FACT At the start

IDEA

LEARNING ISSUES

ACTION

1. In order for his body to 1. What is responsible for raising Jimmys heart rate was 85 beats per minute and he was breathing 18 breathes per minute. He felt nervous excitement. 2. Since the temperature of 2. Why His mouth dry and took one last sip of water Jimmys body increase, the sweat gland become more active to release sweat. 3. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time? division is of the the sympathetic autonomic gain enough oxygen and energy, Jimmy Jimmys heart and respiratory rate and stimulating sweating just before the race?

stretching and warm up,

nervous system active just before the race?

3. Jimmy try to adapt to the new environment from relax to stress and thats why at this

moment the autonomic nervous system become active 4. What is happening to Jimmy's blood glucose levels just before the race? 4. The urinary system is not active because the bladder is closed. The digestive system also not active because the peristalsis decrease 5. Why is Jimmy's mouth dry?

5. His blood glucose level starts to drop.

6. The

salivary

glands

have started to reduce its excretion of saliva. One minute in 1. The body need more 1. Rowing full speed is putting Jimmy heart rate was 201 beats per minute. He was taking 2 energy to perform. new demands on Jimmy's

Sugar in the form of lactose is secreted by muscle, and once lactose is secreted, blood sugar in blood will lower

body. What are these new demands and how does the body respond to them?

breathes per stroke, fast and forced. The stroke rate was 34 strokes per minute and his Body

2. What

changes

in

Jimmy's

muscles promote unloading of O2 from hemoglobin for use by the muscle cells?

temperature was 37.5C. 2. When oxygen reduces, he was sweating more and jimmy feel burning on muscles the carbon dioxide will increase. Jimmy need

more oxygen for aerobic 3. Why do Jimmy's muscles feel respiration. He breath more rapidly than. 4. What 3. Jimmys muscles are conflict is produced like they are burning?

between Jimmy's need to keep his body cool and his need to remove nitrogenous wastes

experiencing information

sensory from his

nervous and the muscle cell is accumulated with lactic acid.

from his blood? What did he do before the race to help alleviate this conflict?

At the halfway mark 1. Jimmy had decreased the 1. Since the end of the first He still rowing at 34 strokes per minute, now jimmy heart rate was 180 beats per minute and his body demands his muscles minute, Jimmy has decreased the demands his muscles are making. How has he done this? And why has he done this?

were making by the end of the first minute, and this can be explained by the fact that the "fight

temperature was 38C. His respiratory rate

and flight" message from 2. What are the changes in his the brain had slowed down with less conditions as a result?

down slightly.

production of adrenaline, hence demand muscles. 2. Jimmys nervous system changes would include "fight and flight" less from energy the

response which is usually activated in a stressful situation. 3. His heart and lungs have to work over harder so it get with the respiratory and cardiovascular

system with the physical strain that he is enduring,. His brain sends signals to the lungs to breaath faster and deeper and the heart

to beat faster. Increase amounts of blood gets pumped to the muscles, carrying oxygen and

removing carbon dioxide. 4. in order to withstand the demand of Jimmy

pushing his body to the very limits of its capabilities, all bodys systems work together Homeostasis is

maintained by negative feedback which response to reduce Jimmy's body back to its original state. At the finish 1. Jimmy reduces his heavy 1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and His heart rate was 208 beats per minute. He Breathe nearly 80 times per minute. He felt like his arms and legs were on fire and sweats was pouring out of every pore of his body. He felt light-headed
0

breathing since his body needs to cool down again to pre exercise levels, and like heart rate, its a lag

his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and

breathing rates still so high?

time involved, so after he 2. What changes have occurred to stops, his breathing rate gradually or quickly falls but still stays high, (but depending on his his blood chemistry since the start of the race? Think about glucose levels, pH, lactate levels, and temperature.

and

his

body temperature was 40 C.

recovery ability which is dependent on his fitness) 3. Why is he sweating more now

than during the race? 2. The pumping of blood to bring oxygen to muscle and pumping of hot blood from muscle to the skin are overcome by

breathing rapidly where the heat can be dissipated more quickly. When he finishes the race the heart beat slow down and

pumps less blood to the skin. The heat

accumulated in muscle causing temperature to blood rise

higher. So, it can sweat more right after finish the race then during the race.

3. Changes occur in glucose when the glucose level in blood increase. It is

because the body need energy to race so the body used the glucose during performed. For the changes in pH, when increases activity, the it muscle leads to

increase the CO2 and

Hydrogen level in blood. These chemical are

produces cell metabolism and they lower blood pH or increase the acidity. Then during perform,

blood level of lactate rises because when

exercise stop the lactate falls much more slowly than during the build up. For the temperature, muscle will

working

produce heat so the body temperature rise the race started. Back at the dock 1. The changes occur in the 1. What change have occurred in His heart rate back and to last ten minutes that allow his heart and the last 10 minutes to allow Jimmys haeart and respiratory rates to come down.

respiratory

normal and his body temperature 37.5C. he felt thirsty and take small sips of water and his weighed 76kg.

respiratory rates to come down caused by the positive feedback loop. This loop causes

everything to return to 2. Why is Jimmy four pounds normal causing his heart and respiratory rates to return to normal. 3. What effect has this water loss had on his endocrine system? lighter than at the start of the race?

2. Jimmys mass reduced because of the 4. Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What could happen if he drank as much as he wanted to?

dehydration by excessive loss of in his body fluids so his mass getting

lighter at the end of the race.

3. Anti-diuretic (ADH) endocrine

hormone his is

from system

increasing to overcome water loss. Its produced by the hypothalamus and released by the pituitary. It will signal the kidneys tubules to absorb more water.

4. Jimmy was dehydrated after the race and he lost a lot of fluid. So if he directly drinks the water, his muscle will contract and give him muscle cramping. The small sips also allowed his body to adjust to his state of dehydration.

STUDY QUESTIONS :

At the start : 1. What is responsible for raising Jimmys heart and respiratory rate and stimulating sweating just before the race? Before the race, the sympathetic division is responsible for raising Jimmys heart,respiratory rate and simulating sweating. The system that involves in this action is somatic nervous system. At the start, the sympathetic system is responsible to provide responses and energy needed in the fear or extremes activity like rowing. In stress condition, the sympathetic system respons to raise the blood pressure, heart rate and supplying blood to the kidneys, skeletal muscle and skin. 2. Why is the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system active just before the race? Before the race, Jimmy was in the stress condition. This condition will stimulate the hormones of sympathetic nervous system, which are adrenaline and noradrenaline by adrenal gland. These hormones are responsible to raise the heart rate and blood pressure of him. The sympathetic division is activated during this condition. The sympathetic division of autonomic nervous system mediates the fight-or-flight responses during stress condition. 3. What changes do you think are occurring in the digestive and urinary systems at this time?

When stress stimulated, the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are activated. This activation is associated with specific physiological actions in the system, both directly and indirectly through the release of epinephrine (adrenaline) and to a lesser extent norepinephrine from the medulla of the adrenal glands. The releasing of these hormones are triggered by acetylcholine, that released from preganglionic sympathetic nerves. The other major factor in the acute stress response is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This

situation stimulates inhibition of stomach and upper-intestinal action, which make the digestion to slows down or stops and relaxation of bladder.

4. What is happening to Jimmy's blood glucose levels just before the race? There is increasing of blood glucose level happen on jimmys body just before the race. This is because, normally under stress condition, people always secreted more adrenaline hormone in their body. This hormone cause general physiological changes that prepare the body for physical activity. Other than blood glucose level, that hormone also cause general reaction of the sympathetic nervous system and increases in blood pressure.

5. Why is Jimmy's mouth dry?

This happen due to the releasing of adrenaline hormone during stress condition. At that time, adrenaline will inhibit off the lacrimal gland which is responsible for the producing of saliva. Automatically saliva in jimmys mouth will also less produced.

One minute in 1. Rowing full speed is putting new demands on Jimmy's body. What are these new demands and how does the body respond to them? At full speed of rowing, the new demand need for Jimmys body was ATP. ATP is the type of energy produce in mitochondria during respiration process. When Jimmy is rowing, his mitochondria need to produce ATP at highest rate. This causes intake of oxygen in Jimmys body also increase drastically. But oxygen cannot diffuse into the muscle fiber fast enough to enable the mitochondria to produce the required ATP. At this level, Jimmy breathing and heart rate increases in order to take a lot of oxygen to produce more ATP.

2. What changes in Jimmy's muscles promote unloading of O2 from hemoglobin for use by the muscle cells?

The muscles need oxygen to make energy or ATP, therefore the oxygen will unloaded from hemoglobin for used by the muscles to undergo aerobic reaction within his cells. Therefore, his body could maintain its homeostasis.

3. Why do Jimmy's muscles feel like they are burning?

When the muscles cannot get all the oxygen, they need to convert food to energy via glycolysis process during intense exercise. The lactic acid accumulates in muscles will makes them more acidic, and the acidity causes a burning feeling. The body temperature also increases.

4. What conflict is produced between Jimmy's need to keep his body cool and his need to remove nitrogenous wastes from his blood? What did he do before the race to help alleviate this conflict? To keep Jimmys body cool, nerve impulses stimulates sweat glands in the skin to produce sweat. In process to cool the body, the hair effector muscle relaxed and flat which the layer of air between the hair and skin become thin. Arterioles dilate or enlarge, so that more blood enters the skin capillaries and causing more heat loss. Sweat is lost from the skin by the process of evaporation. In this situation, sweat gland is activated to produce more sweat. The sweat evaporates from the skin, removing heat and cooling the body. this is important to maintain fluids for blood flow and sweat production by drinking water. As we know, the other way of the body to produces the nitrogenous wastes is by sweating during the exercise. All the extra blood that is flowing to the muscles can take the nitrogenous wastes away from the body via urinary system.

At the halfway mark 1. Since the end of the first minute, Jimmy has decreased the demands his muscles are making. How has he done this? And why has he done this? This situation can be explain by the fact the fight and flight respon of the sympathetic nervous system. Jimmys receive message from his brain to slow down the production rate of adrenaline which participate in the fight and flight respon. In our body, adrenaline can effects in increases in heart rate, constricts blood vessels and dilates air passangers. But from Jimmys situation, this hormone will make his muscle to de less work. The changes in his condition include his heart rate decreasing from 201 to 180 beats per minute. His respiratory rate has also decreased slightly.

2. What are the changes in his conditions as a result? When Jimmys respiratory rate decrease suddenly, the amount of oxygen intake will also decrease in his body. Hence, there is less energy (ATP) will produces due to the lack of oxygen. The changes in his condition will causes the muscle fatigue.

At the finish 1. Jimmy has stopped rowing and his muscles are now at rest. Why are his heart and breathing rates still so high?

When Jimmy has stopped rowing, his muscles relaxed, but his breathing was still high due to the fact that this is the recovery period( oxygen debt) for the body system. During the recovery period, oxygen is readily available and the body's oxygen demand remains elevated above normal resting levels. The recovery period is powered by the ATP that aerobic metabolism generates. The more ATP required, the more oxygen will be needed. The oxygen debt created during exercise is the amount of oxygen needed to restore normal. While the oxygen debt is being repaid, the breathing rate and depth are increased. As a result, you continue to breathe heavily long after you stop exercising. When the heart rate increases, the blood pressure also increases before get to the normal. 2. Why is he sweating more now than during the race?

Jim is sweating more now at the finish line because the body temperature increases. As the result, the sweat gland will stimulate to produce sweat. When more sweat are produced, the hairs on the skin are flatten which the layer of air between the hair and skin become thin. Arterioles dilate, so that more blood enters the skin capillaries and causing more heat loss. Sweat is lost from the skin by the process of evaporation. That why during the race, more sweat will be produced due to high body temperature. Therefore, the sweat glands increase their secretory activity until normal body temperature is restored.

3. What changes have occurred to his blood chemistry since the start of the race? Think about glucose levels, pH, lactate levels, and temperature. The contraction of the muscles cause an increase in blood flow to the muscles. As a result of increase in activity in the muscles, the glucose in the blood vessel will decreased because the glucose converted to energy. Carbon dioxide level in the blood will increases as it is produced with the use of glucose. The PH of the blood will drop due to the formation of carbonic acid from the reaction of carbon dioxide and water. Therefore, the blood is acidic.

 When the more lactic acid are accumulated in the body, the more heat produces causes the temperature increase. The lactic acid level of the blood will also increase as the end product of glucose and glycogen metabolism.

Back at the dock

1. What changes have occurred in the last 10 minutes to allow Jimmy's heart and respiratory rates to come down? In the last 10 minute, the Jimmys condition will start back to normal. Thus, the sympathetic nervous system does not active. Usually, sympathetic nervous system will activate only during the stress condition. Therefore, as near to the end point, his heart and respiratory rates are start back to normal. After exercising for a while, the increased blood flow brings vasodilatory metabolites to the blood vessels around the working muscles. The blood vessels dilate, there is more blood flow and this decreases the blood pressure and initial heart rate. So now the heart is working less and the respiratory rate decreases. After just stopping exercise, our respiratory rate should be the same because our body has compensated for the increased heart rate changes by dilating the blood vessels to increase flow. If the person's respiration rate stayed very high during exercise, they could be obese, diabetic, asthmatic, or have lung or heart problems. If the respiration rate stayed low after exercise, this could be normal or low blood pressure. Normally, after exercise it is normal for fast breathing or normal depending on how long we have been exercising. Besides, it is probably cause of the intercostals muscles and the diaphragm become stronger. As our lungs get stronger, they get more oxygen from each breath, so we need fewer breaths over a given period of time.

2. Why is Jimmy four pounds lighter than at the start of the race? Jimmy is four pounds lighter at the end of the race because of anaerobic exercise. Anaerobic does not need or use oxygen to restore energy levels. It is focus attention on

one specific muscle at a time. The large amount of energy that the body needs to complete anaerobic exercises cannot be provided by oxygen. Energy, instead, is replenished by the natural chemistry of the body. Anaerobic exercises do not usually cause the heart to beat particularly fast and do not leave people gasping for air. The benefits of anaerobic exercise include increased muscle mass and decreased body fat. Dehydration also one of the main reason why Jimmys body became lighter after the race. The dehydration occurs during the rowing as well as more sweating process happens. Jims body is starting to have multiple chemical reactions within his nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, muscular, respiratory and intergumentary systems during the race. 3. What effect has this water loss had on his endocrine system? Exocrine gland is a part of endocrine system. Examples of exocrine glands are salivary glands, sweat glands and glands within the gastrointestinal tract. During the period of the rowing, Jimmy already loss a lot amount of sweat. As Jimmys breath, heart rate and blood flow are back to normal, the blood vessels relaxed and less amount of heat loss. Thus, the producing of sweat decreased. 4. Why did Jimmy only take sips of water after the race? What could happen if he drank as much as he wanted to? If Jimmy is drinking too much water after his race, he can eventually cause his brain to swell, stopping it regulating vital functions such as breathing, and causing death. It is usually a combination of excessive fluid intake and increased secretion of antidiuretic hormone. Produced by the hypothalamus and secreted into the bloodstream by the posterior pituitary gland, antidiuretic hormone instructs the kidneys to conserve water even if a person is drinking excessive quantities. Its secretion increases in periods of physical stress. Other than that, since Jim was dehydrated after the race, that is he had a loss of fluid and electrolytes. If he drank as much as he wanted to, he has the probability to get muscle cramp. This is because, his muscle would have contracted.