Slide 1

The Transistor as a voltage-controlled resister npn bipolar transistor collector base current out emitter control knob

2N2222 ebc
6.071 Bipolar Transistors

current in
1

Slide 2

The Diode

I(A)

0.6V

V (volts)

As described, but turns on at 0.6V (for a Si diode).

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 3

collector base

Transistor Properties

emitter
IC = I B I E = IC + I B = (1 + )I B VBE = VB VE = +0.6V

Normally off (base/emitter reverse biased), small input current and voltage relative to emitter turns it on, switching and amplifying
6.071 Bipolar Transistors

~ 100, but changes with temperature and with VCE

Slide 4

VCC

Transistor Switch collector current depends on the voltage drop across the bulb.

R on off 10 k

IC I B
since the transistor state depends on the base current, leaving the base open circuited would eventually shut down the transistor, but this is sloppy.
4

IB =

VCC VBE R

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 5

Transistor Switch

IB

VCC = IR + VBE

VCC

IB =
VBE

IC =

VCC VBE R

VCC VBE R

VBE = 0.6V

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 6

Emitter Follows as a Current Source #1 +10V

+10V

V in
load 1k -10V What is Vout? Vout = Vin - 0.6V If the base/emitter is forward biased

Vin
1k -10V

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 7

Emitter Follows as a Current Source #2 What is V when the transistor is off? out high impedance

+10V

+10V

Vin
1k -10V 1k

1k -10V 1k

1k

-5V 1k

-10V

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 8

Emitter Follows as a Current Source #3 At what base voltage does it turn off? +10V

Vin
1k -10V 1k

VBE = 0.6V Vin = 4.4V

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 9

Emitter Follows as a Current Source #4 +10V

+10V

Vin
1k -10V 1k

V in
-10V

Vout

Vin

V 0.6V; Vin 4.4V Vout = in 5V; Vin < 4.4V

6.071 Bipolar Transistors 9

Slide 10
Biasing 1 Often signals are AC (or capacitively) coupled into amplifier stages. Note a single sided voltage supply can not amplify the negative inputs.

+VCC
Vin
R

Vin

Vout

VB
6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Vout
10

Slide 11
Biasing 2 Solve this by adding a DC to the base to shift the signal so that there is no clipping and AC coupling the output.

VCC
R1
select VCC = 15V want R1 || R2 << RE

Vin
R2 RE

Vout

Rule: make the impedance of the source small compared to the load it drives.
6.071 Bipolar Transistors

R1|| R2 is the impedance of the current source used to drive the transistor, RE is the effective impedance of the base of the transistor.

11

Slide 12
Biasing 3 VCC=15V, R1|| R2<<RE want the output to swing 7.5V select RE. RE = 7.5k. quiescent current into base = 1mA. VE @ (= 0) = 7.5V (allows Vout 7.5V) then VB = VE + 0.6V = 8.1V

VCC
R1

Vin
R2 RE

Vout

8.1V R2 = R1 + R2 15V

or

R1 1 = R2 1.17

R1|| R2<<RE<<100 7.5k. R1 = 130k, R2 = 150k.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

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Slide 13
Demo: BJT Emitter Follower #1
dual voltage source oscillator Frequency amplitude Vin

12V 33k 1k Input #1 Vin Vout time trigger time oscilloscope time-base display
13

Vout

Input #2

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 14
Demo: BJT Emitter Follower #2
dual voltage source oscillator Frequency amplitude Vin

12V 33k 1k Input #1 Vout Vin oscilloscope x,y display Vout

Input #2

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

14

Slide 15

Emitter Follower VCC VB The output voltage is almost the base voltage, with a 0.6 V cutoff. Notice the change in impedance.

Vout = VB 0.6V
Rin = Rload
Rload

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

15

Slide 16
The Emitter Follows Has Unit Voltage Gain;

+VCC
Vin
R

Is it Useless?

Vin = Vout

Vout

Note: I E =

Vout Vin = R R

VCC
P = IV

and I B =

Vin I E = 1 + R(1 + )

P = in

2 Vin V2 ;Pout = in R(1 + ) R

There is a gain in Power of . The effective base resistance is R.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors 16

Slide 17
Dont design with

VCC

RE
Vin
RE

Vout

Here the quiescent point was selected by bleeding a small amount of current into the base. Now the operating point depends critically on which varies tremendously from device to device and with temperature.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

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Slide 18

Problem: Look at last circuit as is varied from 100 to 200.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

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Slide 19

VCC

Current Source
The base voltage controls the current through the load up to the limit of VCC.

Rload

VB VE R

VE = VB 0.6V V IE = E R
VB 0.6V R IC I E , for large Iload = IC =
19

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 20

Common Emitter #1 VCC R1 Vin RC VC The common emitter configuration provides a (negative) voltage gain. (1) Set the quiescent current such that VC = VCC/2 Want a voltage drop of VC over RC.

IC = Iq =
R2 RE

VC Vout = ; RC RC

IB =

Vin I = C RE

Vout RC = Vin RE
20

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 21

Common Emitter VCC R1 Vin RC So RC = VCC/(2 Iq). Gain = -RC/RE VC RE is necessary for stability, otherwise there is a small resistance rtr ~ 0.026V/IE, but this is very temperature sensitive. R2 RE

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

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Slide 22
Rule for robust control

source

load

If the source output impedance is much lower than the load input impedance than the circuit performance will be independent of load variation. Therefore in a multi-stage device, if we use a FET as the building blocks of the load, the input impedance of the load will be high and we will have a robust circuit.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

22

Slide 23
Voltage Transfer

Rth Vth RL

VL =

RL Vth RL + Rth

so if VL~Vth Rth << RL

For efficient voltage transfer, keep the load impedance larger than the source impedance. Two exceptions: Radio Frequency circuits, Zsource=Zload (provide maximum power transfer) Coupling currents rather than voltages.
6.071 Bipolar Transistors 23

Slide 24
Current Transfer
IL IN RN RL

IL =

RN I RL + RN N

so if IL~IN RN >> RL

For efficient current transfer keep the load impedance small compared to the source impedance.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

24

Slide 25
Power Transfer #1
Rth Vth RL

VL =
I=

RL V RL + Rth th

Vth ( RL + Rth )

PL = VL I =

2 RL Vth Vth RL = Vth (RL + Rth ) (RL + Rth ) (RL + Rth )2

PL

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Rth

RL

25

Slide 26
Power Transfer #2
IL IN RN RL

IL =

RN I R L + RN N

2 PL = I L RL =

(RL + RN )2

2 2 R N I N RL

PL

RN
6.071 Bipolar Transistors

RL
26

Slide 27
Unity-gain phase splitter goal: from an AC signal generate a copy and its inverse. 20V 4.7k 150k
Vout = Vin (+) + Vout = Vin (+)

Vin (+)
56k 4.7k

+ Vout emitter follows

unity gain

Vout common emitter

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

with RC=RE, gain=-1

27

Slide 28
Biasing Unity-gain phase splitter

20V 4.7k 150k 56k 5.6V 15V 5V 4.7k choose VE = 5V VB = 5.6V since IC ? IE, there is a drop of 5V over both 4.7k resistors.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

28

Slide 29

Darlington Pair

1 2

1 2

Useful for large current applications, and high input impedance. They are slow, however. Base to Emitter drop is 1.2 V.
6.071 Bipolar Transistors 29

Slide 30

Transistor AND Gate 6V Ain Transistors form the basis of logic gates, and of integrated circuits.

Bin out

Ain low low high high

Bin low high low high

out low low low high

30

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

Slide 31

Transistor OR Gate 6V Ain Ain low low high high Bin low high low high out low high high high

Bin

out

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

31

Slide 32

Properties of Bipolar Transistors (current gain) is not a parameter, it varies with everything. IC,max - maximum collector current rating. BVCBO - maximum collector to base voltage. BVCEO - maximum collector to emitter voltage. VEBO - emitter to base breakdown voltage. PD - maximum collector power dissipation.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

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Slide 33

Datasheet of 2N2222 (1 of 3)

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

33

Slide 34

Datasheet of 2N2222 (2 of 3)

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

34

Slide 35

Datasheet of 2N2222 (3 of 3)

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

35

Slide 36
Voltage Regulator Zeners are diodes that have I variable resistance. Specifically, zeners have a constant current output over a range of input V voltages. Thus, by providing a constant current to a circuit, zeners can be used as voltage regulators. RE Vin Vout = Vzener

Real Zener

Ideal Zener

A simple voltage regulator. Poor ripple suppression, requires a zener with high power rating, and variations with load impedance.
6.071 Bipolar Transistors

36

Slide 37

Voltage Regulator Vout = Vzener-0.6 V R Rload Vzener Emitter follower configuration. Base current is only 1/ of supply current. RC filter reduces ripple.

Vin

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

37

Slide 38

Switching inductive loads

The voltage kick from interrupting current flow in an inductor can lead to voltage breakdown in the transistor. A backwards diode across the inductive load shorts this out.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

38

Slide 39

VCC R1 VB C1 R2

Common Collector Amplifier An amplifier with a current gain (no voltage gain) and offset to avoid clipping negative inputs. C2 RE Rload R1 and R2 provide the DC offset and C1 acts as a filter (so inputs do not disturb quiescent point).

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

39

Slide 40

VCC R1
VB

Common Collector Amplifier 1. choose a quiescent current, 1 mA 2. VE = Vcc/2 (allows the largest symmetric input).

C1 R2

C2 RE Rload

RE =

VCC 2 VCC 2 = 1mA IQ

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

40

Slide 41

VCC R1

Common Collector Amplifier 3. Set the quiescent current via R1 & R2.

R1 VCC VB VCC VE 0.6V = = VE + 0.6V R2 VB

C2
recall:

C1 R2

VE = VCC 2
base E

RE

So, forget 0.6V and R1 = R2 Rload Note that R = R , so R1||R2<< RE

prevents the quiescent point from shifting with load.

6.071 Bipolar Transistors 41

Slide 42

VCC R1
VB

Common Collector Amplifier 4. Choose coupling capacitors The effective AC input resistance

Rin = R1 R2 (RE Rload )

1

C1 R2

C2 RE

C1 and Rin form a high-pass filter

C1 =

Rload Rload

3dB Rin

C2 and Rload also form a high-pass filter

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

C2 =

3dB Rload
42

Slide 43

Common Collector Amplifier VCC R1 VB base voltage

C1 R2 RE

C2 Rload

output

frequency response

6.071 Bipolar Transistors

43