py*
(2.4)
where Py+ and Py are the effective yield forces of the brace in tension and compression, and
Py* is the average value. The effective yield force is defined herein as follows:
Py* = w* Pyn
(2.5)
where w is the tension strength adjustment factor defined in Eq. (2.1) at a deformation level
of 5Dby, which is the default value for Dbm per SEAOC-AISC (2001). Because there may not
be data points exactly at the value of 5Dby as shown in Figure 2.14, a procedure for
interpolating was developed. A linear least-squares fit was performed on all of the data points
to the right of 5Dby; this is referred to as Zone 2. Then a line was drawn from the point (Dby,
Ry) to the intersection of the least squares fit and 5Dby lines; this is referred to as Zone 1. The
slopes and intercepts of the two lines are presented in Chapter 4.
Therefore, the total cumulative inelastic axial deformation is:
p = pi =
E hi E h
=
Py* Py*
(2.6)
p can be normalized by the yield deformation of the brace, Dby, for the cumulative inelastic
axial deformation capacity, :
=
p
Dby
Eh
P Dby
(2.7)
*
y
For uni-axial testing of buckling-restrained braces, the proposed SEAOC-AISC Provisions

(2001) requires that the value of be at least 140. Although this requirement is not needed
for the subassemblage test specimen, for comparison purposes the values will be presented
in Chapter 4.
A comparison between the different yield force definitions is shown in Figure 2.15 on
a typical specimen force-deformation response plot. The individual response plots for each
specimen will be presented in Chapter 3.
Table 2.1 Specimen Dimensions

(a) Member Core Geometry
Specimen
No. of plates
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
2
2
2
4
6
6
8
Steel Core plates

Transition Zone
tcp (in)
btz (in) Ltz (in)
0.75
10
23.00
0.75
10
21.28
0.75
10
19.36
1.00
10
18.44
0.75
10
18.89
0.75
10
21.28
0.75
10
18.41
0.75
10
20.33
Yielding Zone
byz (in) Lyz (in)
2.53
176.0
3.97
179.4
5.56
183.3
6.33
185.1
5.95
184.2
3.97
179.4
6.34
185.2
4.77
181.3
(b) HSS and Collar Configurations

Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
HSS Configuration
one-12103/8
one -12103/8
one -12103/8
one -1203/8
two-1281/2
two-1281/2, 1-12121/2
two-1281/2, 1-12121/2
four-1281/2
Collar Plate Size

3
/836 long
3
/836 long
3
/836 long
1
/248 long
1
/248 long
5
/860 long
3
/460 long
3
/460 long
(c) Member End Geometry

Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Knife Plate
tkp (in) bkp (in) Lkp (in)
1.5
14.5
14.0
1.5
14.5
14.0
1.5
14.5
13.0
1.5
14.5
13.0
1.5
18.5
12.0
1.5
22.0
12.0
1.5
22.0
12.0
1.5
22.0
12.0
10
End Plate
tep (in)
1.0
1.0
2.0
2.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
Table 2.2 Mechanical Properties of Steel Core Plates

Specimens
1,2,3,5,6,7
Heat No.a
325-4268
Coupon Yield Strength

No.
(ksi)
325-4272
Yield
Ratioc
Elong.d
(%)
39.6
61.8
0.64
27
40.2
64.3
0.63
26
44.0
64.7
0.68
27
(42.4)
(62.1)
(0.68)
(24)
(5)
(43.6)
(63.0)
(0.69)
(27)
37.8
67.8
0.56
26
37.7
68.1
0.55
26
38.3
68.6
0.56
21
(4)
(41.6)
(63.1)
(0.66)
(24)
(5)
(42.2)
(63.5)
(0.66)
(23)
(4)
Tensile Strength
(ksi)
Nucor Bar Mill-Jewett
b
c
Material properties from Certified Mill Test Report are provided in parenthesis.
Yield Ratio = Yield Strength / Tensile Strength
Based on 2-in. gage length; mill certificate value based on 8-in gage length.
Table 2.3 Member Properties
Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fya (ksi)
42.0
42.0
42.0
39.5
42.0
42.0
42.0
42.0
Ayz (in2)
3.80
5.96
8.34
12.66
17.85
17.87
28.53
28.62
Pyn (kips) Pya (kips)

137
160
215
250
300
350
456
500
643
750
643
750
1027
1198
1030
1202
11
Ry
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.10
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
Dby (in)
0.275
0.290
0.304
0.294
0.311
0.294
0.311
0.300
Table 2.4 Shake Table Peak Input Displacements

(a) Standard Loading Protocol
Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Longitudinal Movement (in)

Number of Cycles
6 4 4 2 1 5 2 2
0.44
0.46
0.48
0.52
0.58
0.58
0.68
0.68
0.90
0.91
0.94
0.97
1.03
1.03
1.14
1.14
1.69
1.72
1.75
1.78
1.84
1.84
1.97
1.97
2.50
2.52
2.55
2.59
2.66
2.66
2.80
2.81
1.69
1.72
1.75
1.78
1.84
1.84
1.97
1.97
3.10
3.22
3.41
3.20
3.57
3.27
3.84
3.64
3.10
3.78
3.96
4.23
3.98
-
3.55
4.48
4.66
5.05
4.75
-
6
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
Transverse Movement (in)

Number of Cycles
4
4
2
1
5
2
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
0.85
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
2.45
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
3.05
3.15
3.30
3.05
3.35
3.05
3.45
3.25
3.50
3.70
3.80
4.00
3.75
-
(b) Low-cycle Fatigue Loading Protocol

Specimen Cycles Longitudinal Movement (in)
1
30
1.69
2
30
1.72
3*
25
2.39
4
25
2.39
5
30
1.85
6
30
1.85
7
15
2.86
8
15
2.86
Transverse Movement (in)

1.65
1.65
2.25
2.25
1.65
1.65
2.50
2.50
Simulated Sylmar response test was conducted prior to the Low-cycle Fatigue Test
Table 2.5 Testing Sequence

Specimen
Alias
Date Tested
Test Order
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
160
250
350
500
750A
750B
1200A
1200B
November 19, 2002

November 20, 2002
November 21, 2002
November 21, 2002
November 20, 2002
November 20, 2002
November 25, 2002
November 22, 2002
1st
2nd
6th
5th
3rd
4th
8th
7th
12
2
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
4.00
-
(a) End View
(b) Top view
Figure 2.1 All Specimens prior to Testing
13
(a) Typical Elevation (Rebar and Collar not shown for clarity)
(b) Typical Plan (Collar not shown for clarity)
(c) Typical Section A-A

Figure 2.2 Overall Geometry
14
(a) Specimen 1
(b) Specimen 2
(c) Specimen 3
(d) Specimen 4
Figure 2.3 Sections at Midspan (Specimens 1 to 4)
15
(a) Specimen 5
(b) Specimen 6
(c) Specimen 7
(d) Specimen 8
Figure 2.4 Sections at Midspan (Specimens 5 to 8)
16
(a) Three-Dimensional Rendering

Reaction Block
Adapting
Brackets
Reaction Wall
(Not shown)
Specimen
(Brace)
Platen
(Shake Table)
Collars
Pin
Connections
(b) Setup Overview
Figure 2.5 SRMD Facility
17
South
Gauge
NORTH
Top
Gage
North
Gage
Bottom
Gage
(a) Specimen 3
Top
Gage
South
Gage
North
Gage
NORTH
(b) Specimen 4
Figure 2.6 Overall View of Specimens and SRMD (Strain Gage Locations also Shown)
18
Figure 2.7 Typical Wall End Support (West End)
Gage B
Gage A
Gage
R1
Gage
R2
Figure 2.8 Gusset Plate at West End (Strain Gages of Specimen 7 also shown)
19
OSHPD
SEAOC-AISC
2
0
0.5Dbm
1.0Dbm
-4
2.0Dbm
-6
0
200
400
3.0Dbm
-2
2.5Dbm
1.5Dby
1.5Dbm
Brace Deformation
600
800
600
800
Time (sec)
(a) Longitudinal Direction*
Brace Deformation
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
(b) Transverse Direction*
*See Table 2.4(a) for Peak Values and Cycle Variations
Figure 2.9 Standard Loading Sequence
20
Brace Deformation
1.0Dbm
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
600
800
1000
800
1000
Time (sec)
(a) Longitudinal Direction*
Brace Deformation
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
(b) Transverse Direction*
*
See Table 2.4(b) for Peak Values and Cycle Variations

Figure 2.10 Sample Low-cycle Fatigue Loading Sequence (for Specimen 1)
21
Ground
Acceleration
(g)
Ground
Acceleration (g)
0.4
0.2
0.0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
0
10
20
Time (sec)
30
40
(a) Fault Normal Ground Acceleration Time History
W = 1,100 kips
K = 200 kips/in
T = 0.75 sec
Cy = 0.225 (Yield Coeff.)
= 2%
= 45 degrees
(b) Equivalent Single-degree-of-freedom System
Brace Deformation (in)
Table Displacement (in.)
5
4
3
2
1
0
-1
-2
0
10
20
Time (sec)
30
(c) Longitudinal Brace Displacement Time History

Figure 2.11 Simulated Sylmar Response Loading Sequence
22
40
L2
L3
L4
L1
Shake Table
(a) Location of Displacement Transducers
Inclinometer
Displacement
Transducers
(b) Displacement Transducers
Figure 2.12 Displacement Transducer Instrumentation
23
P
+pi
Py+
Area = E hi+
Pya
Area = E hi
Idealized response
pi
Py
Actual response
Figure 2.13 Hysteresis Loop in the i-th Cycle
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
Normalized Brace Deformation

4
6
8
10
12
Zone 1
14
16
Zone 2
w*
1.5
Ry
1.0
0.5
0.0
5Dby
Dby
0
2
3
Figure 2.14 Procedure for Calculating w*
24

-10
0
10
-20
20
400
Resultant Force (kips)
Py*
200
Pya
Pyn
-200
-400
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Figure 2.15 Comparison of Yield Force Definitions
25
3. TEST RESULTS
3.1
Introduction
For each of the test specimens, the following results are presented for both the
Standard Loading Protocol and Low-cycle Fatigue tests. In addition to showing results for
each test, for each specimen these results are also combined in another set of plots to
demonstrate the accumulative effects.
(1) Measured shake table movements in the longitudinal and transverse directions: These
movements represent the axial deformation and end rotation demand imposed to the
specimen-supporting frame assembly.
(2) Brace resultant force (P) versus brace axial deformation () plot: The calculation of the
brace resultant force was presented in Section 2.7. The brace axial deformation refers to
the deformation measured by displacement transducer L1 in Figure 2.12(a). On the plots,
normalized brace deformation refers to /Dby.
(3) Hysteretic energy (Eh) time history: The hysteretic energy is computed in accordance
with Eq. 2.3.
(4) Cumulative inelastic axial deformation () time history: the calculation of is based on
Eq. 2.7. One ordinate is added to the plot of hysteretic energy time history to show the
value achieved in the specimen.
(5) A table summarizing the peak brace forces and peak brace deformations: The peak brace
deformation was based on the measurement of displacement transducer L1.
(6) Compression strength adjustment factor () versus brace axial deformation plot: See Eq.
2.2 for the calculation of . The variation of with respect to the brace axial deformation
() for the Standard Loading Protocol is presented.
(7) Tension strength adjustment factor (w) versus brace axial deformation plot: The
calculation of w is based on Eq. 2.1.
(8) Strain gage plots: Specimen 3 and 4 were instrumented with strain gages on the HSS and
collar. Specimen 7 was instrumented with strain gages on the gusset plate.
(9) Rotation comparison plots: All specimens except Specimen 1 were instrumented with an
inclinometer at the end of the brace near the pin. The inclinometer reading was compared
26
to that which was calculated based on transverse shake table displacement and brace
geometry. The relationship shows any relative rotation of the collar with respect to the
brace.
3.2
Test Set No. 1Specimens 1, 2, 3, and 4
Specimens 1 through 4 were all fabricated with a single HSS (Figure 2.3). They all
used two sandwiched strands of steel core plate within as the yielding elements. However, the
dimensions of the core plates varied [Table 2.1(a)]. Thus, the capacities of the braces also
varied (Table 2.3).
3.2.1
Specimen 1
Figure 3.1(a) shows an overview of the specimen. The specimen performed well
during the Standard Loading Protocol test. The steel core plates ruptured in the 18th cycle
during the Low-cycle Fatigue test. See Figure 3.1(b) for the end of the brace after testing.
The following results are presented for Specimen 1:
(1) Standard Loading Protocol test: Figure 3.2 to Figure 3.4,
(2) Low-cycle fatigue test: Figure 3.5 to Figure 3.7,
(3) Combined test results: Figure 3.8 to Figure 3.10,
(4) Peak response values and response envelope: Table 3.1 and Figure 3.11, and
(5) , w, and w values: Table 3.1 and Figure 3.12 to Figure 3.13.
Note the horizontal shift near zero load in the hysteresis response plot in Figure 3.3. The
shift, which was caused by the gap between the pin and the gusset plate, grew bigger in later
tests because the same gusset plate and pin were used for the testing of all specimens.
3.2.2
Specimen 2
Figure 3.14(a) shows an overview of the specimen. The specimen performed well
during the Standard Loading Protocol test. The steel core plates ruptured in the first cycle
during the Low-cycle Fatigue test. See Figure 3.14(b) for the brace-collar interface after
testing. The following results are presented for Specimen 2:
(2) Low-cycle fatigue test: Specimen fractured in first cycle. Unfortunately, no data was
recorded, but a photo of the screen in the control room is shown in Figure 3.18. The raw
27
data plot shows the relationship between the longitudinal brace force and the pin-to-pin
brace deformation.
(3) Peak response values and response envelope: Table 3.2 and Figure 3.19,
(4) , w, and w values: Table 3.2 and Figure 3.20 to Figure 3.21, and
(5) End rotation comparison: Figure 3.22.
3.2.3
Specimen 3
The specimen performed well and the steel core plates did not rupture during all
testing (one Standard Loading Protocol test, one Simulated Sylmar Earthquake test, and two
Low-cycle Fatigue tests). See Figure 3.23 for a photo of the brace during testing. The
following results are presented for Specimen 3:
(1) Standard Loading Protocol test (including strain gage plots): Figure 3.24 to Figure 3.28,
(2) Sylmar Earthquake Record test: Figure 3.29 to Figure 3.31,
(3) Low-cycle Fatigue tests (including strain gage plots): Figure 3.32 to Figure 3.41,
Specimen 3 was instrumented with strain gages to explore the bulging stresses induced
in the collar as well as the stresses transferred to the HSS casing. See Figure 2.6(a) for the
locations of the gages. The plotted results can be seen in Figure 3.27 and Figure 3.28 for the
Standard Test and Figure 3.35, Figure 3.36, Figure 3.40, and Figure 3.41 for the Low-cycle
Fatigue Tests. In the plots, normalized strain is defined as /y where y is based on the
nominal yield strength (46 ksi for the HSS and 50 ksi for the collar).
The gages on the north and south sides of the HSS exhibited maximum longitudinal
strains of less than 0.2y. The strains on the north and south faces are approximately equal in
magnitude but opposite in sign, characteristic of flexural stresses. This phenomenon is likely
either caused by a small loading eccentricity or by the steel core trying to buckle to one side
in a higher mode pattern.
On the top and bottom faces of the collar, the transverse strains were also small. The
maximum transverse strain on the top of the collar was 0.2y and the maximum transverse
28
strain in the bottom was less than 0.05y. The strain in the top of the collar shows that there
was some bulging, and thus, a small amount of relative displacement between the brace and
the collar.
3.2.4
Specimen 4
Figure 3.49(a) shows Specimen 4 during Low-cycle Fatigue testing. The specimen
performed well and the steel core plates did not rupture during all testing (one Standard
Loading Protocol test and one Low-cycle Fatigue test). See Figure 3.49(b) for the end of the
brace after all testing. The following results are presented for Specimen 4:
(1) Standard Loading Protocol test (including strain gage plots): Figure 3.50 to Figure 3.54,
(2) Low-cycle fatigue test (including strain gage plots): Figure 3.55 to Figure 3.59,
Specimen 4 was also instrumented with strain gages to explore the bulging stresses
induced in the collar as well as the stresses transferred to the HSS casing. See Figure 2.6(b)
for the locations of the gages. The plotted results can be seen in Figure 3.53 and Figure 3.54
for the Standard Test and Figure 3.58 & Figure 3.59 for the Low-cycle Fatigue Test. The
results were similar to Specimen 3.
3.3
Test Set No. 2Specimens 5 and 6
Specimens 5 and 6 were nominally equivalent in capacity, however, they had differing
configurations of HSS and steel core plates [see Figure 2.4(a) and (b)].
3.3.1
Specimen 5
Figure 3.67(a) shows Specimen 5 during the Standard test. The specimen performed
well and the steel core plates did not rupture during all testing (one Standard Loading Protocol
test and two Low-cycle Fatigue tests). See Figure 3.67(b) for the brace-collar interface after
testing. The following results are presented for Specimen 5:
29
(2) Low-cycle fatigue tests: Figure 3.71 to Figure 3.76,

3.3.2
Specimen 6
Figure 3.84(a) shows Specimen 6 before testing. The specimen performed well and
did not rupture during all testing (one Standard Loading Protocol test and one Low-cycle
Fatigue test). See Figure 3.84(b) for the yielding of the knife plates after all testing. The
(2) Low-cycle fatigue test: Figure 3.88 to Figure 3.90,
3.4
Test Set No. 3Specimens 7 and 8
Specimens 7 and 8 were also nominally equivalent in capacity; however, they too had
differing configurations of HSS and steel core plates [see Figure 2.4(c) and (d)].
3.4.1
Specimen 7
Figure 3.98(a) shows Specimen 7 during the Low-cycle fatigue testing. The specimen
performed well and the steel core plates did not rupture during all testing (one Standard
Loading Protocol test and two Low-cycle Fatigue tests). See Figure 3.98(b) for the yielding
of the knife plate after testing. The following results are presented for Specimen 7:
30
3.4.2
Specimen 8
Figure 3.121(a) shows Specimen 8 before testing. The specimen performed well and
the steel core plates did not rupture during all testing (one Standard Loading Protocol test and
two Low-cycle Fatigue tests). See Figure 3.121(b) for the end of the brace after testing. The
31
Table 3.1 Specimen 1 Peak Response Quantities
Low-cycle Fatigue
Test
Cycle No. Tmax (kips) Pmax (kips)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
173
168
163
174
167
166
170
171
173
169
181
193
199
201
203
214
211
211
221
222
221
221
227
232
234
239
262
239
234
225
223
218
216
214
214
214
216
212
210
210
217
208
208
207
-172
-170
-169
-168
-168
-169
-176
-176
-177
-179
-222
-213
-216
-218
-237
-240
-224
-256
-257
-258
-259
-262
-285
-294
-345
-342
-262
-253
-249
-244
-242
-244
-245
-238
-241
-237
-244
-235
-243
-236
-234
-236
-236
-243
0.99
1.01
1.03
0.97
1.01
1.02
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.06
1.23
1.10
1.08
1.08
1.16
1.12
1.06
1.22
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.26
1.27
1.48
1.43
1.00
1.06
1.06
1.08
1.09
1.12
1.13
1.11
1.13
1.11
1.13
1.11
1.15
1.13
1.08
1.14
1.13
1.18
1.27
1.23
1.19
1.27
1.22
1.22
1.24
1.25
1.27
1.24
1.32
1.41
1.46
1.47
1.49
1.57
1.54
1.54
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.66
1.70
1.71
1.75
1.92
1.75
1.71
1.65
1.63
1.60
1.58
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.55
1.54
1.54
1.59
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.29
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.63
1.55
1.57
1.59
1.72
1.75
1.64
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
2.09
2.16
2.53
2.50
1.92
1.85
1.82
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.74
1.77
1.74
1.79
1.72
1.77
1.74
1.72
1.74
1.72
1.79
values in parenthesis are for end rotation (rad.)
32
Brace Deformations (in)

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.42
0.41
(0.002)
0.41
0.41
(0.002)
0.41
0.41
(0.002)
0.41
0.41
(0.002)
0.41
0.41
(0.002)
0.41
0.41
(0.002)
0.87
0.87
(0.003)
0.87
0.87
(0.003)
0.86
0.87
(0.003)
0.87
0.87
(0.003)
1.69
1.66
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
2.50
2.49
(0.010)
2.50
2.49
(0.010)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
3.13
3.10
(0.012)
3.13
3.10
(0.012)
3.13
3.10
(0.012)
3.13
3.10
(0.012)
3.13
3.10
(0.012)
3.60
3.55
(0.014)
3.60
3.55
(0.014)
4.31
4.05
(0.016)
4.30
4.05
(0.016)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.68
1.68
(0.007)
1.68
1.68
(0.007)
1.68
1.68
(0.007)
1.68
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
Low-cycle Fatigue
Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
266
257
259
265
264
255
271
258
257
258
275
294
303
304
311
324
319
324
337
349
345
346
350
358
364
374
-265
-258
-258
-256
-260
-264
-272
-271
-273
-275
-316
-324
-329
-330
-358
-369
-339
-387
-397
-407
-409
-418
-445
-462
-505
-523
1.00
1.00
1.00
0.96
0.98
1.04
1.00
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.15
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.15
1.14
1.06
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.18
1.21
1.27
1.29
1.39
1.40
1.24
1.20
1.21
1.24
1.23
1.19
1.26
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.28
1.37
1.41
1.42
1.45
1.51
1.49
1.51
1.57
1.63
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.67
1.70
1.74
1.24
1.20
1.21
1.19
1.21
1.24
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.48
1.51
1.54
1.55
1.67
1.72
1.58
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.90
1.95
2.07
2.15
2.36
2.44

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.43
0.41
(0.002)
0.42
0.41
(0.002)
0.42
0.41
(0.002)
0.42
0.41
(0.002)
0.42
0.41
(0.002)
0.42
0.41
(0.002)
0.88
0.87
(0.003)
0.87
0.87
(0.003)
0.87
0.87
(0.003)
0.87
0.87
(0.003)
1.70
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
2.51
2.50
(0.010)
2.51
2.49
(0.010)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
3.23
3.20
(0.013)
3.22
3.21
(0.013)
3.22
3.20
(0.013)
3.22
3.20
(0.013)
3.22
3.19
(0.013)
3.80
3.74
(0.015)
3.80
3.75
(0.015)
4.50
4.04
(0.016)
4.50
4.05
(0.016)
No data recordedFractured in first cycle
33
Low-cycle Fatigue No. 1
Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
282
308
311
313
312
299
353
339
342
344
364
391
402
405
418
430
427
437
457
462
466
471
436
460
458
455
451
449
447
446
444
443
441
441
440
440
441
442
439
440
445
442
445
447
443
444
445
-357
-348
-339
-348
-338
-346
-358
-361
-362
-368
-418
-434
-441
-443
-480
-488
-456
-532
-545
-558
-568
-585
-564
-553
-547
-544
-541
-538
-541
-542
-537
-535
-535
-533
-534
-537
-537
-537
-539
-547
-547
-544
-545
-554
-547
-549
-560
1.27
1.13
1.09
1.11
1.08
1.16
1.01
1.06
1.06
1.07
1.15
1.11
1.10
1.09
1.15
1.14
1.07
1.22
1.19
1.21
1.22
1.24
1.29
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.22
1.22
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.26
0.94
1.03
1.04
1.04
1.04
1.00
1.18
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.21
1.30
1.34
1.35
1.39
1.43
1.42
1.46
1.52
1.54
1.55
1.57
1.45
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.19
1.16
1.13
1.16
1.12
1.16
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.23
1.39
1.45
1.47
1.47
1.60
1.63
1.52
1.78
1.81
1.86
1.89
1.95
1.87
1.84
1.82
1.82
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.87
34

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.44
0.42
(0.002)
0.45
0.42
(0.002)
0.44
0.42
(0.002)
0.45
0.42
(0.002)
0.45
0.42
(0.002)
0.45
0.42
(0.002)
0.90
0.87
(0.003)
0.90
0.87
(0.003)
0.90
0.86
(0.003)
0.90
0.87
(0.003)
1.73
1.68
(0.007)
1.72
1.68
(0.007)
1.72
1.68
(0.007)
1.72
1.68
(0.007)
2.55
2.49
(0.010)
2.55
2.49
(0.010)
1.72
1.68
(0.007)
3.44
3.35
(0.013)
3.43
3.35
(0.013)
3.43
3.34
(0.013)
3.43
3.34
(0.013)
3.43
3.35
(0.013)
2.42
2.28
(0.009)
2.41
2.28
(0.009)
2.40
2.28
(0.009)
2.40
2.29
(0.009)
2.40
2.26
(0.009)
2.40
2.26
(0.009)
2.40
2.29
(0.009)
2.40
2.29
(0.009)
2.40
2.27
(0.009)
2.40
2.27
(0.009)
2.40
2.28
(0.009)
2.40
2.28
(0.009)
2.40
2.26
(0.009)
2.40
2.28
(0.009)
2.40
2.27
(0.009)
2.40
2.27
(0.009)
2.40
2.27
(0.009)
2.40
2.29
(0.009)
2.40
2.29
(0.009)
2.40
2.27
(0.009)
2.39
2.28
(0.009)
2.39
2.29
(0.009)
2.39
2.27
(0.009)
2.39
2.28
(0.009)
2.39
2.28
(0.009)

a
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
493
482
472
466
461
458
457
454
454
453
452
455
452
453
454
458
455
458
467
462
463
466
468
471
474
-588
-578
-572
-568
-567
-563
-564
-561
-559
-567
-562
-559
-561
-563
-564
-565
-577
-571
-573
-578
-577
-584
-584
-595
-599
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.23
1.25
1.24
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.27
1.25
1.23
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.64
1.61
1.57
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.56
1.54
1.54
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
35
1.95
1.93
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.86
1.89
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.98
1.99
2.34
2.35
2.37
2.38
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.39
2.40
2.40
2.40
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.39
2.38
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.30
2.29
2.28
2.27
2.28
2.27
2.29
2.26
2.28
2.29
2.29
2.27
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.28
2.29
2.28
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
Low-cycle Fatigue
Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
436
436
449
437
448
437
551
520
522
520
573
614
629
636
662
681
671
691
712
716
719
719
729
742
757
774
848
774
748
731
720
714
706
702
699
693
690
688
685
685
684
684
683
682
683
683
684
685
-537
-522
-513
-519
-515
-505
-553
-543
-544
-542
-648
-666
-675
-678
-744
-752
-694
-797
-802
-804
-813
-809
-880
-885
-949
-980
-863
-840
-824
-812
-805
-798
-793
-790
-786
-783
-781
-780
-780
-779
-778
-782
-786
-784
-786
-787
-789
-793
1.23
1.20
1.14
1.19
1.15
1.16
1.00
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.13
1.08
1.07
1.06
1.12
1.10
1.03
1.15
1.13
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.21
1.19
1.25
1.27
1.02
1.08
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.16
0.96
0.96
0.99
0.96
0.98
0.96
1.21
1.14
1.15
1.14
1.26
1.35
1.38
1.40
1.45
1.49
1.47
1.52
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.63
1.66
1.70
1.86
1.70
1.64
1.60
1.58
1.57
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.18
1.15
1.12
1.14
1.13
1.11
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.42
1.45
1.48
1.48
1.63
1.64
1.52
1.74
1.77
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.94
1.94
2.08
2.16
1.90
1.83
1.81
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.73
1.74
1.72
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
36

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.44
0.43
(0.002)
0.44
0.43
(0.002)
0.45
0.43
(0.002)
0.45
0.43
(0.002)
0.45
0.43
(0.002)
0.45
0.43
(0.002)
0.90
0.89
(0.004)
0.89
0.89
(0.004)
0.89
0.88
(0.004)
0.89
0.89
(0.004)
1.72
1.70
(0.007)
1.71
1.70
(0.007)
1.71
1.70
(0.007)
1.71
1.70
(0.007)
2.53
2.51
(0.010)
2.52
2.51
(0.010)
1.70
1.70
(0.007)
3.15
3.10
(0.012)
3.14
3.10
(0.012)
3.14
3.10
(0.012)
3.13
3.10
(0.012)
3.14
3.10
(0.012)
3.93
3.85
(0.015)
3.92
3.84
(0.015)
4.64
4.05
(0.016)
4.64
4.05
(0.016)
2.30
2.32
(0.009)
2.32
2.29
(0.009)
2.30
2.29
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.29
2.29
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.30
2.29
(0.009)
2.30
2.29
(0.009)
2.30
2.28
(0.009)
2.29
2.27
(0.009)
2.29
2.29
(0.009)
2.29
2.29
(0.009)
2.29
2.28
(0.009)
2.29
2.28
(0.009)
2.29
2.28
(0.009)
2.29
2.28
(0.009)
2.29
2.28
(0.009)
49
50
51
a
686
688
691
-800
-797
-809
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.51
1.51
1.52
37
1.76
1.75
1.77
2.30
2.30
2.29
2.29
2.27
2.28
(0.009)
(0.009)
(0.009)
Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
697
705
725
724
728
715
808
741
745
746
775
843
863
873
899
929
917
945
985
998
1005
1011
1024
1050
1066
1099
1220
1116
1080
1056
1037
1023
1011
999
990
982
975
970
964
960
954
953
949
945
944
937
939
936
-756
-744
-722
-713
-716
-721
-781
-774
-775
-778
-892
-925
-942
-950
-1030
-1049
-972
-1148
-1190
-1215
-1234
-1245
-1323
-1344
-1460
-1508
-1225
-1188
-1166
-1152
-1140
-1131
-1120
-1113
-1116
-1105
-1101
-1101
-1095
-1099
-1090
-1088
-1087
-1087
-1094
-1088
-1084
-1084
1.08
1.06
1.00
0.99
0.98
1.01
0.97
1.05
1.04
1.04
1.15
1.10
1.09
1.09
1.14
1.13
1.06
1.22
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.29
1.28
1.37
1.37
1.00
1.06
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.08
1.10
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.11
1.26
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.21
1.31
1.34
1.36
1.40
1.45
1.43
1.47
1.53
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.59
1.63
1.66
1.71
1.90
1.74
1.68
1.64
1.61
1.59
1.57
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.17
1.16
1.13
1.12
1.11
1.12
1.22
1.21
1.21
1.21
1.39
1.44
1.46
1.48
1.59
1.63
1.51
1.79
1.85
1.89
1.92
1.94
2.06
2.09
2.27
2.34
1.90
1.84
1.82
1.79
1.78
1.75
1.75
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.72
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.69
38

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.47
0.42
(0.002)
0.46
0.41
(0.002)
0.46
0.42
(0.002)
0.46
0.42
(0.002)
0.46
0.42
(0.002)
0.46
0.42
(0.002)
0.91
0.88
(0.003)
0.90
0.88
(0.003)
0.90
0.88
(0.003)
0.90
0.87
(0.003)
1.73
1.69
(0.007)
1.70
1.69
(0.007)
1.70
1.69
(0.007)
1.70
1.69
(0.007)
2.52
2.49
(0.010)
2.53
2.50
(0.010)
1.70
1.69
(0.007)
3.46
3.39
(0.013)
3.44
3.39
(0.013)
3.45
3.39
(0.013)
3.45
3.39
(0.013)
3.45
3.39
(0.013)
4.14
4.04
(0.016)
4.14
4.04
(0.016)
4.95
4.04
(0.016)
4.94
4.04
(0.016)
2.36
1.69
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.34
1.70
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.35
1.68
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.36
1.68
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.35
1.69
(0.007)
2.36
1.69
(0.007)
2.36
1.68
(0.007)
2.36
1.69
(0.007)
2.36
1.69
(0.007)
2.36
1.69
(0.007)
2.36
1.68
(0.007)
2.36
1.68
(0.007)
2.36
1.69
(0.007)
2.36
1.68
(0.007)
2.36
1.69
(0.007)

a
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
932
930
931
930
928
924
923
924
985
965
955
948
943
937
937
930
930
926
925
922
918
918
917
916
912
910
910
881
754
749
749
747
740
738
738
738
737
740
-1088
-1085
-1084
-1088
-1087
-1086
-1085
-1095
-1105
-1123
-1114
-1115
-1109
-1099
-1102
-1098
-1094
-1092
-1090
-1095
-1088
-1090
-1087
-1086
-1093
-1092
-1091
-1095
-1081
-1070
-1074
-1069
-1064
-1064
-1069
-1055
-1059
-1062
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.12
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.24
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.53
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.37
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
39
1.70
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.71
1.72
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.73
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.68
1.67
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.67
1.64
1.65
1.66
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.26
2.32
2.35
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.36
2.37
2.36
2.36
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.37
2.38
2.37
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
2.38
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
Low-cycle Fatigue
Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
692
691
697
694
701
692
796
751
753
754
783
854
873
881
908
935
922
943
975
986
991
994
1008
1029
1045
1082
1238
1096
1058
1035
1018
1003
992
984
974
966
959
954
949
946
943
938
934
930
927
924
923
920
-726
-709
-696
-698
-696
-695
-781
-775
-776
-781
-901
-932
-949
-955
-1043
-1055
-970
-1122
-1143
-1159
-1170
-1177
-1278
-1304
-1452
-1516
-1164
-1146
-1131
-1114
-1104
-1094
-1083
-1076
-1071
-1065
-1060
-1058
-1054
-1052
-1049
-1048
-1047
-1046
-1047
-1042
-1041
-1042
1.05
1.03
1.00
1.01
0.99
1.00
0.98
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.15
1.09
1.09
1.08
1.15
1.13
1.05
1.19
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.27
1.27
1.39
1.40
0.94
1.05
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.13
1.08
1.07
1.08
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.24
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.22
1.33
1.36
1.37
1.41
1.45
1.43
1.47
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.57
1.60
1.62
1.68
1.92
1.70
1.65
1.61
1.58
1.56
1.54
1.53
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.43
1.13
1.11
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.08
1.21
1.20
1.21
1.21
1.40
1.45
1.48
1.48
1.62
1.64
1.51
1.74
1.77
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.99
2.03
2.26
2.36
1.81
1.79
1.76
1.74
1.71
1.70
1.68
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.62
40

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.47
0.41
(0.002)
0.46
0.42
(0.002)
0.45
0.41
(0.002)
0.46
0.41
(0.002)
0.46
0.41
(0.002)
0.45
0.41
(0.002)
0.90
0.87
(0.003)
0.89
0.86
(0.003)
0.89
0.87
(0.003)
0.89
0.87
(0.003)
1.71
1.66
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
1.69
1.68
(0.007)
2.51
2.48
(0.010)
2.50
2.48
(0.010)
1.68
1.67
(0.007)
3.13
3.09
(0.012)
3.11
3.09
(0.012)
3.11
3.08
(0.012)
3.11
3.08
(0.012)
3.11
3.09
(0.012)
3.84
3.79
(0.015)
3.84
3.76
(0.015)
4.61
4.03
(0.016)
4.61
4.03
(0.016)
1.68
1.71
(0.007)
1.68
1.68
(0.007)
1.66
1.68
(0.007)
1.66
1.66
(0.007)
1.66
1.68
(0.007)
1.67
1.68
(0.007)
1.67
1.66
(0.007)
1.67
1.66
(0.007)
1.67
1.68
(0.007)
1.67
1.67
(0.007)
1.67
1.67
(0.007)
1.67
1.68
(0.007)
1.67
1.67
(0.007)
1.67
1.67
(0.007)
1.68
1.68
(0.007)
1.68
1.67
(0.007)
1.68
1.67
(0.007)
1.68
1.66
(0.007)
1.68
1.68
(0.007)
1.68
1.66
(0.007)
1.69
1.67
(0.007)
1.68
1.67
(0.007)
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
a
921
916
915
913
912
910
911
908
-1044
-1039
-1038
-1038
-1038
-1041
-1037
-1045
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.43
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.41
41
1.62
1.61
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.61
1.62
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.67
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.68
1.66
1.67
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
(0.007)
Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
900
878
884
885
892
891
1267
1180
1183
1185
1216
1316
1352
1367
1419
1462
1444
1497
1564
1590
1597
1596
1637
1599
1578
1565
1555
1548
1541
1537
1529
1521
1514
1511
1505
1501
1493
1584
1570
1558
1550
1546
1542
1534
1528
1524
1519
1516
-1129
-1092
-1075
-1073
-1063
-1064
-1265
-1219
-1219
-1220
-1366
-1433
-1457
-1469
-1603
-1640
-1507
-1816
-1877
-1900
-1905
-1901
-1855
-1854
-1847
-1838
-1832
-1834
-1832
-1828
-1823
-1820
-1816
-1809
-1803
-1792
-1786
-1912
-1923
-1918
-1907
-1902
-1894
-1889
-1884
-1878
-1878
-1873
1.25
1.24
1.22
1.21
1.19
1.19
1.00
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.12
1.09
1.08
1.07
1.13
1.12
1.04
1.21
1.20
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.13
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.24
0.88
0.85
0.86
0.86
0.87
0.87
1.23
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.18
1.28
1.32
1.33
1.38
1.42
1.41
1.46
1.52
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.59
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.10
1.06
1.05
1.04
1.03
1.03
1.23
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.33
1.40
1.42
1.42
1.56
1.59
1.46
1.76
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.74
1.74
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.83
42

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.53
0.41
(0.002)
0.52
0.41
(0.002)
0.51
0.41
(0.002)
0.51
0.41
(0.002)
0.51
0.41
(0.002)
0.51
0.41
(0.002)
0.95
0.87
(0.003)
0.93
0.87
(0.003)
0.93
0.87
(0.003)
0.93
0.87
(0.003)
1.76
1.68
(0.007)
1.72
1.68
(0.007)
1.72
1.67
(0.007)
1.70
1.67
(0.007)
2.54
2.49
(0.010)
2.53
2.49
(0.010)
1.70
1.67
(0.007)
3.59
3.49
(0.014)
3.55
3.47
(0.014)
3.52
3.48
(0.014)
3.41
3.45
(0.014)
3.28
3.46
(0.014)
2.59
2.51
(0.010)
2.53
2.57
(0.010)
2.55
2.56
(0.010)
2.56
2.53
(0.010)
2.56
2.52
(0.010)
2.56
2.54
(0.010)
2.55
2.55
(0.010)
2.56
2.54
(0.010)
2.56
2.51
(0.010)
2.56
2.54
(0.010)
2.56
2.51
(0.010)
2.54
2.53
(0.010)
2.52
2.51
(0.010)
2.50
2.50
(0.010)
2.46
2.53
(0.010)
2.59
2.50
(0.010)
2.52
2.57
(0.010)
2.53
2.56
(0.010)
2.54
2.48
(0.010)
2.54
2.55
(0.010)
2.53
2.55
(0.010)
2.54
2.52
(0.010)
2.54
2.54
(0.010)
2.53
2.54
(0.010)
2.53
2.54
(0.010)
2.52
2.51
(0.010)
49
50
51
52
a
1511
1508
1507
1498
-1864
-1852
-1844
-1833
1.23
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.46
43
1.81
1.81
1.79
1.78
2.50
2.49
2.46
2.42
2.52
2.51
2.51
2.47
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
Test

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
1067
1078
1080
1085
1097
1088
1283
1199
1201
1201
1235
1344
1376
1388
1436
1478
1464
1506
1565
1576
1577
1569
1638
1604
1583
1571
1561
1551
1543
1536
1531
1527
1521
1516
1511
1506
1501
1623
1599
1580
1566
1557
1549
1542
1535
1533
1527
1524
-1158
-1139
-1105
-1107
-1097
-1094
-1251
-1235
-1239
-1240
-1407
-1455
-1475
-1483
-1611
-1636
-1521
-1775
-1816
-1819
-1811
-1804
-1821
-1809
-1798
-1786
-1779
-1773
-1766
-1762
-1758
-1753
-1753
-1749
-1744
-1740
-1739
-1867
-1859
-1846
-1833
-1823
-1817
-1814
-1811
-1807
-1802
-1801
1.09
1.06
1.02
1.02
1.00
1.01
0.98
1.03
1.03
1.03
1.14
1.08
1.07
1.07
1.12
1.11
1.04
1.18
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.11
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.04
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.25
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.20
1.30
1.34
1.35
1.39
1.43
1.42
1.46
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.59
1.56
1.54
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.58
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.48
1.48
1.13
1.11
1.07
1.07
1.06
1.07
1.22
1.20
1.20
1.20
1.37
1.41
1.43
1.44
1.56
1.59
1.48
1.72
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.74
1.73
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.75
1.75
44

Longitudinal
Transversea
0.50
0.43
(0.002)
0.49
0.43
(0.002)
0.49
0.43
(0.002)
0.49
0.43
(0.002)
0.49
0.41
(0.002)
0.48
0.42
(0.002)
0.94
0.88
(0.003)
0.93
0.88
(0.004)
0.93
0.88
(0.004)
0.93
0.88
(0.004)
1.77
1.69
(0.007)
1.74
1.69
(0.007)
1.74
1.69
(0.007)
1.73
1.70
(0.007)
2.58
2.48
(0.010)
2.57
2.48
(0.010)
1.73
1.67
(0.007)
3.43
3.28
(0.013)
3.39
3.28
(0.013)
3.29
3.29
(0.013)
3.16
3.30
(0.013)
3.07
3.31
(0.013)
2.63
2.54
(0.010)
2.58
2.56
(0.010)
2.57
2.56
(0.010)
2.58
2.55
(0.010)
2.58
2.55
(0.010)
2.58
2.55
(0.010)
2.58
2.54
(0.010)
2.58
2.55
(0.010)
2.59
2.55
(0.010)
2.59
2.54
(0.010)
2.59
2.52
(0.010)
2.59
2.53
(0.010)
2.58
2.54
(0.010)
2.57
2.54
(0.010)
2.54
2.50
(0.010)
2.64
2.52
(0.010)
2.57
2.57
(0.010)
2.56
2.57
(0.010)
2.57
2.53
(0.010)
2.57
2.51
(0.010)
2.57
2.55
(0.010)
2.57
2.55
(0.010)
2.57
2.54
(0.010)
2.57
2.53
(0.010)
2.57
2.49
(0.010)
2.57
2.52
(0.010)
49
50
51
52
a
1520
1518
1513
1510
-1799
-1791
-1782
-1780
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47
45
1.74
1.74
1.73
1.73
2.57
2.57
2.55
2.50
2.54
2.51
2.49
2.52
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(0.010)
(a) during Standard Test (Overview)
(b) after Standard Test (West End)
Figure 3.1 Specimen 1: Testing Photos
46
Longitudinal Displacement (in)
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
(a) Longitudinal Direction
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
Transverse Displacement (in)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
(b) Transverse Direction
Figure 3.2 Specimen 1: Table Displacement Time Histories (Standard Test)
47

-10
0
10
-20
20
400
200
-200
-400
-6
-4
-2
0
2
35
600
30
500
25
400
20
15
300
10
200
100
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.4 Specimen 1: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Standard Test)
48
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
CumulativeCumulative
Inelastic Deformation,
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)
Hysteretic Energy
Energy (x
(1000
Eh
Dissipated
1000 kip-in),
kip-in), Eh
Figure 3.3 Specimen 1: Brace Force versus Deformation (Standard Test)
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
600
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
600
Figure 3.5 Specimen 1: Table Displacement Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)
49

-10
0
10
-20
20
400
200
18-th
cycle
0
-200
-400
-6
-4
-2
0
2
20
350
300
15
250
200
10
150
100
50
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
600
Cumulative
Deformation,
Normalized Inelastic
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)
Hysteretic Energy (1000 kip-in), Eh

Dissipated Energy (x 1000 kip-in), Eh
Figure 3.6 Specimen 1: Brace Force versus Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)
Figure 3.7 Specimen 1: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)
50
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
200
400
600
800
Time (sec)
1000
1200
1400
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
600
800
Time (sec)
1000
1200
1400
Figure 3.8 Specimen 1: Table Displacement Time Histories (Both Tests Combined)
51

-10
0
10
-20
20
400
200
-200
-400
-6
-4
-2
0
2
50
800
40
600
30
20
400
10
200
200
400
600
800
Time (sec)
1000
1200
1400
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)
Hysteretic Energy (1000 kip-in), E

Dissipated Energy (x 1000 kip-in), Ehh
Figure 3.9 Specimen 1: Brace Force versus Deformation (Both Tests Combined)
Figure 3.10 Specimen 1: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Both Tests Combined)
52
400
200
-200
-400
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Figure 3.11 Specimen 1: Brace Response Envelope

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1.6
(=Pmax
/Tmax )
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
Figure 3.12 Specimen 1: versus Deformation Level
53

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2.0
w (=Tmax/Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2
3
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Cmax/Pyn
w (= Pmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
(b) Compression
Figure 3.13 Specimen 1: w and w versus Deformation Level
54
(a) after Standard Test (Overview)
(b) Grinding between Collar and Brace (East End)
55
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
56
-20
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2
60
600
50
500
40
400
30
300
20
200
10
100
Cumulative Cumulative
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
57
400 k
tons
200 k
-2.0 in.
1.0 in.
-1.0 in.
2.0 in.
-200 k
-400 k
tons
Figure 3.18 Specimen 2: Brace Force versus Brace Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)
58
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2

4
6
8
10
12
14
1.6
(=Pmax
/Tmax )
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
Deformation
(in)
59
16

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2.0
w
(= Tmax / Pyn)
w (=Tmax/Pyn)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Cmax/Pyn
w (= Pmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
(b) Compression
60
Rotation from Displ. and Geometry (rad)
0.02
0.01
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
0.0
0.01
Rotation from Inclinometer (rad)
Figure 3.22 Specimen 2: End Rotation Comparison
Figure 3.23 Specimen 3: Testing Photo

(during Low-cycle Fatigue Test)
61
0.02
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
62

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2
50
400
350
40
300
30
250
200
20
150
100
10
50
0
0
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
63
NormalizedInelastic
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Cumulative
Deformation,
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
Strain (microstrain)
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
(a) Top Strain Gage (Transverse)
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
(b) Bottom Strain Gage (Transverse)
Figure 3.27 Specimen 3: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)
64
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
(a) North Strain Gage (Longitudinal)
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
(b) South Strain Gage (Longitudinal)
Figure 3.28 Specimen 3: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)
65
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
10
20
Time (sec)
30
40
6
4
No Transverse Displacement Record
0.01
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
10
20
Time (sec)
30
40
Figure 3.29 Specimen 3: Table Displacement Time Histories (Sylmar Earthquake Test)
66

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
600
15
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2
10
80
8
60
6
40
4
20
2
0
0
0
10
20
Time (sec)
30
Cumulative
Deformation,
NormalizedInelastic
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)
Hysteretic Energy (1000 kip-in), E

Dissipated Energy (x 1000 kip-in), Ehh
Figure 3.30 Specimen 3: Brace Force versus Deformation (Sylmar Earthquake Test)
40
Figure 3.31 Specimen 3: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Sylmar Earthquake Test)
67
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.32 Specimen 3: Table Displacement Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No. 1)
68

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2
80
600
60
500
400
40
300
200
20
100
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
NormalizedInelastic
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Cumulative
Deformation,
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

Figure 3.33 Specimen 3: Brace Force versus Deformation (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No. 1)
Figure 3.34 Specimen 3: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No. 1)
69
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.35 Specimen 3: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No. 1)
70
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.36 Specimen 3: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No. 1)
71
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
72

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2
80
600
60
500
400
40
300
200
20
100
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Normalized Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Cumulative
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

73
600
400
0.2
200
0.1
Normalized Strain
0.3
0.0
-0.1
-200
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.40 Specimen 3: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No. 2)
74
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.41 Specimen 3: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test No. 2)
75
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
2000
2500
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
2000
2500
Figure 3.42 Specimen 3: Table Displacement Time Histories (All Tests Combined)
76

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2
200
1500
150
Standard
Test
Sylmar
E.Q.
1000
100
Fatigue
Test No. 1
50
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
Fatigue
Test No. 2
2000
500
2500
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

Figure 3.43 Specimen 3: Brace Force versus Deformation (All Tests Combined)
Figure 3.44 Specimen 3: Hysteretic Energy Time History (All Tests Combined)
77
600
400
200
0
-200
-400
-600
-6
-4
-2
0
2

4
6
8
10
12
14
1.6
(=Pmax /Tmax )
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
Deformation
(in)
78
16

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
14
16
2.0
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (=Tmax/Pyn)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
B Brace
D Deformation
f
ti (i (in)
)
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
Cmax/Pyn
w (= Pmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
Brace
(b) Compression
79
0.02
0.01
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
0.0
0.01
80
0.02
(a) during Low-cycle Fatigue Test (Overview)
(b) after all Tests (West End)
81
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
82
-20
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1000
500
-500
-1000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
100
500
80
400
60
300
40
200
20
100
0
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
83
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
No Bottom Gauge Installed
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
-0.010
-0.005
0.0
Time (sec)
0.005
0.010
Figure 3.53 Specimen 4: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)
84
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.54 Specimen 4: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)
85
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
86
-20
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1000
500
-500
-1000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
120
600
100
500
80
400
60
300
40
200
20
100
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
87
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
No Bottom Gauge Installed
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
-0.010
-0.005
0.0
Time (sec)
0.005
0.010
Figure 3.58 Specimen 4: Collar Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)
88
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
400
200
0.1
0.0
Normalized Strain
0.2
-0.1
-200
-0.2
-400
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
Figure 3.59 Specimen 4: HSS Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test)
89
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
Figure 3.60 Specimen 4: Table Displacement Time Histories (Both Tests Combined)
90
-20
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1000
500
-500
-1000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
200
1000
150
800
600
100
400
50
200
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

Figure 3.61 Specimen 4: Brace Force versus Deformation (Both Tests Combined)
Figure 3.62 Specimen 4: Hysteretic Energy Time History (Both Tests Combined)
91
1000
500
-500
-1000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1.6

4
6
8
10
12
14
(=Pmax
/Tmax )
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
2
3
Brace
Brace Deformation
Deformation (in)
92
16

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
2.0
ww (=
Tmax / Pym)
(=Tmax/Pyn)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
Deformation
(in)(in)
Brace
Deformation
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
w Cmax/Pyn
(= Pmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
Brace
(b) Compression
93
0.02
0.01
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
0.0
0.01
94
0.02
(a) during Standard Test (Overview)
95
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
96

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2
160
600
140
500
120
400
100
80
300
60
200
40
100
20
0
0
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
97
Normalized
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
CumulativeEh/(Pyeff*Dby)

6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
98

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2
100
80
300
60
200
40
100
20
0
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
99
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
100

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2
100
80
300
60
200
40
100
20
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

101
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
2000
2500
3000
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
2000
2500
3000
102

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2
350
1200
300
1000
250
800
200
150
600
100
400
50
200
NormalizedInelastic
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Cumulative
Deformation,
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
2000
2500
3000
103
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2

4
6
8
10
12
14
1.6
1.4
(=Pmax
/Tmax )
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
2
3
Brace Deformation
Deformation (in)
(in)
104
16

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
14
16
2.0
w (= T
max
yn
w (=Tmax/Pyn)
/P )
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
w (=
Pmax / Pyn)
Cmax/Pyn
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
2
3
Brace
(in)(in)
BraceDeformation
Deformation
(b) Compression
105
0.02
0.01
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
0.0
0.01
106
0.02
(a) before Standard Test (Overview)
(b) after all Tests (East End)
107
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
108
1500
-20
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2
140
500
120
400
100
80
300
60
200
40
100
20
0
0
0
200
400
Time (sec)
600
800
109
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
110
-20

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
20
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2
100
350
80
300
250
60
200
40
150
100
20
50
0
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
200
400
600
Time (sec)
800
1000
111
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
112
-20
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2
250
200
800
150
600
100
400
50
200
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Cumulative
Deformation,
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
113
1500
1000
500
0
-500
-1000
-1500
-6
-4
-2
0
2

4
6
8
10
12
14
1.6
1.4
(=Pmax /Tmax )
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
2
3
Brace
Deformation
(in)
114
16
2.0

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
ww (=
Tmax / Pyn)
(=Tmax/Pyn)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
Deformation
(in)
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Cmax/Pyn
w (= Pmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
BraceDeformation
Deformation
(in)
Brace
(in)
(b) Compression
115
0.02
0.01
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
0.0
0.01
116
0.02
(a) during Low- Cycle Fatigue Test (Overview)
(b) Knife Plate after all Tests (West End)
117
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
118
2000

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
140
120
300
100
250
80
200
60
150
40
100
20
50
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
119
0.0
-0.5
-1000
Normalized Strain
-500
-1500
-1.0
-2000
-2500
-1.5
Gage
Failed
-3000
-3500
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
-2.0
700
(a) Gage A (Longitudinal)
0.0
-0.5
-1000
Normalized Strain
-500
-1500
-1.0
-2000
-2500
-1.5
-3000
-3500
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
-2.0
700
(b) Gage B (Longitudinal)
Figure 3.102 Specimen 7: Gusset Longitudinal Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)
120
600
0.3
0.2
Normalized Strain
400
200
0.1
0.0
-200
-0.1
-0.2
-400
-0.3
-600
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
(a) Gage R1 (Longitudinal)
600
0.3
0.2
Normalized Strain
400
200
0.1
0.0
-200
-0.1
-0.2
-400
-0.3
-600
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
(b) Gage R2 (Transverse)
Figure 3.103 Specimen 7: Gusset Rosette Strain Gage Time Histories (Standard Test)
121
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
122

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
160
140
350
120
300
100
250
80
200
60
150
40
100
20
50
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

123
0.0
-0.5
-1000
-1500
Normalized Strain
-500
Gage has
failed
Gauge
Failed
-1.0
-2000
-2500
-1.5
-3000
-3500
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
-2.0
500
0.0
-0.5
-1000
Normalized Strain
-500
-1500
-1.0
-2000
-2500
-1.5
-3000
-3500
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
-2.0
500
Figure 3.107 Specimen 7: Gusset Longitudinal Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue
Test No. 1)
124
600
0.3
0.2
Normalized Strain
400
200
0.1
0.0
-200
-0.1
-0.2
-400
-0.3
-600
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
600
0.3
0.2
Normalized Strain
400
200
0.1
0.0
-200
-0.1
-0.2
-400
-0.3
-600
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
Figure 3.108 Specimen 7: Gusset Rosette Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 1)
125
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
126

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
160
140
350
120
300
100
250
80
200
60
150
40
100
20
50
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Cumulative
Deformation,
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

127
0.0
-0.5
-1000
-1500
Normalized Strain
-500
Gage has
failed
Gauge
Failed
-1.0
-2000
-2500
-1.5
-3000
-3500
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
-2.0
500
0.0
-0.5
-1000
Normalized Strain
-500
-1500
-1.0
-2000
-2500
-1.5
-3000
-3500
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
-2.0
500
Figure 3.112 Specimen 7: Gusset Longitudinal Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue
Test No. 2)
128
600
0.3
0.2
Normalized Strain
400
200
0.1
0.0
-200
-0.1
-0.2
-400
-0.3
-600
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
600
0.3
0.2
Normalized Strain
400
200
0.1
0.0
-200
-0.1
-0.2
-400
-0.3
-600
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
Figure 3.113 Specimen 7: Gusset Rosette Strain Gage Time Histories (Low-cycle Fatigue Test
No. 2)
129
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
130

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
500
1200
400
1000
800
300
600
200
400
100
200
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
131
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2

4
6
8
10
12
14
1.6
(=Pmax /Tmax )
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
Deformation
(in)
132
16

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
14
16
2.0
w (= T
max
yn
w (=Tmax/Pyn)
/P )
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
Brace
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
w Cmax/Pyn
(= Pmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
Deformation
Brace Deformation(in)
(in)
(b) Compression
133
0.02
0.01
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
0.0
0.01
134
0.02
(a) before Standard Test (Overview)
135
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
(b) Longitudinal Direction
6
4
0.01
0.0
0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
136
-20
2000
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
140
350
120
300
100
250
80
200
60
150
40
100
20
50
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
100
200
300
400
Time (sec)
500
600
700
137
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
138
-20
2000

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
20
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
400
160
140
300
120
100
80
200
60
40
100
20
0
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
139
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500

6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
140
-20
2000

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
20
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
400
160
140
300
120
100
80
200
60
40
100
20
0
Cumulative
Deformation,
NormalizedInelastic
Cumulative
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
100
200
300
Time (sec)
400
500
141
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
6
4
0.01
2
0
0.0
-2
-0.01
End Rotation (rad.)
0.02
-4
-0.02
-6
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
142
-20
2000
-15

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
500
1200
400
1000
800
300
600
200
400
100
200
Normalized
Inelastic Disp.
Eh/(Pyeff*Dby)

0
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
1500
2000
143
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
1.6

4
6
8
10
12
14
(=Pmax /Tmax )
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
2
3
Brace Deformation
Deformation (in)
Brace
(in)
144
16

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
14
16
2.0
w
(= Tmax / Pyn)
w (=Tmax/Pyn)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
Brace
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
(a) Tension

4
6
8
10
12
Cmax/Pyn
w (= Pmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
0
2
3
BraceDeformation
Deformation(in)
(in)
Brace
(b) Compression
145
0.02
0.01
0.0
-0.01
-0.02
-0.02
-0.01
0.0
0.01
146
0.02
4. COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS

4.1
Fracture Mode
All of the specimens performed very well in the Standard Loading Protocol test. Only
Specimens 1 and 2 experienced a fracture during Low-cycle Fatigue testing (see Table 4.1).
No significant deformations in the outer HSS casing or collar were observed, which was
consistent with the low strain gage readings ( 0.2 y ) on Specimens 3 and 4 (see Sections
3.2.3 and 3.3.4).

4.2
Correction for Pinhole Elongation
The brace deformation reported in Chapter 3 was based on the measurement of

displacement transducer L1 [see Figure 2.12(a)], which was mounted on the gusset plates.
The hysteresis response near zero load generally shows a horizontal shift. The primary cause
of this phenomenon was the elongation of the pinholes, which was accentuated in the larger
braces and those that were tested toward the end of the program.
There were plastic
deformations surrounding the holes, both in the re-used gusset plate [Figure 4.1(a)], as well as
in the knife plates at the end of each brace [Figure 4.1(b)]. The target displacements of the
shake table were calculated as described in Section 2.5; however, the calculation did not
include elongation of the pinhole. Therefore, the actual deformations in the steel core plates
were slightly less than expected and recorded.
Chapter 3 is based on the L1 transducer since it potentially represents the actual pinto-pin results. The displacement transducer L4 (as shown in Figure 2.12), on the other hand,
was installed at both ends of the brace specimen and, therefore, the measurement of brace
axial deformation would not be affected by the pinhole elongation. The L4 transducer is
based on a shorter gage length so the Dby values used to get the revised results were reduced
by the minuscule amount of elastic deformation in the knife plates.
The actual brace
deformations, as measured by transducer L4, are presented in Table 4.2 and can be compared
to the original values in Table 3.1 through Table 3.8. Note that in the Chapter 3 tables, only
the longitudinal brace deformation values were affected by the pinhole elongation. In this
147
chapter, plots and response values are presented using both the L1 and the L4 transducers for
comparison. Results that are based on the L4 transducer are labeled Corrected.
Because Specimen 7 was the last and largest brace tested, it experienced the most
significant pinhole elongation.
Example force-deformation plots for this specimen, are
presented in Figure 4.2 comparing the two different displacement transducers, L1 and L4.
The corrected values and plots are recommended for design because it is not likely that
practical applications of the brace would experience enough large amplitude cycles to result
in a significant pin elongation effect which was observed in testing over an accumulation of
specimens and loading protocols.
4.3
Hysteretic Energy, Eh, and Cumulative Inelastic Deformation,
The hysteretic energy, Eh, and cumulative inelastic deformation, , based on the
measurement of displacement transducer L1 are summarized in Figure 4.3 for all specimens.
Specimens 1 and 2 were the only specimens to experience fracture during Low-cycle Fatigue
testing, reaching values of 900 and 600, respectively. The remainder of the specimens
could potentially undergo further inelastic deformation, thus, a comparison is applicable.
The hysteresis energy and cumulative inelastic deformation were re-computed based
on the measurement of displacement transducer L4 and are presented in Figure 4.4. A
comparison of Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4 shows that these two quantities were not affected by
the pinhole elongation.
4.4
Tension Strength Adjustment Factor, w
The tension strength adjustment factor, w, versus brace deformation (based on L1) for
all specimens is presented in Figure 4.5. The slope (m) and y-intercept (b) of the idealized
plots, as defined in Section 2.7, are presented in Table 4.3(a). This table also includes the
quantity w*, which was defined as the w value at the point separating Zone 1 and Zone 2 at a
deformation of 5Dby. The corrected results based on L4 are presented in Figure 4.6 and Table
4.3(b).
148
To interpolate and solve for w at any point within the domain of the test data, use the
following equations along with Table 4.3:

+b
w = m1
D 1
by

+b
w = m2
D 2
by
< 5Dby
(4.1a)
5Dby
(4.1b)
Based on the average values of m and b for the corrected test results, the following
expressions can be used to evaluate w:

+ 1.11
w = 48.2 10 3
D
by

+ 1.18
w = 34.5 10 3
D
by
4.5
< 5Dby
(4.2a)
5Dby
(4.2b)
Compression Strength Adjustment Factor,
The compression strength adjustment factor, , versus brace deformation (based on

L1) for each specimen is presented in Figure 4.7. The slope and y-intercept of the least
squares fit idealization are presented in Table 4.4(a). The y-intercept was constrained to be
1.0 in the regression. The corrected results, based on L4 are presented in Figure 4.8 and Table
4.4(b). Based on the average values m and b found in Table 4.4, the following expression can
be used to evaluate :

= m
D
by
+b
(4.3)
Based on the average values of m and b for the corrected test results, the following expression
can be used to evaluate w:

= 19.4 10 3
D
by
4.6
+ 1.0
(4.4)
Comparison at the SEAOC-AISC Limit State
The proposed SEAOC-AISC Recommended Provisions (2001) uses the deformation

level of 1.5Dbm (= 7.5Dby) as a critical limit state for design. The values of w, , and w were
calculated at this limit state using the interpolation Eqs. 4.1(b) and 4.3 and are listed in Table
149
4.5. Note that the corrected average values of w and in Table 4.5(b) can also be predicted
reliably by Eqs. 4.2(b) and 4.4, respectively. Using these equations, w is 1.44 and is 1.15.
4.7
Equivalent Viscous Damping

The equivalent viscous damping, eq, can be computed for each brace based on the
energy dissipated in each hysteretic loop (Clough and Penzien 1993):
eq =
Ed
4 ( AAOB + ACOD ) 2
(4.5)
where Ed = energy dissipated per cycle while AAOB and ACOD are the areas of the triangles
shown in Figure 4.9.
The results were plotted after averaging the eq values at each deformation level. A
non-linear regression was then fitted to the data as follows:
eq

= c
D
by
(4.6)
where c is a constant obtained from the regression.

In Figure 4.10, data for all of the specimens is shown in the same plot, and in Figure
4.11, each specimen is plotted individually. Based on the correlation of the regression fits for
the individual specimens, Eq. 4.6 was developed and used for the composite plot in Figure
4.10. The value of c from the composite regression in Figure 4.10 is 29.3 while the average
value of the c values from each individual regression is 29.5. Therefore, the following
equation can be used to approximate the effective damping of the brace:
eq

= 29.3
D
by
(4.7)
150
Table 4.1 Specimen Fractures in the Low-cycle Fatigue Test

Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Fracture Cycle
18
1
No fracture (25 cycles 2 tests)
No fracture (25 cycles 1 test)
No fracture (30 cycles 1 test)
Table 4.2 Corrected Peak Longitudinal Brace Deformations (in.)

Cycle
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
1
0.39
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.39
0.84
0.84
0.84
0.84
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.63
2.45
2.45
1.64
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.06
3.52
3.52
4.22
4.21
2
0.40
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.41
0.86
0.86
0.86
0.86
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.65
2.47
2.47
1.65
3.18
3.17
3.16
3.16
3.16
3.72
3.71
4.42
4.41
3
0.31
0.32
0.32
0.33
0.33
0.33
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.77
1.58
1.57
1.57
1.57
2.39
2.39
1.57
3.28
3.26
3.26
3.26
3.26
-
Specimena
4
5
0.36
0.30
0.36
0.30
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.31
0.35
0.30
0.35
0.31
0.80
0.75
0.79
0.74
0.79
0.74
0.79
0.75
1.58
1.56
1.56
1.52
1.56
1.52
1.55
1.52
2.36
2.32
2.36
2.32
1.54
1.50
2.96
3.23
2.95
3.21
2.95
3.21
2.95
3.20
2.95
3.19
3.61
3.88
3.68
3.85
4.37
4.64
4.36
4.61
Standard Test Only
151
6
0.31
0.31
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.30
0.74
0.73
0.73
0.72
1.50
1.47
1.46
1.46
2.26
2.24
1.43
2.84
2.82
2.80
2.80
2.79
3.48
3.46
4.18
4.13
7
0.27
0.26
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.67
0.65
0.65
0.66
1.44
1.40
1.38
1.37
2.17
2.15
1.33
3.13
3.07
3.03
2.93
2.80
-
8
0.27
0.27
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
0.70
0.69
0.69
0.69
1.49
1.44
1.43
1.42
2.25
2.23
1.38
3.06
3.00
2.90
2.76
2.66
-
Table 4.3 Tension Strength Adjustment Factor Idealization

(a) Uncorrected
Specimen
w*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Average
1.404
1.365
1.299
1.356
1.316
1.323
1.289
1.294
1.331
Zone 1
m1 (10 )
59.2
49.7
33.1
64.7
37.4
39.2
30.5
32.0
43.2
-3
b1
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.03
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.14
1.12
Zone 2
m2 (10 )
31.4
34.7
36.0
31.9
35.1
32.4
38.1
36.1
34.5
b2
1.25
1.19
1.12
1.20
1.14
1.16
1.10
1.11
1.16
Zone 2
m2 (10 )
31.4
34.5
35.4
31.6
35.2
33.1
38.4
36.3
34.5
b2
1.25
1.19
1.14
1.22
1.15
1.18
1.14
1.15
1.18
-3
(b) Corrected
Specimen
w*
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Average
1.407
1.366
1.313
1.381
1.330
1.348
1.333
1.328
1.351
Zone 1
m1 (10 )
60.0
49.8
36.7
71.0
40.9
45.5
41.6
40.2
48.2
-3
152
b1
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.03
1.13
1.12
1.13
1.13
1.11
-3
Table 4.4 Compression Strength Adjustment Factor Idealization

(a) Uncorrected
Specimen m (10-3)
1
20.0
2
19.8
3
19.7
4
14.9
5
20.5
6
19.6
7
18.4
8
14.0
Average
18.4
(b) Corrected
Specimen m (10-3)
1
20.3
2
19.7
3
20.3
4
15.6
5
21.4
6
21.6
7
20.4
8
15.8
Average
19.4
b
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Table 4.5 Select Quantities at 1.5Dbm (=7.5Dby)

(a) Uncorrected
Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Average
w
1.48
1.45
1.39
1.44
1.40
1.40
1.38
1.38
1.42
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.11
1.15
1.15
1.14
1.10
1.14
w
1.70
1.67
1.59
1.60
1.62
1.61
1.57
1.53
1.61
(b) Corrected
Specimen
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Average
w
1.49
1.45
1.40
1.46
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.44
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.12
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.12
1.15
153
w
1.71
1.67
1.61
1.63
1.65
1.66
1.65
1.59
1.65
b
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
(a) East Re-used Gusset Plate
(b) Typical Specimen Knife Plate
Figure 4.1 Hole Elongation Sources
154

-10
-5
0
5
10
-15
15
2000
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
(a) Based on L1 Displacement Transducer
-15
2000

-10
-5
0
5
10
15
1000
-1000
-2000
-6
-4
-2
0
2
(b) Based on L4 Displacement Transducer (Corrected)
Figure 4.2 Specimen 7: Brace Force versus Deformation Comparison
155
20
0
200
600
1000
Time (sec)
1400
100
1200
80
1000
800
60
600
40
400
20
0
200
0
(a) Specimen 1
500
1000 1500
Time (sec)
200
150
100
50
0
200
100
0
Eh (1000 kip-in)
300
1400
1200
Did not 1000
fracture
800
600
400
200
0
500 1000
2000
3000
Time (sec)
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
300
200
100
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
Eh (1000 kip-in)
400
500
1000
Time (sec)
600
500
1400
1200
1000
Did not 800
fracture
600
400
200
0
1500
2000
1000
Time (sec)
1400
1200
1000
800
Did not
600
fracture
400
200
0
1500
2000
(f) Specimen 6
(e) Specimen 5
600
500
1400
1200
1000
Did not
800
fracture
600
400
200
0
1500
2000
(d) Specimen 4
400
Eh (1000 kip-in)
250
(c) Specimen 3
Eh (1000 kip-in)
800
Eh (1000 kip-in)
50
Eh (1000 kip-in)
1400
Did not 1200
fracture 1000
800
600
400
200
0
2000 2500
100
600
300
150
400
Time (sec)
(b) Specimen 2
200
200
500
400
300
200
100
0
(g) Specimen 7
500
1000
Time (sec)
1400
1200
1000
Did not 800
fracture
600
400
200
0
1500
2000
(h) Specimen 8
Figure 4.3 All Specimens: Eh and Time Histories
156
120
40
Eh (1000 kip-in)
60
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1400
Eh (1000 kip-in)
80
20
0
200
600
1000
Time (sec)
1400
100
1200
1000
80
800
60
600
400
40
20
0
(a) Specimen 1
500
1000 1500
Time (sec)
2000
200
150
100
50
0
100
0
Eh (1000 kip-in)
200
Eh (1000 kip-in)
300
1400
1200
Did not 1000
fracture
800
600
400
200
0
500 1000
2000
3000
Time (sec)
350
1400
300
1200
250
1000
200
800
150
Did not
fracture
100
50
0
300
200
100
0
500
1000
Time (sec)
500
1000
1500
Time (sec)
600
Eh (1000 kip-in)
400
400
0
2000
(f) Specimen 6
Eh (1000 kip-in)
500
1400
1200
1000
Did not 800
fracture
600
400
200
0
1500
2000
600
200
(e) Specimen 5
600
1000
Time (sec)
(d) Specimen 4
(c) Specimen 3
400
500
1400
1200
1000
Did not
fracture 800
600
400
200
0
1500
2000
250
Eh (1000 kip-in)
50
800
600
400
200
0
2500
Eh (1000 kip-in)
1400
Did not 1200
fracture 1000
100
600
300
150
400
Time (sec)
(b) Specimen 2
200
200
200
0
800
500
400
300
200
100
0
(g) Specimen 7
500
1000
Time (sec)
1400
1200
1000
Did not
800
fracture
600
400
200
0
1500
2000
(h) Specimen 8
Figure 4.4 All Specimens: Eh and Time Histories (Corrected)
157
120
40
Eh (1000 kip-in)
60
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1400
Eh (1000 kip-in)
80

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
2.0
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.404
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Dby
5Dby
1
2
3
0.5
Dby
1.5

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
2.0
1.299
1.0
0.5
0.0
Dby
0
5Dby
1
2
3
1.5
1.5

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
1.316
0.5
Dby
0
5Dby
Dby
1.5
1
2
3
4

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
0.5
Dby
5Dby
1
2
3

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
1.323
1.0
0.5
Dby
0
2.0
1.289
1
2
3
5Dby
1
2
3
(f) Specimen 6
1.0
0.0
5Dby
1.5
0.0
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
16
1.356
(e) Specimen 5
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
0.5
2.0
1.0
0.0
(d) Specimen 4
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
1
2
3
1.0
0.0
(c) Specimen 3
0
5Dby
(b) Specimen 2
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
16
1.0
(a) Specimen 1
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
1.365
1.5
0.0
1.5
(g) Specimen 7

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
1.294
1.0
0.5
0.0
Dby
0
5Dby
1
2
3
(h) Specimen 8
Figure 4.5 All Specimens: w versus Brace Deformation
158
16

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
2.0
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
1.407
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Dby
5Dby
1
2
3
0.5
Dby
1.5

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
2.0
1.313
1.0
0.5
0.0
Dby
0
5Dby
1
2
3
1.5

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
1.33
0.5
Dby
0
5Dby
1
2
3
Dby
1.5

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
0.5
Dby
5Dby
1
2
3

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
16
1.348
1.0
0.5
2.0
1.333
1
2
3
Dby
5Dby
1
2
3
(f) Specimen 6
1.0
0.0
5Dby
1.5
0.0
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
16
0.5
(e) Specimen 5
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
1.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
(d) Specimen 4
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
1
2
3
1.381
1.5
0.0
(c) Specimen 3
0
5Dby
(b) Specimen 2
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
w (= Tmax / Pyn)
2.0
16
1.0
(a) Specimen 1
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
1.366
1.5
0.0
1.5
(g) Specimen 7

2
4
6
8 10 12 14
1.328
1.0
0.5
0.0
Dby
0
5Dby
1
2
3
(h) Specimen 8
Figure 4.6 All Specimens: w versus Brace Deformation (Corrected)
159
16

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
1
2
3
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
1
2
3
4

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
(f) Specimen 6

2
4
6 8 10 12 14 16
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(e) Specimen 5
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
(d) Specimen 4
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(c) Specimen 3
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
1
2
3
4
(b) Specimen 2
(a) Specimen 1
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
(g) Specimen 7
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2 4
6 8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
(h) Specimen 8
Figure 4.7 All Specimens: versus Brace Deformation
160

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
1
2
3
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
(f) Specimen 6

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(e) Specimen 5
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
(d) Specimen 4
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(c) Specimen 3
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0
1
2
3
(b) Specimen 2
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(=Pmax /Tmax )
(a) Specimen 1

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
(g) Specimen 7
0
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
0

2
4
6
8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
(h) Specimen 8
Figure 4.8 All Specimens: versus Brace Deformation (Corrected)
161
Total Area = Ed
Area = AAOB
min
O
B
max
Area = ACOD
C
Figure 4.9 Model for the Calculation of the Effective Viscous Damping

4
6
8
10
12
14
16
70
60
eq (%)
50
40
30
c = 29.29
20
10
0
Figure 4.10 All Specimens combined: Equivalent Viscous Damping (Corrected)
162

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
c = 27.69
eq (%)
eq (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
c = 28.12
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
c = 28.85
1
2
3
4
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
c = 29.82
1
2
3
4
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
c = 31.14
1
2
3
4
(f) Specimen 6
eq (%)
eq (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
c = 30.65
(e) Specimen 5
0
1
2
3
4
(d) Specimen 4
eq (%)
eq (%)
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
c = 29
(c) Specimen 3
0
1
2
3
4
(b) Specimen 2
eq (%)
eq (%)
(a) Specimen 1
0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
1
2
3
4
(g) Specimen 7
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
c = 30.35
1
2
3
4
(h) Specimen 8
Figure 4.11 All Specimens individually: Equivalent Viscous Damping (Corrected)
163
5. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

5.1
Summary
A total of eight buckling-restrained brace subassemblage tests were conducted for Star
Seismic. The nominal yield strength for these eight specimens varied from 160 to 1200 kips.
Flat steel yielding (or core) plates were used for all specimens; A36 steel was specified for all
of the steel core plates.
Each specimen was pin-connected to gusset plates at each end, and cyclically tested by
imposing both longitudinal and transverse movements at one end by a shake table. Each
specimen was subjected to a Standard Loading Protocol (Figure 2.9), followed by high
amplitude Low-cycle Fatigue testing (Figure 2.10). The loading protocols were developed in
accordance with the proposed SEAOC-AISC Recommended Provisions for BucklingRestrained Brace Frames (2001). These protocols included both longitudinal deformations as
well as transverse (i.e. vertical) deformations imposed by a shake table; see Table 2.4 for the
imposed shake table amplitudes. One specimen was also subject to a simulated dynamic
response from the Northridge, Sylmar earthquake record.
The proposed SEAOC-AISC Recommendation requires that the tensile strength
adjustment factor (w), the compression strength adjustment factor (), and the cumulative
inelastic axial deformation () be reported. In this study, a procedure that can be used to
evaluate in a consistent manner was also proposed (Section 2.7).
5.2
Conclusions
Based on the test results, the following conclusions can be made.

(1) All specimens performed well under the Standard Loading Protocol, and no fracture was
observed.
(2) Two specimens fractured during the Low-cycle Fatigue testing; see Table 4.1 for the
fracture cycles. Prior to fracture, the hysteresis behavior was very stable.
(3) Prior to fracture, all specimens were able to accommodate an end rotation of at least
0.013 radians in the transverse direction.
164
(4) The tension strength adjustment factor (w) as a function of the brace axial deformation in
Figure 4.6 can be approximated by two straight lines, and Eq. 4.2 can be used to evaluate
the w value. Taking Dbm as 5Dby (the maximum value per SEAOC-AISC Recommended
Provisions), the average w value from Eq. 4.2b is 1.44 at a deformation level of 1.5Dbm
(=7.5Dby) for the specimens tested.
(5) The compression strength adjustment factor () as a function of the brace axial
deformation in Figure 4.8 can be approximated by a straight line. Based on Eq. 4.4, the
average value at a deformation of 1.5Dbm is 1.15. This value is smaller than the
limiting value of 1.3 in the SEAOC-AISC Recommended Provisions.
(6) Based on a normalized procedure outlined in Section 2.7, the value of cumulative
inelastic axial deformation reached in all test specimens ranged from 600 to 1,650. Only
Specimens 1 and 2 were tested to failure and reached values of 900 and 600,
respectively. The remaining specimens, which did not experience fracture, reached an
average of 1,180. Note that this value is significantly higher than that (140) required by
the SEAOC-AISC Recommended Provisions for uniaxial testing.
165
REFERENCES
(1) AISC, Manual of Steel Construction: Load & Resistance Factor Design, American
Institute of Steel Construction, Chicago, IL, 1998.
(2) Clark, P., Aiken, I., Kasai, K., Ko, E., and Kimura, I., Design procedures for buildings
incorporating hysteretic damping devices. Proceedings, 69th Annual Convention,
SEAOC, Sacramento, CA, 1999.
(3) Clough, R.W. and Penzien J., Dynamics of structures, McGraw-Hill, 2nd ed., 1993.
(4) Lopez, W.A., Design of unbonded braced frames.
Convention, 23-31, SEAOC, Sacramento, CA, 2001.
Proceedings, 70th Annual
(5) Reina, P. and Normile, D., Fully braced for seismic survival. Engineering News
Record, July 21, 34-36, 1997.
(6) Sabelli, R., Research on improving the design and analysis of earthquake-resistant steelbraced frames. The 2000 NEHRP Professional Fellowship Report, EERI, Oakland, CA,
2001.
(7) SEAOC-AISC, Recommended provisions for buckling-restrained braced frames,
Proposed, SEAOC and AISC, 2001.
(8) Shuhaibar, C., Lopez, W.A., and Sabelli, R., Buckling-restrained braced frames.
Proceedings, ATC-17-2, Seminar on Response Modification Technologies for
Performance-Based Seismic Design, ATC and MCEER, 321-328, 2002.
(9) Somerville, P., et al. Development of ground motion time histories for Phase 2. Report
No. SAC/BD-97/04, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, CA, 1997.
166
UCSD Testing Program: PowerCat Braces

Based on data for all braces
Average Brace Adjustment Factors
2.0
10by
1.5
( ) =
0 . 9315
0 . 145
0 . 2499 + 0 . 8953
y
>y
12.5by
1.0
15by
0.5
assumed backbone
curve
0.0
-3.0
-2.5
-2.0
-1.5
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
-0.5
15by
12.5by
-1.0
( ) =
-1.5
10by
-2.0
-2.5
Average Brace Strain (%)
0 .9181
0 .145
0 .4359 0 . 8549
y
<y
3.0

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STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS

SUBASSEMBLAGE TESTING OF STAR

Final Report to Star Seismic, LLC.

Department of Structural Engineering

University of California, San Diego

Report No. TR-2003/04

SUBASSEMBLAGE TESTING OF STAR SEISMIC

Final Report to Star Seismic, LLC.

Department of Structural Engineering

The relationship between the

Scope and Objectives ................................................................................................. 1

Test Specimens .......................................................................................................... 2

Material Properties ..................................................................................................... 2

Test Setup and Connection Details ............................................................................ 2

End Connections ........................................................................................................ 3

TEST RESULTS ............................................................................................................ 26

Test Set No. 1Specimens 1, 2, 3, and 4................................................................ 27

Test Set No. 2Specimens 5 and 6......................................................................... 29

Test Set No. 3Specimens 7 and 8......................................................................... 30

COMPARISON OF TEST RESULTS ....................................................................... 147

Fracture Mode ........................................................................................................ 147

Correction for Pinhole Elongation ......................................................................... 147

Hysteretic Energy, Eh, and Cumulative Inelastic Deformation, ......................... 148

Tension Strength Adjustment Factor, w................................................................. 148

Compression Strength Adjustment Factor, ......................................................... 149

Comparison at the SEAOC-AISC Limit State ....................................................... 149

Equivalent Viscous Damping................................................................................. 150

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS .......................................................................... 164

Summary ................................................................................................................ 164

Conclusions ............................................................................................................ 164

Figure 3.13 Specimen 1: w and w versus Deformation Level ............................................... 54

Figure 3.63 Specimen 4: Brace Response Envelope................................................................ 92

Area of yielding element

Deformation of brace in region L1 at Design Story Drift

Deformation of brace in region L1 when steel core first yields

Total hysteretic energy dissipated by brace

Youngs modulus of elasticity of steel

Measured yield strength of steel core (average of coupon tests)

Nominal yield strength of steel core

Measured tensile strength of steel core (average of coupon tests)

Brace length defined in Figure 2.12(a) for calculating end rotation

Total length of brace

Length of yielding element

Effective yield force

Actual resultant brace force

Maximum compression force

Actual yield force, FyaAyz

Nominal yield force, FynAyz

Material overstrength factor, Fya/Fyn

Maximum tensile force

Tension strength adjustment factor, Tmax/Pyn

Tension strength adjustment factor at 5Dby

Compression strength adjustment factor, Pmax/Tmax

Actual brace deformation recorded by linear transducer L1

Maximum axial deformation of brace in tension (end to end of brace)

Minimum axial deformation of brace in compression

Cumulative inelastic axial force deformation capacity, Eh/(DbyP*y)

Scope and Objectives

(The reinforcing in all

Test Setup and Connection Details

This loading sequence, defined as the Standard Loading Protocol herein,

Brace Axial Deformation,