Chapter 10

Sinusoidal Steady-State Analysis

2
Overview
Characteristics of sinusoids.
Forced response to sinusoidal functions
and complex functions.
The phasor and the phasor relationships
for R, L, and C.
Impedance and admittance.
Nodal analysis, superposition, source
transformations, and Thevenins theorem.
3
Characteristics of Sinusoids
4
Natural and Forced Response
The complete response of a linear circuit
is composed of two parts: the natural
response and the forced response.
Natural response: the short-lived transient
response of a circuit to a sudden change
in its condition.
Forced response: the long-term steady-
stead response of a circuit to any
independent sources present.
5
Characteristics of Sinusoids
Given a sinusoidal voltage
Amplitude: V
m
Argument:
Radian frequency or angular frequency:
Period: T
Frequency: f = 1/T (Hz)
( ) t V t v
m
sin ) ( =
T
f


2
2 = =
t

6
Characteristics of Sinusoids
The sinusoidal function
v(t) = V
m
sin t
7
Lagging and Leading
A more general form of the sinusoid
include a phase angle shift.
If the phase angle is positive, it is called a
phase leading.
If the phase angle is negative, it is called
a phase lagging.
( ) + = t V t v
m
sin ) (
8
Converting Sines to Cosines
t

t
t t
t t
t t




: Formula

sin )
2
cos(
cos )
2
sin(
cos ) cos(
sin ) sin(
m =
=
=
=
9
Example
) 30 5 sin( 6
) 10 5 cos( 5
2
1
o
o
=
+ =
t v
t v
Is v
1
leading or lagging v
2
?
10
Solution
o
o
o
o
o
o o
o
230 lagging
or
130 leading
) 30 5 sin( 6
) 260 5 sin( 5
) 100 5 sin( 5
) 90 10 5 sin( 5
) 10 5 cos( 5
2 1
2 1
2
1
v v
v v
t v
t
t
t
t v
=
=
+ =
+ + =
+ =
Normally, the difference in phase between two
sinusoids is expressed by that angle which is less
than or equal to 180in magnitude.
11
Forced Response to
Sinusoidal Signals
12
Steady-State Response
A series RL circuit is given:
t V Ri
dt
di
L
m
cos = +
13
Steady-State Response (contd.)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1
1 2 2 1
1 2 2 1
2 1 2 1
2 1

;
0 ; 0
0 cos sin
cos sin cos cos sin
cos
sin cos ) ( Assume
L R
LV
I
L R
RV
I
V RI LI RI LI
t V RI LI t RI LI
t V t I t I R t I t I L
t V Ri
dt
di
L
t I t I t i
m m
m
m
m
m

+
=
+
=
= + = +
= + + +

= + + +
= +
+ =
14
Steady-State Response (contd.)
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 1

) sin( ; ) cos(
sin cos
sin cos
sin ) sin( cos ) cos(
) cos( ) ( Assume
L R
LV
A
L R
RV
A
t
L R
LV
t
L R
RV
t I t I
t A t A
t A t i
m m
m m

+
=
+
=
+
+
+
=
+ =
+ =
=
A more compact and user-friendly form:
15
Steady-State Response (contd.)
|

\
|

+
=
+
=
+
=
|

\
|
+
+
|

\
|
+
=
=
+
=
+
=
=

R
L
t
L R
V
t i
L R
V
A
L R
V
L R
LV
L R
RV
A
R
L
L R
LV
A
L R
RV
A
t A t i
m
m
m m m
m m

tan cos ) (



tan

) sin( ; ) cos(
) cos( ) (
1
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2

16
Real and Imaginary Forcing Functions
( ) + t jV
m
sin
+
_
( ) + t jI
m
sin
Network
~
( ) + t V
m
cos
+
_
( ) + t I
m
cos
Network
~
17
Complex Forcing Function
( )
( )
) (
sin
cos



+
=
+
+ +
t j
m
m
m
e I
t jI
t I


( )
( )
) (
sin
cos



+
=
+ +
+
t j
m
m
m
e V
t jV
t V



+
_
Network
~
18
Complex Forcing Functions: Example
( )

+
=
= +
t j
m
t j
m
e I i
e V Ri
dt
di
L


19
Complex Forcing Functions: Example
( )
( ) ( )
R
L
L R
V
I
L j R
V
e I
V e LI j e RI
e V e j LI e RI
e I i
e V Ri
dt
di
L
m
m
m
j
m
m
j
m
j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m

1
2 2 2
tan ,

+ +
+
=
+
=

+
=
= +
= +
=
= +




20
Homework
10.1, 10.3, 10.6, 10.23, 10.25, 10.27
21
Phasor
22
Phasor Transformation
{ }

+ =
+
m
j
m
t j
m
m
I I
e I I
e I t i
t I t i
) (
Re ) (
) cos( ) (


23
Example
Transform each function to its phasor form:
) 110 600 sin( 5 ) 600 cos( 3 ). 2
) 100 580 sin( 5 ). 1
o
o
+

t t
t


24
Solution
Transform them to a single sinusoidal
function with a positive magnitude.
o o
o o o
10 5 ) 10 580 cos( 5
) 90 100 580 cos( 5 ) 100 580 sin( 5 ). 1
= =
+ =
t
t t


25
Solution (contd.)
o
o o
o
o
135
6985 . 1
7101 . 1
tan , 4103 . 2
) 600 cos(
4103 . 2
6985 . 1
) 600 sin(
4103 . 2
7101 . 1
4103 . 2
) 600 cos( 6985 . 1 ) 600 sin( 7101 . 1
) 110 sin( ) 600 cos( 5 ) 110 cos( ) 600 sin( 5 ) 600 cos( 3
) 110 600 sin( 5 ) 600 cos( 3
sin cos cos sin ) sin(
: Formula
) 110 600 sin( 5 ) 600 cos( 3 ). 2
1
=

= =
|

\
|
=
=
=
+
+ = +
+

t t
t t
t t t
t t
t t
26
Exercise
Transform the following function into
phasor form:
( )
( ) ( )
o o
o
100 4 sin 4 30 4 cos 8 . 2
110 580 sin 5 . 1
+

t t
t
Answer
o
o
9 . 47 46 . 4 . 2
20 5 . 1


27
Exercise Answer
28
10.5 Phasor Relationships for
R, L and C
29
Resistor Phasor Relation
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
: general in
or
) ( , ) (
) ( ) (






= =
=
= =
=
+ +
+ +
m m
j
m
j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
RI V e RI e V
e RI e V
e I t i e V t v
t Ri t v
I V R =
30
Example
o
o
o
o
o
50 2
4
50 8 V
I
) 50 100 cos( 2
4
) 50 100 cos( 8 ) (
) (
4 ), 50 100 cos( 8 ) (
=

= =
=

= =
= =
R
t
t
R
t v
t i
R t t v
31
Inductor Phasor Relation
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
: general in
or
) ( , ) (
) (

= =
=
= =
=
+ +
+ +
m m
j
m
j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
LI j V e LI j e V
e LI j e V
e I t i e V t v
dt
di
L t v
I V L j =
32
Example
Determine the phasor current and time-domain
current for a 4H inductor with input voltage
100rad/s. frequency a at 8 V
o
50 =
) 140 100 cos( 02 . 0 ) (
140 02 . 0 90 50 02 . 0
4 100
50 8
I
or
o
o o o
o
=
= =

= =
= =
t t i
j L j
V
LI j V e LI j e V
m m
j
m
j
m

Solution:
33
Capacitor Phasor Relation
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
: general in
or
) ( , ) (
) (

= =
= =
= =
=
+ +
+ +
m m
j
m
j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
t j
m
CV j I e CV j e I
e CV j e I
e I t i e V t v
dt
dv
C t i
V I C j =
34
Kirchhoffs Laws Using Phasors
Both Kirchhoffs voltage law and
Kirchhoffs current law can be applied
to phasor voltages and phasor currents
as in the time domain.
0
0
=
=

loop
node
V
I
35
Example
|

\
|

+
=
+
=
= +
=

R
L
L R
V
L j R
L j R
V
m s
s
m s

1
2 2 2
tan
0 If
V
I
V I I
V
o
36
Exercise
In the circuit below, find (a) I
S
; (b) V
S
; (c) i
R
(t).
o o
53 3 and , 28 2 . 1 rad/s, 1200 Assume = = =
L C
I I
Answer ( )
o o o
42 . 17 1200 cos 99 . 3 (c) , 74.5 34.9 (b) , 31 33 . 2 (a) + t
37
Exercise: Solutions
o
o o
o
o
o
5 . 74 9 . 34 10
) 17 1200 cos( 99 . 3 ) ( 17 99 . 2
31 33 . 2
62 2
1200 10 25 20
28 2 . 1
20
6
20
= + =
+ = = + =
= + =
=

= = =

L R s
R L s R
C s
C C
C
I Lj I V
t t i I I I
I I I
j RCj
I
I
C j
I
V

38
Homework
10.31, 10.32, 10.34, 10.35, 10.37
39
Impedance
Recall phasor relations for R, L and C:
The ratio of the phase voltage to the phasor
current is defined as impedance, denoted as Z.
The real part of the impedance is called
resistance, the imaginary part of the impedance
is called the reactance.
C j
L j R
C j
L j R

1
I
V
,
I
V
,
I
V
I
V , I V , I V
= = =
= = =
40
Impedance (contd.)
C j
Z
L j Z
R Z
C
L
R

1
=
=
=
Impedance for R, L and C:
41
Admittance
The ratio of the phase current to the
phasor voltage is defined as admittance,
denoted as Y = 1 / Z.
The real part of the admittance is called
conductance (G), the imaginary part of the
impedance is called the susceptance (B).
42
Series and Parallel Combinations
The impedances may be combined in
series and parallel by the same rules as
for resistances.
N eq
N eq
Z Z Z Z Z
Z Z Z Z Z
1
...
1 1 1 1
: Parallel
... : Series
3 2 1
3 2 1
+ + + + =
+ + + + =
43
Example
Determine the equivalent impedance of
the network shown below at an operating
frequency of 5 rad/s.
44
Solution
( )
( )
( )
o
2 . 49 51 . 6
929 . 4 255 . 4
10 j8.602 0.02655
10 j8.602 0.02655

10 || 10
4 . 0 6
4 . 0 6

10 || 10 4 . 0 || 6
=
+ =
+ +
+
=
|
|

\
|
+

=
+ =
j
j j
j
j
j j j R
eq
45
Exercise
With reference to the network below, find the
input impedance that would be measured
between terminals: (a) a and g; (b) b and g; (c) a
and b.
Answer (a) 2.81 + j 4.49 ; (b) 1.798 j 1.124 ; (c) 0.1124 j 3.82
46
Exercise: Answer
47
Example
Find the current i(t) in the circuit shown
below.
48
Solution
49
Solution (contd.)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
o
o
o
o
o
87 . 126 3000 cos 16
mA 87 . 126 16
87 . 36 5 . 2
90 40
k 87 . 36 5 . 2 2 1 // 1 5 . 1
=
=

= =
= + + =
t t i
k j k k j k Z
eq
s
eq
Z
V
I
50
Exercise
In the frequency-domain circuit, find I
1
, I
2
, and I
3
.
Answer
o o o
0 20 , 90 20 , 45 3 . 28
51
Exercise Answer
52
Homework
10.41, 10.43, 10.44, 10.45, 10.49, 10.55
53
Nodal/Mesh/Supposition in Phasor
54
Nodal Analysis
Both Kirchhoffs laws are valid for phasors.
We have an Ohm-like law for the passive
elements V = ZI.
The laws upon which nodal analysis rests
are true for phasors. Therefore, we may
analyze circuits by nodal techniques in the
sinusoidal steady state.
55
Example
Find the time-domain nodal voltages in the
circuit below.
56
Solution
( ) ( )
o o
o o
o
o
6 . 116 cos 47 . 4 ) ( 4 . 63 cos 24 . 2 ) (
6 . 116 47 . 4 4 . 63 24 . 2
0 90 5 . 0
10 5 10 5
: 2 Node
0
10 5 10 5
0 1 : 1 Node
2 1
2 1
2 2 2 1 2 1
2 1 2 1 1 1
+ = =
= =
=

t t v t t v
j j j
j j j

V V
V V V V V V
V V V V V V
57
Exercise
Use nodal analysis on the circuit below to find
V
1
and V
2
.
Answer
o o
0 5 1.593 3 . 23 062 . 1
58
Exercise: Answer
59
Other Analysis Techniques
Superposition, source transformations,
and Thevenins theorem can also be
applied to phasors.
60
Example
Use superposition to find V
1
for the circuit
below.
61
Solution
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) [ ]
V 2 1
V 1
2 4 10
2 4
2 4 10 // 4 2 90 5 . 0
V 2 2 4 2 10 // 2 4 0 1
1 1 1
1
1
j
j j
j
j j j
j j j j
R L
R
L
= + =
=
+

+ + =
= + + =
V V V
V
V
o
o
62
Exercise
Use superposition to find V
1
.
Answer 0.975 + j 0.42 V
63
Exercise Answer
64
Example
Determine the Thevenin equivalent seen
by the j10 impedance, and use this to
compute V
1
.
65
Solution
( )( ) ( )( ) V 3 6 4 2 90 5 . 0 2 4 0 1 j j j
oc
= + =
o o
V
( ) ( ) = + + = 2 6 4 2 2 4 j j j
th
Z
66
Solution (contd.)
( ) V 2 1 2 4
A 3 . 0 4 . 0 0 1
A 3 . 0 6 . 0
10 2 6
3 6
1 1
12 1
12
j j
j
j
j j
j
= =
= =
+ =
+

=
I V
I I
I
o
67
Exercise
In the circuit below, find the open-circuit
voltage V
ab
, the downward current in a short
circuit between a and b, and the Thevenin-
equivalent impedance Z
ab
.
Answer
+ 5 5 . 2 A; 5 . 1 6 . 2 V; 4 . 33 77 . 16 j j
o
68
Exercise Answer
69
Comments
In above discussions, we have considered either
single-source circuits or multiple-source circuits
in which every source operates at the exact
same frequency. This is necessary in order to
define specific impedance values for inductive
and capacitive elements.
In circuits with multiple sources operating at
different frequencies, we can employ
superposition to determine the voltages and
currents due to each source, and then add the
results in the time-domain.
70
Example
Determine the power dissipated by the 10
resistor.
Note: the two sources operating at different frequencies.
71
Solution
( )mA 03 . 82 5 cos 23 . 79
mA 03 . 82 23 . 79
4 . 0 10
4 . 0
0 2
'
'
o
o o
=
=
(

=
t i
j j
j
I
72
Solution (contd.)
( )
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] W 86 . 76 3 cos 7 . 811 03 . 82 5 cos 23 . 79 10
mA 86 . 76 3 cos 7 . 811
mA 86 . 76 7 . 811
667 . 1 667 . 0 10
667 . 1
0 5
2
2
' ' '
' '
' '

o o
o
o o
+ =
+ =
=
=
(

=
t t
R i i p
t i
j j
j
I
73
Exercise
Determine the current i through the 4
resistor.
Answer ( ) ( )mA 16 . 43 5 cos 1 . 547 55 . 20 2 cos 6 . 175
o o
+ = t t i
74
Exercise Answer
75
Phasor Diagram
76
Phasor Diagram
Phasor diagram is a sketch in the complex
plane showing the relationships of the
phasor voltages and phasor currents
throughout a specific circuit.
77
Example
V 1 . 53 10 8 6
1
o
= + = j V
78
Example (contd.)
V 4 3 V 8 6
2 1
j j = + = V V
79
Example (contd.)
Note: the phasor
voltage and the
phasor current have
its own amplitude
scale, but a common
angle scale. Plotting
both phasors on the
same diagram
enables us to easily
determine which
waveform is leading
and which is lagging.
80
Time-Domain Viewpoint
The frequency-domain phasor appears on the diagram,
and the transformation to the time-domain is
accomplished by allowing the phasor to rotate in a
counterclockwise direction at an angular velocity of and
then visualizing the projection on the real axis.
81
Example
82
Example
83
Homework
10.63, 10.65, 10.76, 10.78, 10. 80, 10.91