Maximum Influence at a Point Due to a Series of Concentrated Loads

F1
A

F3

F2
x1

x2

B
C
a

VC

b
(b/L)
x
(-a/L)

MC

ab/L
x

120

F3

F2

F1

x1

x2

B
C
a

VC

b
(b/L)

V2 '

V3'

(-a/L)
MC

ab/L M
2'

M 3'

(VCR )' = F1 (b / L) + F2 (V2 ' ) + F3 (V3' )

(VCL )' = F1 (a / L) + F2 (V2 ' ) + F3 (V3' )
M ' = F1 (ab / L) + F2 ( M 2 ' ) + F3 ( M 3' )

121

F1

F3

F2
x1

x2

B
C
a

b
(b/L)

VC

V3''

MC

V1''

(-a/L)

M 1''

ab/L

M 3 ''

x
(VCR )' ' = F1V1'' + F2 (b / L) + F3 (V3'' )
(VCL )' ' = F1V1'' + F2 (a / L) + F3 (V3'' )
M ' ' = F1M 1'' + F2 (ab / L) + F3 ( M 3'' )

122

F1

F3

F2
x1

x2

B
C
a

b
(b/L)

VC

x
V2 '''

MC

(-a/L)

M 2 '''

ab/L
x

(VCR )' ' ' = F2V2 '' + F3 (b / L)

(VCL )' ' ' = F2V2 ''' + F3 (a / L)
M ' ' ' = F2 M 2 ''' + F3 (ab / L)

123

 Shear

4 kN
1 kN
1m
A

6 kN
3m

2m

6m

0.75
VC
x
-0.25

124

Case 1
4 kN
1 kN
1m

6 kN
3m

2m

0.75
VC

6m

0.625
0.25
x

-0.25

(VC)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 6(0.25) = 4.75 kN

125

Case 2
4 kN
1 kN
1m

6 kN
3m

2m

6m

0.75
VC

0.375
x
-0.125

-0.25
(VC)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 6(0.25) = 4.75 kN

(VC)2 = 1(-0.125) + 4(0.75) + 6(0.375) = 5.125 kN

V1-2 = 5.125 - 4.75 = 0.375 kN
126

Case 3
4 kN
1 kN
1m

6 kN
3m
A

2m

6m

0.75
VC
x
-0.25

(VC)2 = 1(-0.125) + 4(0.75) + 6(0.375) = 5.125 kN

(VC)3 = 6(0.75) = 4.5 kN

V2-3 = 4.5 - 5.125 = - 0.625 kN
(VC)max = (VC)2 = 5.125 kN

127

The critical position of the loads can be determined in a more direct manner by finding
the change in shear, V, which occurs when the load are moved from Case 1 to Case 2,
then from Case 2 to Case 3, and so on.If the slope of the influence line is s, then
(y2 - y1) = s(x2 - x1), and therefore
V = Ps (x2 - x1)

----------(6-1)

Sloping Line

If the load moves past a point where there is a discontinuity or jump in the influence
line, as point C, then the change in shear is simply
V = P (y2 - y1)

----------(6-2)

Jump

128

4 kN
1 kN
1m

6 kN
3m

2m

C
0.75

VC

6m
s = 1/8
x

-0.25
(VC)1 = 1(0.75) + 4(0.625) + 6(0.25) = 4.75 kN
V1-2 = 1(-0.25 - 0.75) + 1(1/8)(1) + 4(1/8)(1) + 6(1/8)(1) = 0.375 kN
(VC)2 = (VC)1 + V1-2 = 4.75 + 0.375 = 5.125 kN
129

4 kN
1 kN
1m

6 kN
3m

2m

C
0.75

VC

6m
s = 1/8
x

-0.25

V2-3 = 1(1/8)(1) + 4(-0.25-0.75) + 4(1/8)(2) + 6(1/8)(3) = -0.625 kN

(VC)3 = (VC)2 + V2-3 = 5.125 -0.625 = 4.5 kN
130

4 kN
1 kN
1m

Moment
A

3m

2m

MC

6 kN

6m

(2)(6)/8 = 1.5
x

131

4 kN
1 kN
1m

Case 1

6 kN
3m

2m

MC

1.5

6m

1.25

0.5
x

(MC)1 = 1(1.5) + 4(1.25) + 6(0.5) = 9.5 kNm

132

4 kN
1 kN
1m

Case 2

6 kN
3m

2m

MC
0.75

1.5

6m

0.75
x
(MC)1 = 1(1.5) + 4(1.25) + 6(0.5) = 9.5 kNm

(MC)2 = 1(0.75) + 4(1.5) + 6(0.75) = 11.25 kNm

M1-2 = 11.25 - 9.5 = 1.75 kNm

133

6 kN

Case 3 4 kN
1 kN
1m

3m
A

2m

MC

6m

1.5
x

(MC)3 = 6(1.5) = 9 kNm

M2-3 = 9 - 11.25 = -2.25 kNm
(MC)max = (MC)2 = 11.25 kNm
134

We can also use the foregoing methods to determine the critical position of a series of
concentrated forces so that they create the largest internal moment at a specific point in
a structure. Of course, it is first necessary to draw the influence line for the moment at
the point and determine the slopes s of its line segments. For a horizontal movement
(x2 - x1) of a concentrated force P, the change in moment, M, is equivalent to the
magnitude of the force times the change in the influence-line ordinate under the load,
that is

M = Ps (x2 - x1)

----------(6-3)

Sloping Line

135

4 kN
1 kN
1m

6 kN
3m

2m
MC

6m

1.5
x
(MC)1 = 1(1.5) + 4(1.25) + 6(0.5) = 9.5 kNm

1.5
1.5
M 1 2 = 1( )(1) + ( 4 + 6)( )(1) = 1.75 kN m
2
6

( M C ) 2 = ( M C )1 + M 12 = 9.5 + 1.75 = 11.25 kN m

136

4 kN
1 kN
1m

6 kN
3m

2m
MC

6m

1.5
x
(MC)2 = 11.25 kNm

M 2 3 = 1(

1.5
1.5
1 .5
)(1) + 4( )(2) + 6( )(3) = 2.25 kN m
2
2
6

( M C )3 = ( M C ) 2 + M 23 = 11.25 2.25 = 9 kN m

137

Example 6-9
Determine the maximum shear created at point B in the beam shown in the figure
below due to the wheel loads of the moving truck.
15 kN

9 kN
4 kN
B

4m

10 kN

4m

1m

2m

2m

138

SOLUTION
4 kN
1m
B

2m

10 kN
2m
C

4m

4m
VB

15 kN

9 kN

Case 1

0.5

0.375

0.125
x

-0.5
VBR = 4(0.5) + 9(0.375) + 15(0.125) = 7.25 kN
VBL = 4(-0.5) + 9(0.375) + 15(0.125) = 3.25 kN
139

Case 2
15 kN

9 kN
4 kN
1m
B

2m

10 kN
2m
C

4m

4m
0.5

VB

0.25
x

-0.375

-0.5

VBR = 4(-0.375) + 9(0.5) + 15(0.25) + 10(0) = 6.75 kN

VBL = 4(-0.375) + 9(-0.5) + 15(0.25) + 10(0) = -2.25 kN
140

Case 3
15 kN

9 kN
4 kN
1m

2m

10 kN
2m

4m

4m
0.5

VB

0.25
x
-0.125

-0.25

-0.5

VBR = 4(-0.125) + 9(-0.25) + 15(0.5) + 10(0.25) = 7.25 kN

VBL = 4(-0.125) + 9(-0.25) + 15(-0.5) + 10(0.25) = -7.75 kN
141

Case 4
15 kN

9 kN
4 kN
1m

2m

10 kN
2m
B

4m

4m
0.5

VB

x
-0.25

-0.5

VBR = 9(0) + 15(-0.25) + 10(0.5) = 1.25 kN

VBL = 9(0) + 15(-0.25) + 10(-0.5) = -8.75 kN
The maximum shear created at point B is -8.75 kN
142

Example 6-10
Determine the maximum positive moment and negative moment created at point
B in the beam shown in the figure below due to the wheel loads of the crane.
8 kN

4 kN

3 kN
3m

2m

B
A

C
2m

3m

2m

143

SOLUTION
Positive moment
4 kN

8 kN
3 kN
3m

2m
A

CASE I

B
2m

MB

C
3m

2m

2(3)/5 = 1.2
x
-0.8
MB = 3(1.2) + 8(0) = 3.6 kNm

144

8 kN

4 kN

3 kN
3m

2m

A
CASE II

2m

MB

3m

2m

1.2
0.4
x
-0.8
MB = 8(1.2) + 3(0.4) = 10.8 kNm

145

8 kN

4 kN

3 kN
3m

A
CASE III

2m

MB

2m

3m

2m

1.2
x
-0.8
MB = 4(1.2) + 8(0) + 3(-0.8) = 2.4 kNm

The maximum positive moment created at point B is 10.8 kNm

146

 Negative moment

8 kN

4 kN

3 kN
3m

2m

MB

2m

3m

CASE I

2m

1.2
0.4
x
-0.8
MB = 8(-0.8) + 4(0.4) = -4.8 kNm

147

8 kN

4 kN

3 kN
3m

2m

MB

2m

3m

CASE II

2m

1.2
x
-0.8
MB = 4(-0.8) = -3.2 kNm

The maximum negative moment created at point B is - 4.8 kNm

148

Absolute Maximum Shear and Moment

FR
F2 CL
x x' x

F1

F3

B
2

Ay

x'

d1

d2

L/2

L/2

By

M B = 0 :

Ay =

1
L
( FR )[ ( x ' x)]
L
2

149

F1

d1
M 2 = 0 :

M2

(L/2 - x)

V2

1
L
Ay = ( FR )[ ( x ' x)]
L
2

F3

For maximum M2 we require

B
2

Ay

x'

d1

2F x F x '
dM 2
= R + R =0
dx
L
L
x=

d2

L/2

1
L
L
( FR )[ ( x ' x)]( x) F1d1
L
2
2

FR L FR x ' FR x 2 FR xx '

+
F1d1
M2 =
4
2
L
L

FR

F2 CL
x x' x

F1

L
M 2 = Ay ( x) F1d1
2

L/2

x'
2

By

L
150

FR
CL

F1

B
L/2

L/2

F2
x1

x2 x

F3

x2

x1 + x

151

CL
FR
F2 b

F1
x1

FR

x2

F3

x
2

b
L
a

F2 b

F1
x1

x2

x
2

F3

b
b

ab / L = M 2 ''
M 1''

M 3 ''

x
M S 1 = F1M 1'' + F2 M 2 '' + F3 M 3''

152

CL

FR
F1
A

a F
3

F2
x1

x2

x2 x
2

La
a

M 1'''

M 2 '''

b
ab / L = M 3'''

x
M S 2 = F1M 1''' + F2 M 2 ''' + F3 M 3'''

The absolute maximum moment is comparison by MS1 and MS2.

153

Example 6-11
Determine the absolute maximum moment on the simply supported beam cased
by the wheel loads.

1200 kg
A

400 kg

B
30 m

8m

154

1600 kg
CL

1200 kg
3m

3m

400 kg

B
15 m

15 m

x=2m

b
6m

M@1200 kg = 0 :
1600 x = 1200(0) + 400(8)
x=2m

155

CL
a 1600 kg
1200 kg

1m

400 kg

1m

B
1

2m

14 m

Or using equilibrium conditions:

6m

Global: + MB = 0:
1600(14) Ay (30) = 0

16 m

Ay = 746.67 kg

(14)(16)/30 = 7.47

14 m

3.74
M1200

A
1

x
MS = (1200)(7.47) + (400)(3.74)
= 10 460 kgm

M1
V1

Ay = 746.7 kg
+ M1 = 0:
M1= 10 460 kgm

156

CL
1600 kg
b

1200 kg
3m

3m

400 kg

B
b
6m

2m
18 m

12 m
(18)(12)/30 = 7.2

4
M400

x
MS = (1200)(4) + (400)(7.2)
By comparison,

= 7680 kgm

Mmax = 10 460 kgm

157

Example 6-12
Determine the absolute maximum moment and maximum shear on the simply
supported beam cased by the wheel loads.
4.6 T

8.2T 8.2T

B
20 m

4.2 m

1.2 m

158

FR=21 T

Absolute maximum moment

4.6 T

8.2T 8.2T

B
4.2 m

20 m

1.2 m

x
4.2 x = 0.45

M@ 4.6 T = 0 :
21x = 4.6(0) + 8.2(4.2) + 8.2(5.4)
x = 3.75 m

159

CL

FR=21 T

4.6 T

8.2T 8.2T

B
4.2 m

10 m
a = 8.125 m

1.875 m

10 m

b = 11.875 m
4.82

M4.6T

1.2 m

3.12

2.63
x

MS = (4.6)(4.82) + (8.2)(3.12) + (8.2)(2.63) = 69.32 Tm

160

4.6 T

FR=21 T
CL
8.2T 8.2T

B
2

4.2 m

Or using equilibrium conditions:

1.2 m

Global: + MB = 0:
21(10.225) Ay (20) = 0

0.225 m
10 m

Ay = 10.74 T

10 m
4.6 T

a = 10.225 m
5
M8.2T

2.95

4.2 m

b = 9.775 m

A
10.225 m

4.39
x

Mmax = 90.57 Tm

V2

Ay = 10.74 T

MS = (4.6)(2.95) + (8.2)(5) + (8.2)(4.39) = 90.57 Tm

By comparison,

M2

+ M2 = 0:
M2= 90.50 Tm

161

Absolute maximum shear

4.6 T

8.2T 8.2T

4.2 m

B1.2 m

20 m

0.73
VB

0.94

x
(Vmax)1 = 4.6(0.73) + 8.2(0.94) + 8.2(1.0) = 19.27 T

162

4.6 T

8.2T 8.2T

4.2 m

1.2 m

20 m
1
VA

0.79

0.73
x

(Vmax)2 = 4.6(1) + 8.2(0.79) + 8.2(0.73) = 17.06 T

163

4.6 T

8.2T 8.2T

4.2 m

1.2 m
20 m

0.94

VA

x
(Vmax)3 = 8.2(1.0) + 8.2(0.94) = 15.91 T
By comparison,

Vmax = 19.27 T
164

Example 6-13
Determine the absolute maximum moment on the simply supported beam cased
by the wheel loads.
15 kN

9 kN
4 kN
A

10 kN

8m

1m

2m

2m

165

FR=38 kN
9 kN
15 kN 10 kN
4 kN 1.74 m
0.26 m

SOLUTION

8m

1m

2m

2m

M@ 4 kN = 0 :
38 x = 4(0) + 9(1) + 15(3) + 10(5)

x = 2.74 m

166

CL

FR=38 kN
15 kN

9 kN
4 kN
0.87 0.87

10 kN

1m
4m
a = 3.13 m
M9 kN

1.30

2m

2m
4m
b = 4.87 m

(3.13)(4.87)/8 = 1.91
1.13

0.34
x

MS = 4(1.30) + 9(1.91) + 15(1.13) + 10(0.34) = 42.74 kNm

167

CL
9 kN F 15 kN 10 kN
R
4 kN 0.13 m
0.13 m
A

B
3

1m
4m
a = 4.13 m
M15 kN
0.55

1.03

2m

Or using equilibrium conditions:

2m

Global: + MA = 0:
38(3.87) + B y (8) = 0

4m

By = 18.38 kN

b = 3.87 m
(4.13)(3.87)/8 = 2.0
0.97

15 kN
M3
x

MS = 4(0.55) + 9(1.03) + 15(2.0) + 10(0.97) = 51.17 kNm

By comparison,

Mmax = 51.17 kNm

10 kN
2m

V3

B
3.87 m

+ M3 = 0:

18.38 kN

-M3 -10(2) + 18.38(3.87) = 0

M3= 51.13 kNm

168