PHP interview questions and answers

By admin | December 12, 2005

1. 2. 3. 4.

What does a special set of tags <?= and ?> do in PHP? - The output is displayed directly to the browser. Whats the difference between include and require? - Its how they handle failures. If the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the script. If the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will continue. I am trying to assign a variable the value of 0123, but it keeps coming up with a different number, whats the problem? PHP Interpreter treats numbers beginning with 0 as octal. Look at the similar PHP interview questions for more numeric problems. Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of dollars in this example? - In this example it wouldnt matter, since the variable is all by itself, but if you were to print something like "{$a},000,000 mln dollars", then you definitely need to use the braces.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

How do you define a constant? - Via define() directive, like define ("MYCONSTANT", 100); How do you pass a variable by value? - Just like in C++, put an ampersand in front of it, like $a = &$b Will comparison of string "10" and integer 11 work in PHP? - Yes, internally PHP will cast everything to the integer type, so numbers 10 and 11 will be compared. When are you supposed to use endif to end the conditional statement? - When the original if was followed by : and then the code block without braces. Explain the ternary conditional operator in PHP? - Expression preceding the ? is evaluated, if its true, then the expression preceding the : is executed, otherwise, the expression following : is executed. How do I find out the number of parameters passed into function? - func_num_args() function returns the number of parameters passed in. If the variable $a is equal to 5 and variable $b is equal to character a, whats the value of $$b? - 100, its a reference to existing variable. Whats the difference between accessing a class method via -> and via ::? - :: is allowed to access methods that can perform static operations, i.e. those, which do not require object initialization. Are objects passed by value or by reference? - Everything is passed by value. How do you call a constructor for a parent class? - parent::constructor($value) Whats the special meaning of __sleep and __wakeup? - __sleep returns the array of all the variables than need to be saved, while __wakeup retrieves them. Why doesnt the following code print the newline properly? <?php $str = Hello, there.nHow are you?nThanks for visiting TechInterviews; print $str; ?> Because inside the single quotes the n character is not interpreted as newline, just as a sequence of two characters - and n.

17.

Would you initialize your strings with single quotes or double quotes? - Since the data inside the single-quoted string is not parsed for variable substitution, its always a better idea speed-wise to initialize a string with single quotes, unless you specifically need variable substitution.

18.

How come the code <?php print "Contents: $arr[1]"; ?> works, but <?php print "Contents: $arr[1][2]"; ?> doesnt for two-dimensional array of mine? - Any time you have an array with more than one dimension, complex parsing syntax is required. print "Contents: {$arr[1][2]}" wouldve worked.

19. 20. 21.

22. 23.

What is the difference between characters 23 and x23? - The first one is octal 23, the second is hex 23. With a heredoc syntax, do I get variable substitution inside the heredoc contents? - Yes. I want to combine two variables together:
$var1 = 'Welcome to '; $var2 = 'TechInterviews.com';

What will work faster? Code sample 1:

$var 3 = $var1.$var2;

Or code sample 2:
$var3 = "$var1$var2";

Both examples would provide the same result - $var3 equal to "Welcome to TechInterviews.com". However, Code Sample 1 will work significantly faster. Try it out with large sets of data (or via concatenating small sets a million times or so), and you will see that concatenation works significantly faster than variable substitution. 24. For printing out strings, there are echo, print and printf. Explain the differences. - echo is the most primitive of them, and just outputs the contents following the construct to the screen. print is also a construct (so parentheses are optional when calling it), but it

returns TRUE on successful output and FALSE if it was unable to print out the string. However, you can pass multiple parameters to echo, like:
<?php echo 'Welcome ', 'to', ' ', 'TechInterviews!'; ?>

and it will output the string "Welcome to TechInterviews!" print does not take multiple parameters. It is also generally argued that echo is faster, but usually the speed advantage is negligible, and might not be there for future versions of PHP. printf is a function, not a construct, and allows such advantages as formatted output, but its the slowest way to print out data out of echo, print and printf. 25. I am writing an application in PHP that outputs a printable version of driving directions. It contains some long sentences, and I am a neat freak, and would like to make sure that no line exceeds 50 characters. How do I accomplish that with PHP? - On large strings that need to be formatted according to some length specifications, use wordwrap() or chunk_split(). 26.
27.

Whats the output of the ucwords function in this example?

$formatted = ucwords("TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS"); print $formatted;

What will be printed is TECHINTERVIEWS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS. ucwords() makes every first letter of every word capital, but it does not lower-case anything else. To avoid this, and get a properly formatted string, its worth usingstrtolower() first. 28. 29. Whats the difference between htmlentities() and htmlspecialchars()? - htmlspecialchars only takes care of <, >, single quote , double quote " and ampersand. htmlentities translates all occurrences of character sequences that have different meaning in HTML. Whats the difference between md5(), crc32() and sha1() crypto on PHP? - The major difference is the length of the hash generated. CRC32 is, evidently, 32 bits, while sha1() returns a 128 bit value, and md5() returns a 160 bit value. This is important when avoiding collisions. 30. So if md5() generates the most secure hash, why would you ever use the less secure crc32() and sha1()? - Crypto usage in PHP is simple, but that doesnt mean its free. First off, depending on the data that youre encrypting, you might have reasons to store a 32bit value in the database instead of the 160-bit value to save on space. Second, the more secure the crypto is, the longer is the computation time to deliver the hash value. A high volume site might be significantly slowed down, if frequent md5() generation is required.

What's PHP ?

The PHP Hypertext Preprocessor is a programming language that allows web developers to create dynamic content that interacts with databases. PHP is basically used for developing web based software applications.
What Is a Session?

A session is a logical object created by the PHP engine to allow you to preserve data across subsequent HTTP requests. There is only one session object available to your PHP scripts at any time. Data saved to the session by a script can be retrieved by the same script or another script when requested from the same visitor. Sessions are commonly used to store temporary data to allow multiple PHP pages to offer a complete functional transaction for the same visitor.
What is meant by PEAR in php?

Answer1: PEAR is the next revolution in PHP. This repository is bringing higher level programming to PHP. PEAR is a framework and distribution system for reusable PHP components. It eases installation by bringing an automated wizard, and packing the strength and experience of PHP users into a nicely organised OOP library. PEAR also provides a command-line interface that can be used to automatically install "packages" Answer2: PEAR is short for "PHP Extension and Application Repository" and is pronounced just like the fruit. The purpose of PEAR is to provide: A structured library of open-sourced code for PHP users A system for code distribution and package maintenance

A standard style for code written in PHP The PHP Foundation Classes (PFC), The PHP Extension Community Library (PECL), A web site, mailing lists and download mirrors to support the PHP/PEAR community PEAR is a community-driven project with the PEAR Group as the governing body. The project has been founded by Stig S. Bakken in 1999 and quite a lot of people have joined the project since then.
How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?

Simple arithmetic:

$date1 = date('Y-m-d'); $date2 = '2006-07-01'; $days = (strtotime() - strtotime()) / (60 * 60 * 24); echo "Number of days since '2006-07-01': $days";
How can we repair a MySQL table?

The syntex for repairing a mysql table is: REPAIR TABLE tablename REPAIR TABLE tablename QUICK REPAIR TABLE tablename EXTENDED This command will repair the table specified. If QUICK is given, MySQL will do a repair of only the index tree. If EXTENDED is given, it will create index row by row.
What is the difference between $message and $$message?

Anwser 1: $message is a simple variable whereas $$message is a reference variable. Example: $user = 'bob' is equivalent to $holder = 'user'; $$holder = 'bob'; Anwser 2: They are both variables. But $message is a variable with a fixed name. $$message is a variable who's name is stored in $message. For example, if $message contains "var", $$message is the same as $var.
What Is a Persistent Cookie?

A persistent cookie is a cookie which is stored in a cookie file permanently on the browser's computer. By default, cookies are created as temporary cookies which stored only in the browser's memory. When the browser is closed, temporary cookies will be erased. You should decide when to use temporary cookies and when to use persistent cookies based on their differences: *Temporary cookies can not be used for tracking long-term information. *Persistent cookies can be used for tracking long-term information. *Temporary cookies are safer because no programs other than the browser can access them. *Persistent cookies are less secure because users can open cookie files see the cookie values.
What does a special set of tags <?= and ?> do in PHP?

The output is displayed directly to the browser.

How do you define a constant?

Via define() directive, like define ("MYCONSTANT", 100);

What are the differences between require and include, include_once?

Anwser 1: require_once() and include_once() are both the functions to include and evaluate the specified file only once. If the specified file is included previous to the present call occurrence, it will not be done again. But require() and include() will do it as many times they are asked to do. Anwser 2: The include_once() statement includes and evaluates the specified file during the execution of the script. This is a behavior similar to the include() statement, with the only difference being that if the code from a file has already been included, it will not be included again. The major difference between include() and require() is that in failure include() produces a warning message whereas require() produces a fatal errors. Anwser 3: All three are used to an include file into the current page. If the file is not present, require(), calls a fatal error, while in include() does not. The include_once() statement includes and evaluates the specified file during the execution of the script. This is a behavior similar to the include() statement, with the only difference being that if the code from a file has already been included, it will not be included again. It des not call a fatal error if file not exists. require_once() does the same as include_once(), but it calls a fatal error if file not exists. Anwser 4: File will not be included more than once. If we want to include a file once only and further calling of the file will be ignored then we have to use the PHP function include_once(). This will prevent problems with function redefinitions, variable value reassignments, etc.
What is meant by urlencode and urldecode?

Anwser 1: urlencode() returns the URL encoded version of the given string. URL coding converts special characters into % signs followed by two hex digits. For example: urlencode("10.00%") will return "10%2E00%25". URL encoded strings are safe to be used as part of URLs. urldecode() returns the URL decoded version of the given string. Anwser 2: string urlencode(str) - Returns the URL encoded version of the input string. String values to be used in URL query string need to be URL encoded. In the URL encoded version: Alphanumeric characters are maintained as is. Space characters are converted to "+" characters. Other non-alphanumeric characters are converted "%" followed by two hex digits representing the converted character. string urldecode(str) - Returns the original string of the input URL encoded string. For example:

$discount ="10.00%"; $url = "http://domain.com/submit.php?disc=".urlencode($discount); echo $url; You will get "http://domain.com/submit.php?disc=10%2E00%25".
How To Get the Uploaded File Information in the Receiving Script?

Once the Web server received the uploaded file, it will call the PHP script specified in the form action attribute to process them. This receiving PHP script can get the uploaded file information through the predefined array called $_FILES. Uploaded file information is organized in $_FILES as a two-dimensional array as: $_FILES[$fieldName]['name'] - The Original file name on the browser system. $_FILES[$fieldName]['type'] - The file type determined by the browser. $_FILES[$fieldName]['size'] - The Number of bytes of the file content. $_FILES[$fieldName]['tmp_name'] - The temporary filename of the file in which the uploaded file was stored on the server. $_FILES[$fieldName]['error'] - The error code associated with this file upload. The $fieldName is the name used in the <INPUT TYPE=FILE, NAME=fieldName>.
What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array?

MySQL fetch object will collect first single matching record where mysql_fetch_array will collect all matching records from the table in an array
How can I execute a PHP script using command line?

Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) program and provide the PHP script file name as the command line argument. For example, "php myScript.php", assuming "php" is the command to invoke the CLI program. Be aware that if your PHP script was written for the Web CGI interface, it may not execute properly in command line environment.
I am trying to assign a variable the value of 0123, but it keeps coming up with a different number, whats the problem?

PHP Interpreter treats numbers beginning with 0 as octal. Look at the similar PHP interview questions for more numeric problems.

Would I use print "$a dollars" or "{$a} dollars" to print out the amount of dollars in this example?

In this example it wouldnt matter, since the variable is all by itself, but if you were to print something like "{$a},000,000 mln dollars", then you definitely need to use the braces.

What are the different tables present in MySQL? Which type of table is generated when we are creating a table in the following syntax: create table employee(eno int(2),ename varchar(10))?

Total 5 types of tables we can create 1. MyISAM 2. Heap 3. Merge 4. INNO DB 5. ISAM

MyISAM is the default storage engine as of MySQL 3.23. When you fire the above create query MySQL will create a MyISAM table.
How To Create a Table?

If you want to create a table, you can run the CREATE TABLE statement as shown in the following sample script: <?php include "mysql_connection.php"; $sql = "CREATE TABLE Tech_links (" . " id INTEGER NOT NULL" . ", url VARCHAR(80) NOT NULL" . ", notes VARCHAR(1024)" . ", counts INTEGER" . ", time TIMESTAMP DEFAULT sysdate()" . ")"; if (mysql_query($sql, $con)) { print("Table Tech_links created.\n"); } else { print("Table creation failed.\n"); } mysql_close($con); ?> Remember that mysql_query() returns TRUE/FALSE on CREATE statements. If you run this script, you will get something like this: Table Tech_links created.
How can we encrypt the username and password using PHP?

Answer1 You can encrypt a password with the following Mysql>SET PASSWORD=PASSWORD("Password"); Answer2 You can use the MySQL PASSWORD() function to encrypt username and password. For example, INSERT into user (password, ...) VALUES (PASSWORD($password)), ...);
How do you pass a variable by value?

Just like in C++, put an ampersand in front of it, like $a = &$b

What is the functionality of the functions STRSTR() and STRISTR()?

string strstr ( string haystack, string needle ) returns part of haystack string from the first occurrence of needle to the end of haystack. This function is case-sensitive. stristr() is idential to strstr() except that it is case insensitive.
When are you supposed to use endif to end the conditional statement?

When the original if was followed by : and then the code block without braces.
How can we send mail using JavaScript?

No. There is no way to send emails directly using JavaScript. But you can use JavaScript to execute a client side email program send the email using the "mailto" code. Here is an example: function myfunction(form) { tdata=document.myform.tbox1.value; location="mailto:mailid@domain.com?subject=..."; return true; }

What is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr?

strstr() returns part of a given string from the first occurrence of a given substring to the end of the string. For example: strstr("user@example.com","@") will return "@example.com". stristr() is idential to strstr() except that it is case insensitive.
What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()?

eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that it ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.
How do I find out the number of parameters passed into function9. ?

func_num_args() function returns the number of parameters passed in.

What is the purpose of the following files having extensions: frm, myd, and myi? What these files contain?

In MySQL, the default table type is MyISAM. Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. The '.frm' file stores the table definition. The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension. The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,
If the variable $a is equal to 5 and variable $b is equal to character a, whats the value of $$b?

100, its a reference to existing variable.

How To Protect Special Characters in Query String?

If you want to include special characters like spaces in the query string, you need to protect them by applying the urlencode() translation function. The script below shows how to use urlencode(): <?php print("<html>"); print("<p>Please click the links below" ." to submit comments about TECHPreparation.com:</p>"); $comment = 'I want to say: "It\'s a good site! :->"'; $comment = urlencode($comment); print("<p>" ."<a href=\"processing_forms.php?name=Guest&comment=$comment\">" ."It's an excellent site!</a></p>"); $comment = 'This visitor said: "It\'s an average site! :-("'; $comment = urlencode($comment); print("<p>" .'<a href="processing_forms.php?'.$comment.'">' ."It's an average site.</a></p>"); print("</html>"); ?>
Are objects passed by value or by reference?

Everything is passed by value.

What are the differences between DROP a table and TRUNCATE a table?

DROP TABLE table_name - This will delete the table and its data.

TRUNCATE TABLE table_name - This will delete the data of the table, but not the table definition.
How do you call a constructor for a parent class?

parent::constructor($value)

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF ERRORS IN PHP?

Here are three basic types of runtime errors in PHP:

1. Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script - for example,

accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all although you can change this default behavior. 2. Warnings: These are more serious errors - for example, attempting to include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they do not result in script termination. 3. Fatal errors: These are critical errors - for example, instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination of the script, and PHP's default behavior is to display them to the user when they take place. Internally, these variations are represented by twelve different error types
Whats the special meaning of __sleep and __wakeup?

__sleep returns the array of all the variables than need to be saved, while __wakeup retrieves them.
How can we submit a form without a submit button?

If you don't want to use the Submit button to submit a form, you can use normal hyper links to submit a form. But you need to use some JavaScript code in the URL of the link. For example: <a href="javascript: document.myform.submit();">Submit Me</a>
Why doesnt the following code print the newline properly? <?php $str = Hello, there.\nHow are you?\nThanks for visiting techpreparation; print $str; ?>

Because inside the single quotes the \n character is not interpreted as newline, just as a sequence of two characters - \ and n.
Would you initialize your strings with single quotes or double quotes?

Since the data inside the single-quoted string is not parsed for variable substitution, its always a better idea speed-wise to initialize a string with single quotes, unless you specifically need variable substitution.
How can we extract string 'abc.com ' from a string http://info@abc.com using regular expression of php?

We can use the preg_match() function with "/.*@(.*)$/" as the regular expression pattern. For example: preg_match("/.*@(.*)$/","http://info@abc.com",$data); echo $data[1];

What are the differences between GET and POST methods in form submitting, give the case where we can use GET and we can use POST methods?

Anwser 1:

When we submit a form, which has the GET method it displays pair of name/value used in the form at the address bar of the browser preceded by url. Post method doesn't display these values. Anwser 2: When you want to send short or small data, not containing ASCII characters, then you can use GET Method. But for long data sending, say more then 100 character you can use POST method. Once most important difference is when you are sending the form with GET method. You can see the output which you are sending in the address bar. Whereas if you send the form with POST method then user can not see that information. Anwser 3: What are "GET" and "POST"? GET and POST are methods used to send data to the server: With the GET method, the browser appends the data onto the URL. With the Post method, the data is sent as "standard input." Major Difference

In simple words, in POST method data is sent by standard input (nothing shown in URL when posting while in GET method data is sent through query string. Ex: Assume we are logging in with username and password. GET: we are submitting a form to login.php, when we do submit or similar action, values are sent through visible query string (notice ./login.php?username=...&password=... as URL when executing the script login.php) and is retrieved by login.php by $_GET['username'] and $_GET['password']. POST: we are submitting a form to login.php, when we do submit or similar action, values are sent through invisible standard input (notice ./login.php) and is retrieved by login.php by $_POST['username'] and $_POST['password']. POST is assumed more secure and we can send lot more data than that of GET method is limited (they say Internet Explorer can take care of maximum 2083 character as a query string). Anwser 4: In the get method the data made available to the action page ( where data is received ) by the URL so data can be seen in the address bar. Not advisable if you are sending login info like password etc. In the post method the data will be available as data blocks and not as query string in case of get method. Anwser 5: When we submit a form, which has the GET method it pass value in the form of query string (set of name/value pair) and display along with URL. With GET we can a small data submit from the form (a set of 255 character) whereas Post method doesn't display value with URL. It passes value in the form of Object and we can submit large data from the form. Anwser 6: On the server side, the main difference between GET and POST is where the submitted is stored. The $_GET array stores data submitted by the GET method. The $_POST array stores data submitted by the POST method. On the browser side, the difference is that data submitted by the GET method will be displayed in the browsers address field. Data submitted by the POST method will not be displayed anywhere on the browser. GET method is mostly used for submitting a small amount and less sensitive data. POST method is mostly used for submitting a large amount or sensitive data.
What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset?

unlink() is a function for file system handling. It will simply delete the file in context. unset() is a function for variable management. It will make a variable undefined.
How come the code works, but doesnt for two-dimensional array of mine?

Any time you have an array with more than one dimension, complex parsing syntax is required. print "Contents: {$arr[1][2]}" wouldve worked.

How can we register the variables into a session?

session_register($session_var); $_SESSION['var'] = 'value';

What is the difference between characters \023 and \x23?

The first one is octal 23, the second is hex 23.

With a heredoc syntax, do I get variable substitution inside the heredoc contents?

Yes.

How can we submit form without a submit button?

We can use a simple JavaScript code linked to an event trigger of any form field. In the JavaScript code, we can call the document.form.submit() function to submit the form. For example: <input type=button value="Save" onClick="document.form.submit()">
How can we create a database using PHP and mysql?

We can create MySQL database with the use of mysql_create_db($databaseName) to create a database.
How many ways we can retrieve the date in result set of mysql using php?

As individual objects so single record or as a set or arrays.

Can we use include ("abc.php") two times in a php page "makeit.php"?

Yes.

For printing out strings, there are echo, print and printf. Explain the differences.

echo is the most primitive of them, and just outputs the contents following the construct to the screen. print is also a construct (so parentheses are optional when calling it), but it returns TRUE on successful output and FALSE if it was unable to print out the string. However, you can pass multiple parameters to echo, like: <?php echo 'Welcome ', 'to', ' ', 'techpreparations!'; ?> and it will output the string "Welcome to techpreparations!" print does not take multiple parameters. It is also generally argued that echo is faster, but usually the speed advantage is negligible, and might not be there for future versions of PHP. printf is a function, not a construct, and allows such advantages as formatted output, but its the slowest way to print out data out of echo, print and printf.
I am writing an application in PHP that outputs a printable version of driving directions. It contains some long sentences, and I am a neat freak, and would like to make sure that no line exceeds 50 characters. How do I accomplish that with PHP?

On large strings that need to be formatted according to some length specifications, use wordwrap() or chunk_split().
Whats the output of the ucwords function in this example?

$formatted = ucwords("TECHPREPARATIONS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS"); print $formatted; What will be printed is TECHPREPARATIONS IS COLLECTION OF INTERVIEW QUESTIONS. ucwords() makes every first letter of every word capital, but it does not lower-case anything else. To avoid this, and get a properly formatted string, its worth using strtolower() first.
Whats the difference between htmlentities() and htmlspecialchars()?

htmlspecialchars only takes care of <, >, single quote , double quote " and ampersand. htmlentities translates all occurrences of character sequences that have different meaning in HTML.
How can we extract string "abc.com" from a string "mailto:info@abc.com?subject=Feedback" using regular expression of PHP?

$text = "mailto:info@abc.com?subject=Feedback"; preg_match('|.*@([^?]*)|', $text, $output); echo $output[1];

Note that the second index of $output, $output[1], gives the match, not the first one, $output[0].
So if md5() generates the most secure hash, why would you ever use the less secure crc32() and sha1()?

Crypto usage in PHP is simple, but that doesnt mean its free. First off, depending on the data that youre encrypting, you might have reasons to store a 32-bit value in the database instead of the 160-bit value to save on space. Second, the more secure the crypto is, the longer is the computation time to deliver the hash value. A high volume site might be significantly slowed down, if frequent md5() generation is required.
How can we destroy the session, how can we unset the variable of a session?

session_unregister() - Unregister a global variable from the current session session_unset() - Free all session variables

What are the different functions in sorting an array?

Sorting functions in PHP: asort() arsort() ksort() krsort() uksort() sort() natsort() rsort()

How can we know the count/number of elements of an array?

2 ways: a) sizeof($array) - This function is an alias of count() b) count($urarray) - This function returns the number of elements in an array. Interestingly if you just pass a simple var instead of an array, count() will return 1.
How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation between the pages?

At least 3 ways:

1. Put the variable into session in the first page, and get it back from session in the next page. 2. Put the variable into cookie in the first page, and get it back from the cookie in the next page. 3. Put the variable into a hidden form field, and get it back from the form in the next page.
What is the maximum length of a table name, a database name, or a field name in MySQL?

Database name: 64 characters Table name: 64 characters Column name: 64 characters

How many values can the SET function of MySQL take?

MySQL SET function can take zero or more values, but at the maximum it can take 64 values.
What are the other commands to know the structure of a table using MySQL commands except EXPLAIN command?

DESCRIBE table_name;

How can we find the number of rows in a table using MySQL?

Use this for MySQL

SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

Whats the difference between md5(), crc32() and sha1() crypto on PHP?

The major difference is the length of the hash generated. CRC32 is, evidently, 32 bits, while sha1() returns a 128 bit value, and md5() returns a 160 bit value. This is important when avoiding collisions.
How can we find the number of rows in a result set using PHP?

Here is how can you find the number of rows in a result set in PHP: $result = mysql_query($any_valid_sql, $database_link); $num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result); echo "$num_rows rows found";

How many ways we can we find the current date using MySQL?

SELECT SELECT SELECT SELECT

CURDATE(); CURRENT_DATE(); CURTIME(); CURRENT_TIME();

Give the syntax of GRANT commands?

The generic syntax for GRANT is as following

GRANT [rights] on [database] TO [username@hostname] IDENTIFIED BY [password] Now rights can be: a) ALL privilages b) Combination of CREATE, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE etc. We can grant rights on all databse by usingh *.* or some specific database by database.* or a specific table by database.table_name.

Give the syntax of REVOKE commands?

The generic syntax for revoke is as following REVOKE [rights] on [database] FROM [username@hostname] Now rights can be: a) ALL privileges b) Combination of CREATE, DROP, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE etc. We can grant rights on all database by using *.* or some specific database by database.* or a specific table by database.table_name.
What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR data types?

CHAR is a fixed length data type. CHAR(n) will take n characters of storage even if you enter less than n characters to that column. For example, "Hello!" will be stored as "Hello! " in CHAR(10) column. VARCHAR is a variable length data type. VARCHAR(n) will take only the required storage for the actual number of characters entered to that column. For example, "Hello!" will be stored as "Hello!" in VARCHAR(10) column.
How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a mysql table using mysql?

AES_ENCRYPT() and AES_DECRYPT()

Will comparison of string "10" and integer 11 work in PHP?

Yes, internally PHP will cast everything to the integer type, so numbers 10 and 11 will be compared.
What is the functionality of MD5 function in PHP?

string md5(string)

It calculates the MD5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal number.
How can I load data from a text file into a table?

The MySQL provides a LOAD DATA INFILE command. You can load data from a file. Great tool but you need to make sure that: a) Data must be delimited b) Data fields must match table columns correctly
How can we know the number of days between two given dates using MySQL?

Use DATEDIFF()

SELECT DATEDIFF(NOW(),'2006-07-01');
How can we change the name of a column of a table?

This will change the name of column:

ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE old_colm_name new_colm_name

How can we change the data type of a column of a table?

This will change the data type of a column:

ALTER TABLE table_name CHANGE colm_name same_colm_name [new data type]

What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in SQL?

To sort a result, use an ORDER BY clause. The most general way to satisfy a GROUP BY clause is to scan the whole table and create a new temporary table where all rows from each group are consecutive, and then use this temporary table to discover groups and apply aggregate functions (if any). ORDER BY [col1],[col2],...[coln]; Tells DBMS according to what columns it should sort the result. If two rows will have the same value in col1 it will try to sort them according to col2 and so on. GROUP BY [col1],[col2],...[coln]; Tells DBMS to group (aggregate) results with same value of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average.
What is meant by MIME?

Answer 1: MIME is Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions is an Internet standard for the format of e-mail. However browsers also uses MIME standard to transmit files. MIME has a header which is added to a beginning of the data. When browser sees such header it shows the data as it would be a file (for example image) Some examples of MIME types: audio/x-ms-wmp image/png application/x-shockwave-flash Answer 2: Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. WWW's ability to recognize and handle files of different types is largely dependent on the use of the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) standard. The standard provides for a system of registration of file types with information about the applications needed to process them. This information is incorporated into Web server and browser software, and enables the automatic recognition and display of registered file types.

How can we know that a session is started or not?

A session starts by session_start() function. This session_start() is always declared in header portion. it always declares first. then we write session_register().
What are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(), mysql_fetch_row()?

Answer 1: mysql_fetch_array() -> Fetch a result row as a combination of associative array and regular array. mysql_fetch_object() -> Fetch a result row as an object. mysql_fetch_row() -> Fetch a result set as a regular array(). Answer 2: The difference between mysql_fetch_row() and mysql_fetch_array() is that the first returns the results in a numeric array ($row[0], $row[1], etc.), while the latter returns a the results an array containing both numeric and associative keys ($row['name'], $row['email'], etc.). mysql_fetch_object() returns an object ($row->name, $row->email, etc.).
If we login more than one browser windows at the same time with same user and after that we close one window, then is the session is exist to other windows or not? And if yes then why? If no then why?

Session depends on browser. If browser is closed then session is lost. The session data will be deleted after session time out. If connection is lost and you recreate connection, then session will continue in the browser.
What are the MySQL database files stored in system ?

Data is stored in name.myd Table structure is stored in name.frm Index is stored in name.myi

What is the difference between PHP4 and PHP5?

PHP4 cannot support oops concepts and Zend engine 1 is used. PHP5 supports oops concepts and Zend engine 2 is used. Error supporting is increased in PHP5. XML and SQLLite will is increased in PHP5.
Can we use include(abc.PHP) two times in a PHP page makeit.PHP?

Yes we can include that many times we want, but here are some things to make sure of: (including abc.PHP, the file names are case-sensitive) there shouldn't be any duplicate function names, means there should not be functions or classes or variables with the same name in abc.PHP and makeit.php
What are the differences between mysql_fetch_array(), mysql_fetch_object(), mysql_fetch_row()?

mysql_fetch_array - Fetch a result row as an associative array and a numeric array.

mysql_fetch_object - Returns an object with properties that correspond to the fetched row and moves the internal data pointer ahead. Returns an object with properties that correspond to the fetched row, or FALSE if there are no more rows mysql_fetch_row() - Fetches one row of data from the result associated with the specified result identifier. The row is returned as an array. Each result column is stored in an array offset, starting at offset 0.
What is meant by nl2br()?

Anwser1: nl2br() inserts a HTML tag <br> before all new line characters \n in a string. echo nl2br("god bless \n you"); output: god bless<br> you
How can we encrypt and decrypt a data presented in a table using MySQL?

You can use functions: AES_ENCRYPT() and AES_DECRYPT() like: AES_ENCRYPT(str, key_str) AES_DECRYPT(crypt_str, key_str)

How can I retrieve values from one database server and store them in other database server using PHP?

For this purpose, you can first read the data from one server into session variables. Then connect to other server and simply insert the data into the database.
Who is the father of PHP and what is the current version of PHP and MYSQL?

Rasmus Lerdorf. PHP 5.1. Beta MySQL 5.0

In how many ways we can retrieve data in the result set of MYSQL using PHP?

mysql_fetch_array - Fetch a result row as an associative array, a numeric array, or both mysql_fetch_assoc - Fetch a result row as an associative array mysql_fetch_object - Fetch a result row as an object mysql_fetch_row - Get a result row as an enumerated array
What are the functions for IMAP?

imap_body - Read the message body imap_check - Check current mailbox imap_delete - Mark a message for deletion from current mailbox imap_mail - Send an email message

What are encryption functions in PHP?

CRYPT() MD5()

What is the difference between htmlentities() and htmlspecialchars()?

htmlspecialchars() - Convert some special characters to HTML entities (Only the most widely used) htmlentities() - Convert ALL special characters to HTML entities
What is the functionality of the function htmlentities?

htmlentities() - Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.
How can we get the properties (size, type, width, height) of an image using php image functions?

To know the image size use getimagesize() function To know the image width use imagesx() function To know the image height use imagesy() function

How can we increase the execution time of a php script?

By the use of void set_time_limit(int seconds) Set the number of seconds a script is allowed to run. If this is reached, the script returns a fatal error. The default limit is 30 seconds or, if it exists, the max_execution_time value defined in the php.ini. If seconds is set to zero, no time limit is imposed. When called, set_time_limit() restarts the timeout counter from zero. In other words, if the timeout is the default 30 seconds, and 25 seconds into script execution a call such as set_time_limit(20) is made, the script will run for a total of 45 seconds before timing out.
HOW CAN WE TAKE A BACKUP OF A MYSQL TABLE AND HOW CAN WE RESTORE IT?

Answer 1: Create a full backup of your database: shell> mysqldump tab=/path/to/some/dir opt db_name Or: shell> mysqlhotcopy db_name /path/to/some/dir The full backup file is just a set of SQL statements, so restoring it is very easy: shell> mysql "."Executed"; Answer 2: To backup: BACKUP TABLE tbl_name TO /path/to/backup/directory To restore: RESTORE TABLE tbl_name FROM /path/to/backup/directory mysqldump: Dumping Table Structure and Data Utility to dump a database or a collection of database for backup or for transferring the data to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL server). The dump will contain SQL statements to create the table and/or populate the table. -t, no-create-info Don't write table creation information (the CREATE TABLE statement). -d, no-data Don't write any row information for the table. This is very useful if you just want to get a dump of the structure for a table!
How to set cookies?

setcookie('variable','value','time') ; variable - name of the cookie variable value - value of the cookie variable time - expiry time Example: setcookie('Test',$i,time()+3600); Test - cookie variable name $i - value of the variable 'Test' time()+3600 - denotes that the cookie will expire after an one hour

How to reset/destroy a cookie ?

Reset a cookie by specifying expire time in the past: Example: setcookie('Test',$i,time()-3600); // already expired time Reset a cookie by specifying its name only Example: setcookie('Test');
What types of images that PHP supports ?

Using imagetypes() function to find out what types of images are supported in your PHP engine. imagetypes() - Returns the image types supported. This function returns a bit-field corresponding to the image formats supported by the version of GD linked into PHP. The following bits are returned, IMG_GIF | IMG_JPG | IMG_PNG | IMG_WBMP | IMG_XPM.
Check if a variable is an integer in JAVASCRIPT ?

var myValue =9.8; if(parseInt(myValue)== myValue) alert('Integer'); else alert('Not an integer');

Tools used for drawing ER diagrams.

Case Studio Smart Draw

How can I know that a variable is a number or not using a JavaScript?

Answer 1: bool is_numeric( mixed var) Returns TRUE if var is a number or a numeric string, FALSE otherwise. Answer 2: Definition and Usage The isNaN() function is used to check if a value is not a number. Syntax isNaN(number) Parameter Description number Required. The value to be tested
How can we submit from without a submit button?

Trigger the JavaScript code on any event ( like onSelect of drop down list box, onfocus, etc ) document.myform.submit(); This will submit the form.
How many ways can we get the value of current session id?

session_id() returns the session id for the current session.

How can we destroy the cookie?

Set the cookie with a past expiration time.

What are the current versions of Apache, PHP, and MySQL?

PHP: PHP 5.1.2 MySQL: MySQL 5.1 Apache: Apache 2.1

What are the reasons for selecting LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, Php) instead of combination of other software programs, servers and operating systems?

All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux is very more than windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in functionality and security. Mysql is world most popular open source database. Php is more faster that asp or any other scripting language.

What are the features and advantages of OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING?

One of the main advantages of OO programming is its ease of modification; objects can easily be modified and added to a system there by reducing maintenance costs. OO programming is also considered to be better at modeling the real world than is procedural programming. It allows for more complicated and flexible interactions. OO systems are also easier for non-technical personnel to understand and easier for them to participate in the maintenance and enhancement of a system because it appeals to natural human cognition patterns. For some systems, an OO approach can speed development time since many objects are standard across systems and can be reused. Components that manage dates, shipping, shopping carts, etc. can be purchased and easily modified for a specific system.
How can we get second of the current time using date function?

$second = date("s");

What is the use of friend function?

Friend functions Sometimes a function is best shared among a number of different classes. Such functions can be declared either as member functions of one class or as global functions. In either case they can be set to be friends of other classes, by using a friend specifier in the class that is admitting them. Such functions can use all attributes of the class which names them as a friend, as if they were themselves members of that class. A friend declaration is essentially a prototype for a member function, but instead of requiring an implementation with the name of that class attached by the double colon syntax, a global function or member function of another class provides the match. class mylinkage { private: mylinkage * prev; mylinkage * next; protected: friend void set_prev(mylinkage* L, mylinkage* N); void set_next(mylinkage* L); public: mylinkage * succ(); mylinkage * pred(); mylinkage(); }; void mylinkage::set_next(mylinkage* L) { next = L; } void set_prev(mylinkage * L, mylinkage * N ) { N->prev = L; } Friends in other classes It is possible to specify a member function of another class as a friend as follows: class C { friend int B::f1(); }; class B { int f1(); }; It is also possible to specify all the functions in another class as friends, by specifying the entire class as a friend. class A { friend class B; }; Friend functions allow binary operators to be defined which combine private data in a pair of objects. This is particularly powerful when using the operator overloading features of C++. We will return to it when we look at overloading.

How can we get second of the current time using date function?

$second = date("s");

What is the maximum size of a file that can be uploaded using PHP and how can we change this?

You can change maximum size of a file set upload_max_filesize variable in php.ini file
How can I make a script that can be bilingual (supports English, German)?

You can change char set variable in above line in the script to support bi language.
What are the difference between abstract class and interface?

Abstract class: abstract classes are the class where one or more methods are abstract but not necessarily all method has to be abstract. Abstract methods are the methods, which are declare in its class but not define. The definition of those methods must be in its extending class. Interface: Interfaces are one type of class where all the methods are abstract. That means all the methods only declared but not defined. All the methods must be define by its implemented class.
What are the advantages of stored procedures, triggers, indexes?

A stored procedure is a set of SQL commands that can be compiled and stored in the server. Once this has been done, clients don't need to keep re-issuing the entire query but can refer to the stored procedure. This provides better overall performance because the query has to be parsed only once, and less information needs to be sent between the server and the client. You can also raise the conceptual level by having libraries of functions in the server. However, stored procedures of course do increase the load on the database server system, as more of the work is done on the server side and less on the client (application) side. Triggers will also be implemented. A trigger is effectively a type of stored procedure, one that is invoked when a particular event occurs. For example, you can install a stored procedure that is triggered each time a record is deleted from a transaction table and that stored procedure automatically deletes the corresponding customer from a customer table when all his transactions are deleted. Indexes are used to find rows with specific column values quickly. Without an index, MySQL must begin with the first row and then read through the entire table to find the relevant rows. The larger the table, the more this costs. If the table has an index for the columns in question, MySQL can quickly determine the position to seek to in the middle of the data file without having to look at all the data. If a table has 1,000 rows, this is at least 100 times faster than reading sequentially. If you need to access most of the rows, it is faster to read sequentially, because this minimizes disk seeks.
What is maximum size of a database in mysql?

If the operating system or filesystem places a limit on the number of files in a directory, MySQL is bound by that constraint. The efficiency of the operating system in handling large numbers of files in a directory can place a practical limit on the number of tables in a database. If the time required to open a file in the directory increases significantly as the number of files increases, database performance can be adversely affected. The amount of available disk space limits the number of tables. MySQL 3.22 had a 4GB (4 gigabyte) limit on table size. With the MyISAM storage engine in MySQL 3.23, the maximum table size was increased to 65536 terabytes (2567 1 bytes). With this larger allowed table size, the maximum effective table size for MySQL databases is usually determined by operating system constraints on file sizes, not by MySQL internal limits. The InnoDB storage engine maintains InnoDB tables within a tablespace that can be created from several files. This allows a table to exceed the maximum individual file size. The tablespace can include raw disk partitions, which allows extremely large tables. The maximum tablespace size is 64TB. The following table lists some examples of operating system file-size limits. This is only a rough guide and is not intended to be definitive. For the most up-to-date information, be sure to check the documentation specific to your operating system. Operating System File-size Limit Linux 2.2-Intel 32-bit 2GB (LFS: 4GB) Linux 2.4+ (using ext3 filesystem) 4TB Solaris 9/10 16TB NetWare w/NSS filesystem 8TB Win32 w/ FAT/FAT32 2GB/4GB Win32 w/ NTFS 2TB (possibly larger) MacOS X w/ HFS+ 2TB
Explain normalization concept?

The normalization process involves getting our data to conform to three progressive normal forms, and a higher level of normalization cannot be achieved until the previous levels have been achieved (there are actually five

normal forms, but the last two are mainly academic and will not be discussed). First Normal Form The First Normal Form (or 1NF) involves removal of redundant data from horizontal rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication of data in a given row, and that every column stores the least amount of information possible (making the field atomic). Second Normal Form Where the First Normal Form deals with redundancy of data across a horizontal row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of data in vertical columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form, your tables must already be in First Normal Form. Third Normal Form I have a confession to make; I do not often use Third Normal Form. In Third Normal Form we are looking for data in our tables that is not fully dependant on the primary key, but dependant on another value in the table
Whats the difference between accessing a class method via -> and via ::?

:: is allowed to access methods that can perform static operations, i.e. those, which do not require object initialization.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of CASCADE STYLE SHEETS?

External Style Sheets Advantages Can control styles for multiple documents at once Classes can be created for use on multiple HTML element types in many documents Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts Disadvantages An extra download is required to import style information for each document The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of style definitions Embedded Style Sheets Advantages Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts No additional downloads necessary to receive style information Disadvantage This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once Inline Styles Advantages Useful for small quantities of style definitions Can override other style specification methods at the local level so only exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with other style methods Disadvantages Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML) Can not control styles for multiple documents at once Author can not create or control classes of elements to control multiple element types within the document Selector grouping methods can not be used to create complex element addressing scenarios
What type of inheritance that php supports?

In PHP an extended class is always dependent on a single base class, that is, multiple inheritance is not supported. Classes are extended using the keyword 'extends'.
How can increase the performance of MySQL select query?

We can use LIMIT to stop MySql for further search in table after we have received our required no. of records, also we can use LEFT JOIN or RIGHT JOIN instead of full join in cases we have related data in two or more tables.
How can we change the name of a column of a table?

MySQL query to rename table: RENAME TABLE tbl_name TO new_tbl_name or, ALTER TABLE tableName CHANGE OldName newName.

When you want to show some part of a text displayed on an HTML page in red font color? What different possibilities are there to do this? What are the advantages/disadvantages of these methods?

There are 2 ways to show some part of a text in red: 1. Using HTML tag <font color="red"> 2. Using HTML tag <span style="color: red">

When viewing an HTML page in a Browser, the Browser often keeps this page in its cache. What can be possible advantages/disadvantages of page caching? How can you prevent caching of a certain page (please give several alternate solutions)?

When you use the metatag in the header section at the beginning of an HTML Web page, the Web page may still be cached in the Temporary Internet Files folder. A page that Internet Explorer is browsing is not cached until half of the 64 KB buffer is filled. Usually, metatags are inserted in the header section of an HTML document, which appears at the beginning of the document. When the HTML code is parsed, it is read from top to bottom. When the metatag is read, Internet Explorer looks for the existence of the page in cache at that exact moment. If it is there, it is removed. To properly prevent the Web page from appearing in the cache, place another header section at the end of the HTML document.
What are the different ways to login to a remote server? Explain the means, advantages and disadvantages?

There is at least 3 ways to logon to a remote server: Use ssh or telnet if you concern with security You can also use rlogin to logon to a remote server.

Please give a regular expression (preferably Perl/PREG style), which can be used to identify the URL from within a HTML link tag.

Try this: /href="([^"]*)"/i

How can I use the COM components in php?

The COM class provides a framework to integrate (D)COM components into your PHP scripts. string COM::COM( string module_name [, string server_name [, int codepage]]) - COM class constructor. Parameters: module_name: name or class-id of the requested component. server_name: name of the DCOM server from which the component should be fetched. If NULL, localhost is assumed. To allow DCOM com, allow_dcom has to be set to TRUE in php.ini. codepage - specifies the codepage that is used to convert php-strings to unicode-strings and vice versa. Possible values are CP_ACP, CP_MACCP, CP_OEMCP, CP_SYMBOL, CP_THREAD_ACP, CP_UTF7 and CP_UTF8. Usage: $word->Visible = 1; //open an empty document $word->Documents->Add(); //do some weird stuff $word->Selection->TypeText("This is a test"); $word->Documents[1]->SaveAs("Useless test.doc"); //closing word $word->Quit(); //free the object $word->Release(); $word = null;
How many ways we can give the output to a browser?

HTML output PHP, ASP, JSP, Servlet Function Script Language output Function Different Type of embedded Package to output to a browser
What is the default session time in php and how can I change it?

The default session time in php is until closing of browser

What changes I have to do in php.ini file for file uploading?

Make the following line uncomment like: ; Whether to allow HTTP file uploads. file_uploads = On

; Temporary directory for HTTP uploaded files (will use system default if not ; specified). upload_tmp_dir = C:\apache2triad\temp ; Maximum allowed size for uploaded files. upload_max_filesize = 2M
How can I set a cron and how can I execute it in Unix, Linux, and windows?

Cron is very simply a Linux module that allows you to run commands at predetermined times or intervals. In Windows, it's called Scheduled Tasks. The name Cron is in fact derived from the same word from which we get the word chronology, which means order of time. The easiest way to use crontab is via the crontab command. # crontab This command 'edits' the crontab. Upon employing this command, you will be able to enter the commands that you wish to run. My version of Linux uses the text editor vi. You can find information on using vi here. The syntax of this file is very important if you get it wrong, your crontab will not function properly. The syntax of the file should be as follows: minutes hours day_of_month month day_of_week command All the variables, with the exception of the command itself, are numerical constants. In addition to an asterisk (*), which is a wildcard that allows any value, the ranges permitted for each field are as follows: Minutes: 0-59 Hours: 0-23 Day_of_month: 1-31 Month: 1-12 Weekday: 0-6 We can also include multiple values for each entry, simply by separating each value with a comma. command can be any shell command and, as we will see momentarily, can also be used to execute a Web document such as a PHP file. So, if we want to run a script every Tuesday morning at 8:15 AM, our mycronjob file will contain the following content on a single line: 15 8 * * 2 /path/to/scriptname This all seems simple enough, right? Not so fast! If you try to run a PHP script in this manner, nothing will happen (barring very special configurations that have PHP compiled as an executable, as opposed to an Apache module). The reason is that, in order for PHP to be parsed, it needs to be passed through Apache. In other words, the page needs to be called via a browser or other means of retrieving Web content. For our purposes, I'll assume that your server configuration includes wget, as is the case with most default configurations. To test your configuration, log in to shell. If you're using an RPM-based system (e.g. Redhat or Mandrake), type the following: # wget help If you are greeted with a wget package identification, it is installed in your system. You could execute the PHP by invoking wget on the URL to the page, like so: # wget http://www.example.com/file.php Now, let's go back to the mailstock.php file we created in the first part of this article. We saved it in our document root, so it should be accessible via the Internet. Remember that we wanted it to run at 4PM Eastern time, and send you your precious closing bell report? Since I'm located in the Eastern timezone, we can go ahead and set up our crontab to use 4:00, but if you live elsewhere, you might have to compensate for the time difference when setting this value. This is what my crontab will look like: 0 4 * * 1,2,3,4,5 we get http://www.example.com/mailstock.php

Steps for the payment gateway processing?

An online payment gateway is the interface between your merchant account and your Web site. The online payment gateway allows you to immediately verify credit card transactions and authorize funds on a customer's credit card directly from your Web site. It then passes the transaction off to your merchant bank for processing, commonly referred to as transaction batching
How many ways I can redirect a PHP page?

Here are the possible ways of php page redirection. 1. Using Java script: '; echo 'window.location.href="'.$filename.'";'; echo ''; echo ''; echo ''; echo ''; } } redirect('http://maosjb.com'); ?> 2. Using php function: header("Location:http://maosjb.com ");
List out different arguments in PHP header function?

void header ( string string [, bool replace [, int http_response_code]])

What type of headers have to be added in the mail function to attach a file?

$boundary = '--' . md5( uniqid ( rand() ) ); $headers = "From: \"Me\"\n"; $headers .= "MIME-Version: 1.0\n"; $headers .= "Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary=\"$boundary\"";

What is the difference between Reply-to and Return-path in the headers of a mail function?

Reply-to: Reply-to is where to delivery the reply of the mail.

Return-path: Return path is when there is a mail delivery failure occurs then where to delivery the failure notification.
How to store the uploaded file to the final location?

move_uploaded_file ( string filename, string destination) This function checks to ensure that the file designated by filename is a valid upload file (meaning that it was uploaded via PHP's HTTP POST upload mechanism). If the file is valid, it will be moved to the filename given by destination. If filename is not a valid upload file, then no action will occur, and move_uploaded_file() will return FALSE. If filename is a valid upload file, but cannot be moved for some reason, no action will occur, and move_uploaded_file() will return FALSE. Additionally, a warning will be issued.
Explain about Type Juggling in php?

PHP does not require (or support) explicit type definition in variable declaration; a variable's type is determined by the context in which that variable is used. That is to say, if you assign a string value to variable $var, $var becomes a string. If you then assign an integer value to $var, it becomes an integer. An example of PHP's automatic type conversion is the addition operator '+'. If any of the operands is a float, then all operands are evaluated as floats, and the result will be a float. Otherwise, the operands will be interpreted as integers, and the result will also be an integer. Note that this does NOT change the types of the operands themselves; the only change is in how the operands are evaluated. $foo $foo $foo $foo += 2; // $foo is now an integer (2) = $foo + 1.3; // $foo is now a float (3.3) = 5 + "10 Little Piggies"; // $foo is integer (15) = 5 + "10 Small Pigs"; // $foo is integer (15)

If the last two examples above seem odd, see String conversion to numbers. If you wish to change the type of a variable, see settype(). If you would like to test any of the examples in this section, you can use the var_dump() function. Note: The behavior of an automatic conversion to array is currently undefined. Since PHP (for historical reasons) supports indexing into strings via offsets using the same syntax as array

indexing, the example above leads to a problem: should $a become an array with its first element being "f", or should "f" become the first character of the string $a? The current versions of PHP interpret the second assignment as a string offset identification, so $a becomes "f", the result of this automatic conversion however should be considered undefined. PHP 4 introduced the new curly bracket syntax to access characters in string, use this syntax instead of the one presented above:
How can I embed a java programme in php file and what changes have to be done in php.ini file?

There are two possible ways to bridge PHP and Java: you can either integrate PHP into a Java Servlet environment, which is the more stable and efficient solution, or integrate Java support into PHP. The former is provided by a SAPI module that interfaces with the Servlet server, the latter by this Java extension. The Java extension provides a simple and effective means for creating and invoking methods on Java objects from PHP. The JVM is created using JNI, and everything runs in-process. Example Code: getProperty('java.version') . ''; echo 'Java vendor=' . $system->getProperty('java.vendor') . ''; echo 'OS=' . $system>getProperty('os.name') . ' ' . $system->getProperty('os.version') . ' on ' . $system->getProperty('os.arch') . ' '; // java.util.Date example $formatter = new Java('java.text.SimpleDateFormat', "EEEE, MMMM dd, yyyy 'at' h:mm:ss a zzzz"); echo $formatter->format(new Java('java.util.Date')); ?> The behaviour of these functions is affected by settings in php.ini. Table 1. Java configuration options Name Default Changeable java.class.path NULL PHP_INI_ALL Name Default Changeable java.home NULL PHP_INI_ALL java.library.path NULL PHP_INI_ALL java.library JAVALIB PHP_INI_ALL
Explain the ternary conditional operator in PHP?

Expression preceding the ? is evaluated, if its true, then the expression preceding the : is executed, otherwise, the expression following : is executed.
Whats the difference between include and require?

Its how they handle failures. If the file is not found by require(), it will cause a fatal error and halt the execution of the script. If the file is not found by include(), a warning will be issued, but execution will continue.
How many ways can we get the value of current session id?

session_id() returns the session id for the current session.

Top 100 PHP interview questions and answers are below

Questions : Who is the father of PHP ? 1 Answers : Rasmus Lerdorf is known as the father of PHP. 1

Questions What is the difference between $name and $$name?

:2 Answers : $name is variable where as $$name is reference variable 2 like $name=sonia and $$name=singh so $sonia value is singh.

Questions How can we submit a form without a submit button? :3 Answer : 3 Java script submit() function is used for submit form without submit button on click call document.formname.submit()

Questions In how many ways we can retrieve the data in the result set of :4 MySQL using PHP? Answer : 4 We can do it by 4 Ways 1. mysql_fetch_row. , 2. mysql_fetch_array , 3. mysql_fetch_object 4. mysql_fetch_assoc

Questions What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and :5 mysql_fetch_array? Answers : mysql_fetch_object() is similar tomysql_fetch_array(), with one difference 5 an object is returned, instead of an array. Indirectly, that means that you can only access the data by the field names, and not by their offsets (numbers are illegal property names).

Questions What are the differences between Get and post methods. :6 Answers : There are some defference between GET and POST method 1. GET Method have some limit like only 2Kb data able to send for request 6 But in POST method unlimited data can we send 2. when we use GET method requested data show in url but Not in POST method so POST method is good for send sensetive request

Questions How can we extract string "pcds.co.in " from a string :7 "http://info@pcds.co.in using regular expression of PHP? Answers : preg_match("/^http:\/\/.+@(.+)$/","http://info@pcds.co.in",$matches); 7 echo $matches[1];

Questions How can we create a database using PHP and MySQL? :8 Answers : We can create MySQL database with the use of 8 mysql_create_db("Database Name")

Questions What are the differences between require and include? :9 Answers : Both include and require used to include a file but when included file not found 9 Include send Warning where as Require send Fatal Error .

Questions Can we use include ("xyz.PHP") two times in a PHP page "index.PHP"? : 10 Answers : Yes we can use include("xyz.php") more than one time in any page. but it create a 10 prob when xyz.php file contain some funtions declaration then error will come for already declared function in this file else not a prob like if you want to show same content two time in page then must incude it two time not a prob

Questions What are the different tables(Engine) present in MySQL, which one is : 11 default? Answers : Following tables (Storage Engine) we can create 11 1. MyISAM(The default storage engine IN MYSQL Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. An .frm file stores the table format. The data file has an .MYD (MYData) extension. The index file has an .MYI (MYIndex) extension. ) 2. InnoDB(InnoDB is a transaction-safe (ACID compliant) storage engine for MySQL that has commit, rollback, and crash-recovery capabilities to protect user data.) 3. Merge 4. Heap (MEMORY)(The MEMORY storage engine creates tables with contents that are stored in memory. Formerly, these were known as HEAP tables. MEMORY is the preferred term, although HEAP remains supported for backward compatibility. ) 5. BDB (BerkeleyDB)(Sleepycat Software has provided MySQL with the Berkeley DB transactional storage engine. This storage engine typically is called BDB for short. BDB tables may have a greater chance of surviving crashes and are also capable of COMMIT and ROLLBACK operations on transactions) 6. EXAMPLE 7. FEDERATED (It is a storage engine that accesses data in tables of remote databases rather than in local tables. ) 8. ARCHIVE (The ARCHIVE storage engine is used for storing large amounts of data without indexes in a very small footprint. ) 9. CSV (The CSV storage engine stores data in text files using comma-separated values format.) 10. BLACKHOLE (The BLACKHOLE storage engine acts as a "black hole" that accepts data but throws it away and does not store it. Retrievals always return an empty result)

Questions What is use of header() function in php ? : 12 Answers : The header() function sends a raw HTTP header to a client.We can use herder() 12 function for redirection of pages. It is important to notice that header() must be called before any actual output is seen..

Questions How can I execute a PHP script using command line? : 13 Answers : Just run the PHP CLI (Command Line Interface) program and 13 provide the PHP script file name as the command line argument.

Questions Suppose your Zend engine supports the mode <? ?> Then how can u : 14 configure your PHP Zend engine to support <?PHP ?> mode ? Answers : In php.ini file: 14 set short_open_tag=on to make PHP support

Questions Shopping cart online validation i.e. how can we configure Paypal, : 15 etc.? Answers : Nothing more we have to do only redirect to the payPal url after 15 submit all information needed by paypal like amount,adresss etc.

Questions What is meant by nl2br()? : 16 Answers : Inserts HTML line breaks (<BR />) before all newlines in a string. 16

Questions What is htaccess? Why do we use this and Where? : 17 Answers : .htaccess files are configuration files of Apache Server which provide 17 a way to make configuration changes on a per-directory basis. A file, containing one or more configuration directives, is placed in a particular document directory, and the directives apply to that directory, and all subdirectories thereof.

Questions How we get IP address of client, previous reference page etc ? : 18 Answers : By using $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR'],$_SERVER['HTTP_REFERER'] etc. 18

Questions What are the reasons for selecting lamp (Linux, apache, MySQL, : 19 PHP) instead of combination of other software programs, servers and operating systems? Answers : All of those are open source resource. Security of Linux is very

19

very more than windows. Apache is a better server that IIS both in functionality and security. MySQL is world most popular open source database. PHP is more faster that asp or any other scripting language.

Questions How can we encrypt and decrypt a data present in a MySQL table : 20 using MySQL? Answers : AES_ENCRYPT () and AES_DECRYPT () 20

Questions How can we encrypt the username and password using PHP? : 21 Answers : The functions in this section perform encryption and decryption, and 21 compression and uncompression:

encryption AES_ENCRYT() ENCODE() DES_ENCRYPT() ENCRYPT() MD5()

decryption AES_DECRYPT() DECODE() DES_DECRYPT() Not available Not available

OLD_PASSWORD() Not available PASSWORD() SHA() or SHA1() Not available Not available Not available UNCOMPRESSED_LENGTH()

Questions What are the features and advantages of object-oriented : 22 programming? Answers : One of the main advantages of OO programming is its ease of 22 modification; objects can easily be modified and added to a system there by reducing maintenance costs. OO programming is also considered to be better at modeling the real world than is procedural programming. It allows for more complicated and flexible interactions. OO systems are also easier for non-technical personnel to understand and easier for them to participate in the maintenance and enhancement of a system because it appeals to natural human cognition patterns. For some systems, an OO approach can speed development time since many

objects are standard across systems and can be reused. Components that manage dates, shipping, shopping carts, etc. can be purchased and easily modified for a specific system

Questions What are the differences between procedure-oriented languages and : 23 object-oriented languages? Answers : There are lot of difference between procedure language and object oriented like 23 below 1>Procedure language easy for new developer but complex to understand whole software as compare to object oriented model 2>In Procedure language it is difficult to use design pattern mvc , Singleton pattern etc but in OOP you we able to develop design pattern 3>IN OOP language we able to ree use code like Inheritance ,polymorphism etc but this type of thing not available in procedure language on that our Fonda use COPY and PASTE .

Questions What is the use of friend function? : 24 Answers : Sometimes a function is best shared among a number of different 24 classes. Such functions can be declared either as member functions of one class or as global functions. In either case they can be set to be friends of other classes, by using a friend specifier in the class that is admitting them. Such functions can use all attributes of the class which names them as a friend, as if they were themselves members of that class. A friend declaration is essentially a prototype for a member function, but instead of requiring an implementation with the name of that class attached by the double colon syntax, a global function or member function of another class provides the match.

Questions What are the differences between public, private, protected, : 25 static, transient, final and volatile? Answer : 25 Public: Public declared items can be accessed everywhere. Protected: Protected limits access to inherited and parent classes (and to the class that defines the item). Private: Private limits visibility only to the class that defines the item. Static: A static variable exists only in a local function scope, but it does not lose its value when program execution leaves this scope. Final: Final keyword prevents child classes from overriding a method by prefixing the definition with final. If the class itself is being defined final then it cannot be extended. transient: A transient variable is a variable that may not be serialized. volatile: a variable that might be concurrently modified by multiple threads should be declared volatile. Variables declared to be volatile will not be optimized by the compiler because their value can change at any time.

Questions What are the different types of errors in PHP? : 26 Answer : 26 Three are three types of errors:1. Notices: These are trivial, non-critical errors that PHP encounters while executing a script for example, accessing a variable that has not yet been defined. By default, such errors are not displayed to the user at all although, as you will see, you can change this default behavior.2. Warnings: These are more serious errors for example, attempting to include() a file which does not exist. By default, these errors are displayed to the user, but they do not result in script termination.3. Fatal errors: These are critical errors for example, instantiating an object of a non-existent class, or calling a non-existent function. These errors cause the immediate termination of the script, and PHP's default behavior is to display them to the user when they take place.

Questions What is the functionality of the function strstr and stristr? : 27 Answers : strstr Returns part of string from the first occurrence of needle(sub string that we 27 finding out ) to the end of string. $email= 'sonialouder@gmail.com'; $domain = strstr($email, '@'); echo $domain; // prints @gmail.com here @ is the needle stristr is case-insensitive means able not able to diffrenciate between a and A

Questions What are the differences between PHP 3 and PHP 4 and PHP 5? : 28 Answer : 28 There are lot of difference among these three version of php 1>Php3 is oldest version after that php4 came and current version is php5 (php5.3) where php6 have to come 2>Difference mean oldest version have less functionality as compare to new one like php5 have all OOPs concept now where as php3 was pure procedural language constructive like C In PHP5 1. Implementation of exceptions and exception handling 2. Type hinting which allows you to force the type of a specific argument 3. Overloading of methods through the __call function 4. Full constructors and destructors etc through a __constuctor and __destructor function 5. __autoload function for dynamically including certain include files depending on the class you are trying to create. 6 Finality : can now use the final keyword to indicate that a method cannot be overridden by a child. You can also declare an entire class as final which prevents it from having any children at all. 7 Interfaces & Abstract Classes 8 Passed by Reference : 9 An __clone method if you really want to duplicate an object 10 Numbers of Functions Deprecated in php 5.x like ereg,ereg_replace,magic_quotes_runtime, session_register,register_globals, split(),

call_user_method() etc

Questions How can we convert asp pages to PHP pages? : 29 Answer : 29 there are lots of tools available for asp to PHP conversion. you can search Google for that. the best one is available athttp://asp2php.naken.cc./

Questions What is the functionality of the function htmlentities? : 30 Answer : 30 Convert all applicable characters to HTML entities This function is identical to htmlspecialchars() in all ways, except with htmlentities(), all characters which have HTML character entity equivalents are translated into these entities.

Questions How can we get second of the current time using date function? : 31 Answer : 31 $second = date("s");

Questions How can we convert the time zones using PHP? : 32 Answer : 32

By using date_default_timezone_get and date_default_timezone_set function on PHP 5.1.0 <?php // Discover what 8am in Tokyo relates to on the East Coast of the US // Set the default timezone to Tokyo time: date_default_timezone_set('Asia/Tokyo'); // Now generate the timestamp for that particular timezone, on Jan 1st, 2000 $stamp = mktime(8, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2000); // Now set the timezone back to US/Eastern date_default_timezone_set('US/Eastern'); // Output the date in a standard format (RFC1123), this will print: // Fri, 31 Dec 1999 18:00:00 EST echo '<p>', date(DATE_RFC1123, $stamp) ,'</p>';?>

Questions What is meant by urlencode and urldocode?

: 33 Answer : 33 URLencode returns a string in which all non-alphanumeric characters except -_. have been replaced with a percent (%) sign followed by two hex digits and spaces encoded as plus (+) signs. It is encoded the same way that the posted data from a WWW form is encoded, that is the same way as in application/x-www-form-urlencoded media type. urldecode decodes any %## encoding in the given string.

Questions What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset? : 34 Answer : 34 unlink() deletes the given file from the file system. unset() makes a variable undefined.

Questions How can we register the variables into a session? : 35 Answer : 35 $_SESSION['name'] = "sonia";

Questions How can we get the properties (size, type, width, height) of an : 36 image using PHP image functions? Answer : 36 To To To To know know know know the the the the Image type use exif_imagetype () function Image size use getimagesize () function image width use imagesx () function image height use imagesy() function t

Questions How can we get the browser properties using PHP? : 37 Answer : 37 By using

$_SERVER['HTTP_USER_AGENT'] variable.

Questions What is the maximum size of a file that can be uploaded using PHP : 38 and how can we change this? Answer : 38 By default the maximum size is 2MB. and we can change the following setup at php.iniupload_max_filesize = 2M

Questions How can we increase the execution time of a PHP script? : 39

Answer : 39

by changing the following setup at php.inimax_execution_time = 30 ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds

Questions How can we take a backup of a MySQL table and how can we restore : 40 it. ? Answer : 40 To backup: BACKUP TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name] TO '/path/to/backup/directory' RESTORE TABLE tbl_name[,tbl_name] FROM '/path/to/backup/directory'mysqldump: Dumping Table Structure and DataUtility to dump a database or a collection of database for backup or for transferring the data to another SQL server (not necessarily a MySQL server). The dump will contain SQL statements to create the table and/or populate the table. -t, no-create-info Don't write table creation information (the CREATE TABLE statement). -d, no-data Don't write any row information for the table. This is very useful if you just want to get a dump of the structure for a table!

Questions How can we optimize or increase the speed of a MySQL select : 41 query? Answer : 41 first of all instead of using select * from table1, use select column1, column2, column3.. from table1 Look for the opportunity to introduce index in the table you are querying. use limit keyword if you are looking for any specific number of rows from the result set.

Questions How many ways can we get the value of current session id? : 42 Answer : 42 session_id() returns the session id for the current session.

Questions How can we destroy the session, how can we unset the variable of : 43 a session? Answer : 43 session_unregister Unregister a global variable from the current session session_unset Free all session variables

Questions How can we set and destroy the cookie n php? : 44 Answer : 44 By using setcookie(name, value, expire, path, domain); function we can set the cookie in php ; Set the cookies in past for destroy. like

setcookie("user", "sonia", time()+3600); for set the cookie setcookie("user", "", time()-3600); for destroy or delete the cookies;

Questions How many ways we can pass the variable through the navigation : 45 between the pages? Answer : 45 GET/QueryString POST

Questions What is the difference between ereg_replace() and eregi_replace()? : 46 Answer : 46 eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that this ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.eregi_replace() function is identical to ereg_replace() except that this ignores case distinction when matching alphabetic characters.

Questions What are the different functions in sorting an array? : 47 Answer : 47 Sort(), arsort(), asort(), ksort(), natsort(), natcasesort(), rsort(), usort(), array_multisort(), and uksort().

Questions How can we know the count/number of elements of an array? : 48 Answer : 48 2 ways a) sizeof($urarray) This function is an alias of count() b) count($urarray)

Questions what is session_set_save_handler in PHP? : 49 Answer : 49 session_set_save_handler() sets the user-level session storage functions which are used for storing and retrieving data associated with a session. This is most useful when a storage method other than those supplied by PHP sessions is preferred. i.e. Storing the session data in a local database.

Questions How can I know that a variable is a number or not using a : 50 JavaScript? Answer : bool is_numeric ( mixed var)

50

Returns TRUE if var is a number or a numeric string, FALSE otherwise.or use isNaN(mixed var)The isNaN() function is used to check if a value is not a number.

Questions List out some tools through which we can draw E-R diagrams for : 51 mysql. Answer : 51 Case Studio Smart Draw

Questions How can I retrieve values from one database server and store them : 52 in other database server using PHP? Answer : 52 we can always fetch from one database and rewrite to another. here is a nice solution of it.$db1 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd") mysql_select_db("db1", $db1); $res1 = mysql_query("query",$db1);$db2 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd") mysql_select_db("db2", $db2); $res2 = mysql_query("query",$db2);At this point you can only fetch records from you previous ResultSet, i.e $res1 But you cannot execute new query in $db1, even if you supply the link as because the link was overwritten by the new db.so at this point the following script will fail $res3 = mysql_query("query",$db1); //this will failSo how to solve that? take a look below. $db1 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd") mysql_select_db("db1", $db1); $res1 = mysql_query("query",$db1); $db2 = mysql_connect("host","user","pwd", true) mysql_select_db("db2", $db2); $res2 = mysql_query("query",$db2); So mysql_connect has another optional boolean parameter which indicates whether a link will be created or not. as we connect to the $db2 with this optional parameter set to 'true', so both link will remain live. now the following query will execute successfully. $res3 = mysql_query("query",$db1);

Questions List out the predefined classes in PHP? : 53 Answer : 53 Directory stdClass __PHP_Incomplete_Class exception php_user_filter

Questions How can I make a script that can be bi-language (supports : 54 English, German)? Answer : 54 You can maintain two separate language file for each of the language. all the labels are putted in both language files as variables and assign those variables in the PHP source. on runtime choose the

required language option.

Questions What are the difference between abstract class and interface? : 55 Answer : 55 Abstract class: abstract classes are the class where one or more methods are abstract but not necessarily all method has to be abstract. Abstract methods are the methods, which are declare in its class but not define. The definition of those methods must be in its extending class.Interface: Interfaces are one type of class where all the methods are abstract. That means all the methods only declared but not defined. All the methods must be define by its implemented class.

Questions How can we send mail using JavaScript? : 56 Answer : 56 JavaScript does not have any networking capabilities as it is designed to work on client site. As a result we can not send mails using JavaScript. But we can call the client side mail protocol mailto via JavaScript to prompt for an email to send. this requires the client to approve it.

Questions How can we repair a MySQL table? : 57 Answer : 57 The syntex for repairing a MySQL table is REPAIR TABLENAME, [TABLENAME, ], [Quick],[Extended] This command will repair the table specified if the quick is given the MySQL will do a repair of only the index tree if the extended is given it will create index row by row

Questions What are the advantages of stored procedures, triggers, indexes? : 58 Answer : 58 A stored procedure is a set of SQL commands that can be compiled and stored in the server. Once this has been done, clients don't need to keep re-issuing the entire query but can refer to the stored procedure. This provides better overall performance because the query has to be parsed only once, and less information needs to be sent between the server and the client. You can also raise the conceptual level by having libraries of functions in the server. However, stored procedures of course do increase the load on the database server system, as more of the work is done on the server side and less on the client (application) side.Triggers will also be implemented. A trigger is effectively a type of stored procedure, one that is invoked when a particular event occurs. For example, you can install a stored procedure that is triggered each time a record is deleted from a transaction table and that stored procedure automatically deletes the corresponding customer from a customer table when all his transactions are deleted.Indexes are used to find rows with specific column values quickly. Without an index, MySQL must begin with the first row and then read

through the entire table to find the relevant rows. The larger the table, the more this costs. If the table has an index for the columns in question, MySQL can quickly determine the position to seek to in the middle of the data file without having to look at all the data. If a table has 1,000 rows, this is at least 100 times faster than reading sequentially. If you need to access most of the rows, it is faster to read sequentially, because this minimizes disk seeks.

Questions What is the maximum length of a table name, database name, and : 59 fieldname in MySQL? Answer : 59 The following table describes the maximum length for each type of identifier.

Identifier

Maximum Length (bytes)

Database 64 Table Column Index Alias 64 64 64 255

There are some restrictions on the characters that may appear in identifiers:

Questions How many values can the SET function of MySQL take? : 60 Answer : 60 MySQL set can take zero or more values but at the maximum it can take 64 values

Questions What are the other commands to know the structure of table using : 61 MySQL commands except explain command? Answer : 61 describe Table-Name;

Questions How many tables will create when we create table, what are they? : 62 Answer : 62 The '.frm' file stores the table definition. The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension. The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,

Questions What is the purpose of the following files having extensions 1) .frm : 63 2) .myd 3) .myi? What do these files contain? Answer : 63 In MySql, the default table type is MyISAM. Each MyISAM table is stored on disk in three files. The files have names that begin with the table name and have an extension to indicate the file type. The '.frm' file stores the table definition. The data file has a '.MYD' (MYData) extension. The index file has a '.MYI' (MYIndex) extension,

Questions What is maximum size of a database in MySQL? : 64 Answer : 64 If the operating system or filesystem places a limit on the number of files in a directory, MySQL is bound by that constraint.The efficiency of the operating system in handling large numbers of files in a directory can place a practical limit on the number of tables in a database. If the time required to open a file in the directory increases significantly as the number of files increases, database performance can be adversely affected. The amount of available disk space limits the number of tables. MySQL 3.22 had a 4GB (4 gigabyte) limit on table size. With the MyISAM storage engine in MySQL 3.23, the maximum table size was increased to 65536 terabytes (2567 1 bytes). With this larger allowed table size, the maximum effective table size for MySQL databases is usually determined by operating system constraints on file sizes, not by MySQL internal limits.The InnoDB storage engine maintains InnoDB tables within a tablespace that can be created from several files. This allows a table to exceed the maximum individual file size. The tablespace can include raw disk partitions, which allows extremely large tables. The maximum tablespace size is 64TB. The following table lists some examples of operating system file-size limits. This is only a rough guide and is not intended to be definitive. For the most up-to-date information, be sure to check the documentation specific to your operating system. Operating System File-size LimitLinux 2.2-Intel 32-bit 2GB (LFS: 4GB) Linux 2.4+ (using ext3 filesystem) 4TB Solaris 9/10 16TB NetWare w/NSS filesystem 8TB Win32 w/ FAT/FAT32 2GB/4GB Win32 w/ NTFS 2TB (possibly larger) MacOS X w/ HFS+ 2TB

Questions Give the syntax of Grant and Revoke commands? : 65 Answer : 65 The generic syntax for grant is as following > GRANT [rights] on [database/s] TO [username@hostname] IDENTIFIED BY [password] now rights can be

a) All privileges b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc.We can grant rights on all databse by using *.* or some specific database by database.* or a specific table by database.table_name username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname and username@% where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.* any condition password is simply the password of userThe generic syntax for revoke is as following > REVOKE [rights] on [database/s] FROM [username@hostname] now rights can be as explained above a) All privileges b) combination of create, drop, select, insert, update and delete etc. username@hotsname can be either username@localhost, username@hostname and username@% where hostname is any valid hostname and % represents any name, the *.* any condition

Questions Explain Normalization concept? : 66 Answer : 66 The normalization process involves getting our data to conform to three progressive normal forms, and a higher level of normalization cannot be achieved until the previous levels have been achieved (there are actually five normal forms, but the last two are mainly academic and will not be discussed).First Normal FormThe First Normal Form (or 1NF) involves removal of redundant data from horizontal rows. We want to ensure that there is no duplication of data in a given row, and that every column stores the least amount of information possible (making the field atomic).Second Normal FormWhere the First Normal Form deals with redundancy of data across a horizontal row, Second Normal Form (or 2NF) deals with redundancy of data in vertical columns. As stated earlier, the normal forms are progressive, so to achieve Second Normal Form, your tables must already be in First Normal Form.Third Normal Form I have a confession to make; I do not often use Third Normal Form. In Third Normal Form we are looking for data in our tables that is not fully dependant on the primary key, but dependant on another value in the table

Questions How can we find the number of rows in a table using MySQL? : 67 Answer : 67 Use this for mysql >SELECT COUNT(*) FROM table_name;

Questions How can we find the number of rows in a result set using PHP? : 68 Answer : 68

$result = mysql_query($sql, $db_link); $num_rows = mysql_num_rows($result); echo "$num_rows rows found";

Questions How many ways we can we find the current date using MySQL? : 69 Answer : 69 SELECT CURDATE(); CURRENT_DATE() = CURDATE() for time use SELECT CURTIME(); CURRENT_TIME() = CURTIME()

Questions What are the advantages and disadvantages of Cascading Style : 70 Sheets? Answer : 70 External Style SheetsAdvantagesCan control styles for multiple documents at once. Classes can be created for use on multiple HTML element types in many documents. Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contextsDisadvantagesAn extra download is required to import style information for each document The rendering of the document may be delayed until the external style sheet is loaded Becomes slightly unwieldy for small quantities of style definitionsEmbedded Style Sheets Advantages Classes can be created for use on multiple tag types in the document. Selector and grouping methods can be used to apply styles under complex contexts. No additional downloads necessary to receive style information Disadvantages This method can not control styles for multiple documents at once Inline Styles Advantages Useful for small quantities of style definitions. Can override other style specification methods at the local level so only exceptions need to be listed in conjunction with other style methods Disadvantages Does not distance style information from content (a main goal of SGML/HTML). Can not control styles for multiple documents at once. Author can not create or control classes of elements to control multiple element types within the document. Selector grouping methods can not be used to create complex element addressing scenarios

Questions What type of inheritance that PHP supports? : 71 Answer : 71 In PHP an extended class is always dependent on a single base class, that is, multiple inheritance is not supported. Classes are extended using the keyword 'extends'.

Questions What is the difference between Primary Key and : 72 Unique key? Answer : 72 Primary Key: A column in a table whose values uniquely identify the rows in the table. A primary key value cannot be NULL. Unique Key: Unique Keys are used to uniquely identify each row in the

table. There can be one and only one row for each unique key value. So NULL can be a unique key.There can be only one primary key for a table but there can be more than one unique for a table.

Question : what is garbage collection? default time ? refresh time? 73 Answer : 73 Garbage Collection is an automated part of PHP , If the Garbage Collection process runs, it then analyzes any files in the /tmp for any session files that have not been accessed in a certain amount of time and physically deletes them. Garbage Collection process only runs in the default session save directory, which is /tmp. If you opt to save your sessions in a different directory, the Garbage Collection process will ignore it. the Garbage Collection process does not differentiate between which sessions belong to whom when run. This is especially important note on shared web servers. If the process is run, it deletes ALL files that have not been accessed in the directory. There are 3 PHP.ini variables, which deal with the garbage collector: PHP ini value name default session.gc_maxlifetime 1440 seconds or 24 minutes session.gc_probability 1 session.gc_divisor 100

Questions What are the advantages/disadvantages of MySQL and PHP? : 74 Answer : 74 Both of them are open source software (so free of cost), support cross platform. php is faster then ASP and JSP.

Questions What is the difference between GROUP BY and ORDER BY in Sql? : 75 Answer : 75 ORDER BY [col1],[col2],,[coln]; Tels DBMS according to what columns it should sort the result. If two rows will hawe the same value in col1 it will try to sort them according to col2 and so on.GROUP BY [col1],[col2],,[coln]; Tels DBMS to group results with same value of column col1. You can use COUNT(col1), SUM(col1), AVG(col1) with it, if you want to count all items in group, sum all values or view average

Questions What is the difference between char and varchar data types? : 76 Answer : 76 Set char to occupy n bytes and it will take n bytes even if u r storing a value of n-m bytes Set varchar to occupy n bytes and it will take only the required space and will not use the n bytes eg. name char(15) will waste 10 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if each char takes a byte eg. name varchar(15) will just use 5 bytes if we store 'romharshan', if each char takes a byte. rest 10 bytes will be free.

Questions What is the functionality of md5 function in PHP? : 77 Answer : 77 Calculate the md5 hash of a string. The hash is a 32-character hexadecimal number. I use it to generate keys which I use to identify users etc. If I add random no techniques to it the md5 generated now will be totally different for the same string I am using.

Questions How can I load data from a text file into a table? : 78 Answer : 78 you can use LOAD DATA INFILE file_name; syntax to load data from a text file. but you have to make sure thata) data is delimited b) columns and data matched correctly

Questions How can we know the number of days between two given dates using : 79 MySQL? Answer : 79 SELECT DATEDIFF("2007-03-07","2005-01-01");

Questions How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP? : 80 Answer : 80 $date1 = date("Y-m-d"); $date2 = "2006-08-15"; $days = (strtotime($date1) - strtotime($date2)) / (60 * 60 * 24);

Questions How we load all classes that placed in different directory in one PHP File , : 81 means how to do auto load classes Answer : 81 by using spl_autoload_register('autoloader::funtion'); Like below class autoloader { public static function moduleautoloader($class) { $path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/modules/{$class}.php"; if (is_readable($path)) require $path; }

public static function daoautoloader($class) { $path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/dataobjects/{$class}.php"; if (is_readable($path)) require $path; } public static function includesautoloader($class) { $path = $_SERVER['DOCUMENT_ROOT'] . "/includes/{$class}.php"; if (is_readable($path)) require $path; } } spl_autoload_register('autoloader::includesautoloader'); spl_autoload_register('autoloader::daoautoloader'); spl_autoload_register('autoloader::moduleautoloader');

Questions How many types of Inheritances used in PHP and how we achieve it : 82 Answer : 82 As far PHP concern it only support single Inheritance in scripting. we can also use interface to achieve multiple inheritance.

Questions PHP how to know user has read the email? : 83 Answers : Using Disposition-Notification-To: in mailheader we can get read receipt. 83 Add the possibility to define a read receipt when sending an email. Its quite straightforward, just edit email.php, and add this at vars definitions: var $readReceipt = null; And then, at createHeader function add: if (!empty($this->readReceipt)) { $this->__header .= Disposition-Notification-To: . $this>__formatAddress($this->readReceipt) . $this->_newLine; }

Questions What are default session time and path? : 84 Answers : default session time in PHP is 1440 seconds or 24 minutes

84

Default session save path id temporary folder /tmp

Questions how to track user logged out or not? when user is idle ? : 85 Answers : By checking the session variable exist or not while loading th page. As the session 85 will exist longer as till browser closes. The default behaviour for sessions is to keep a session open indefinitely and only to expire a session when the browser is closed. This behaviour can be changed in the php.ini file by altering the line session.cookie_lifetime = 0 to a value in seconds. If you wanted the session to finish in 5 minutes you would set this to session.cookie_lifetime = 300 and restart your httpd server.

Questions how to track no of user logged in ? : 86 Answers : whenever a user logs in track the IP, userID etc..and store it in a DB with a active 86 flag while log out or sesion expire make it inactive. At any time by counting the no: of active records we can get the no: of visitors.

Questions in PHP for pdf which library used? : 87 Answers : The PDF functions in PHP can create PDF files using the PDFlib library With version 6, 87 PDFlib offers an object-oriented API for PHP 5 in addition to the function-oriented API for PHP 4. There is also the Panda module. FPDF is a PHP class which allows to generate PDF files with pure PHP, that is to say without using the PDFlib library. F from FPDF stands for Free: you may use it for any kind of usage and modify it to suit your needs. FPDF requires no extension (except zlib to activate compression and GD for GIF support) and works with PHP4 and PHP5.

Questions for image work which library? : 88 Answers : we will need to compile PHP with the GD library of image functions for this to work. 88 GD and PHP may also require other libraries, depending on which image formats you want to work with.

Questions what is design pattern? singleton pattern? : 89 Answers : A design pattern is a general reusable solution to a commonly occurring problem in 89 software design. The Singleton design pattern allows many parts of a program to share a single resource without having to work out the details of the sharing themselves.

Questions what are magic methods? : 90 Answers : Magic methods are the members functions that is available to all the instance of 90 class Magic methods always starts with "__". Eg. __construct All magic methods needs to be declared as public To use magic method they should be defined within the class or program scope Various Magic Methods used in PHP 5 are: __construct() __destruct() __set() __get() __call() __toString() __sleep() __wakeup() __isset() __unset() __autoload() __clone()

Questions what is magic quotes? : 91 Answers : Magic Quotes is a process that automagically escapes ncoming data to the PHP 91 script. Its preferred to code with magic quotes off and to instead escape the data at runtime, as needed. This feature has been DEPRECATED as of PHP 5.3.0 and REMOVED as of PHP 6.0.0. Relying on this feature is highly discouraged.

Questions what is cross site scripting? SQL injection? : 92 Answers : Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of computer security vulnerability typically found 92 in web applications which allow code injection by malicious web users into the web pages viewed by other users. Examples of such code include HTML code and clientside scripts. SQL injection is a code injection technique that exploits a security vulnerability occurring in the database layer of an application. The vulnerability is present when user input is either incorrectly filtered for string literal escape characters embedded in SQL statements or user input is not strongly typed and thereby unexpectedly executed

Questions what is URL rewriting? : 93 Answers : Using URL rewriting we can convert dynamic URl to static URL Static URLs are known 93 to be better than Dynamic URLs because of a number of reasons 1. Static URLs typically Rank better in Search Engines. 2. Search Engines are known to index the content of dynamic pages a lot slower compared to static pages. 3. Static URLs are always more friendlier looking to the End Users. along with this we can use URL rewriting in adding variables [cookies] to the URL to handle the sessions.

Questions what is the major php security hole? how to avoid? : 94 Answers : 1. Never include, require, or otherwise open a file with a filename based on user 94 input, without thoroughly checking it first. 2. Be careful with eval() Placing user-inputted values into the eval() function can be extremely dangerous. You essentially give the malicious user the ability to execute any command he or she wishes! 3. Be careful when using register_globals = ON It was originally designed to make programming in PHP easier (and that it did), but misuse of it often led to security holes

4. Never run unescaped queries 5. For protected areas, use sessions or validate the login every time. 6. If you dont want the file contents to be seen, give the file a .php extension.

Questions whether PHP supports Microsoft SQL server ? : 95 Answers : The SQL Server Driver for PHP v1.0 is designed to enable reliable, scalable 95 integration with SQL Server for PHP applications deployed on the Windows platform. The Driver for PHP is a PHP 5 extension that allows the reading and writing of SQL Server data from within PHP scripts. using MSSQL or ODBC modules we can access Microsoft SQL server.

Questions what is MVC? why its been used? : 96 Answers : Model-view-controller (MVC) is an architectural pattern used in software engineering. 96 Successful use of the pattern isolates business logic from user interface considerations, resulting in an application where it is easier to modify either the visual appearance of the application or the underlying business rules without affecting the other. In MVC, the model represents the information (the data) of the application; the view corresponds to elements of the user interface such as text, checkbox items, and so forth; and the controller manages the communication of data and the business rules used to manipulate the data to and from the model. WHY ITS NEEDED IS 1 Modular separation of function 2 Easier to maintain 3 ViewController separation means: A Tweaking design (HTML) without altering code B Web design staff can modify UI without understanding code

Questions what is framework? how it works? what is advantage? : 97 Answers : In general, a framework is a real or conceptual structure intended to serve as a 97 support or guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something useful. Advantages : Consistent Programming Model Direct Support for Security Simplified Development Efforts Easy Application Deployment and Maintenance

Questions what is CURL? : 98 Answers : CURL means Client URL Library 98 curl is a command line tool for transferring files with URL syntax, supporting FTP, FTPS, HTTP, HTTPS, SCP, SFTP, TFTP, TELNET, DICT, LDAP, LDAPS and FILE. curl supports SSL certificates, HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading, HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, user+password authentication (Basic, Digest, NTLM, Negotiate, kerberos), file transfer resume, proxy tunneling and a busload of other useful tricks. CURL allows you to connect and communicate to many different types of servers with many different types of protocols. libcurl currently supports the http, https, ftp, gopher, telnet, dict, file, and ldap protocols. libcurl also supports HTTPS certificates,

HTTP POST, HTTP PUT, FTP uploading (this can also be done with PHPs ftp extension), HTTP form based upload, proxies, cookies, and user+password authentication.

Questions what is PDO ? : 99 Answers : The PDO ( PHP Data Objects ) extension defines a lightweight, consistent interface for accessing databases in PHP. if you are using the PDO API, you could switch the 99 database server you used, from say PgSQL to MySQL, and only need to make minor changes to your PHP code. While PDO has its advantages, such as a clean, simple, portable API but its maindisadvantage is that it doesn't allow you to use all of the advanced features that are available in the latest versions of MySQL server. For example, PDO does not allow you to use MySQL's support for Multiple Statements. Just need to use below code for connect mysql using PDO try { $dbh = new PDO("mysql:host=$hostname;dbname=databasename", $username, $password); $sql = "SELECT * FROM employee"; foreach ($dbh->query($sql) as $row) { print $row['employee_name'] .' - '. $row['employee_age'] ; } } catch(PDOException $e) { echo $e->getMessage(); }

Questions What is PHP's mysqli Extension? : 100 Answers : The mysqli extension, or as it is sometimes known, the MySQL improved extension, was developed to take advantage of new features found in MySQL systems versions 100 4.1.3 and newer. The mysqli extension is included with PHP versions 5 and later. The mysqli extension has a number of benefits, the key enhancements over the mysql extension being: =>Object-oriented interface =>Support for Prepared Statements =>Support for Multiple Statements =>Support for Transactions =>Enhanced debugging capabilities =>Embedded server support

Mysql interview questions and answers are below

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Questions how to do login in mysql with unix shell :1 Answers :1 By below method if password is pass and user name is root # [mysql dir]/bin/mysql -h hostname -u root -p pass

Questions how you will Create a database on the mysql server with unix shell :2 Answers : mysql> create database databasename; 2

Questions how to list or view all databases from the mysql server. :3 Answers : mysql> show databases; 3

Questions How Switch (select or use) to a database. :4 Answers : mysql> use databasename; 4

Questions How To see all the tables from a database of mysql server. :5 Answers : mysql> show tables; 5

Questions How to see table's field formats or description of table . :6 Answers : mysql> describe tablename; 6

Questions How to delete a database from mysql server. :7 Answers : mysql> drop database databasename; 7

Questions How we get Sum of column :8 Answers : mysql> SELECT SUM(*) FROM [table name]; 8

Questions How to delete a table :9

Answers : mysql> drop table tablename; 9

Questions How you will Show all data from a table. : 10 Answers : mysql> SELECT * FROM tablename; 10

Questions How to returns the columns and column information pertaining to the : 11 designated table Answers : mysql> show columns from tablename; 11

Questions How to Show certain selected rows with the value "pcds" : 12 Answers : mysql> SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE fieldname = "pcds"; 12

Questions How will Show all records containing the name "sonia" AND the phone : 13 number '9876543210' Answers : mysql> SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE name = "sonia" AND phone_number = 13 '9876543210';

Questions How you will Show all records not containing the name "sonia" AND the : 14 phone number '9876543210' order by the phone_number field. Answer : 14 mysql> SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE name != "sonia" AND phone_number = '9876543210' order by phone_number;

Questions How to Show all records starting with the letters 'sonia' AND the phone : 15 number '9876543210' Answers : mysql> SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE name like "sonia%" AND phone_number 15 = '9876543210';

Questions How to show all records starting with the letters 'sonia' AND the phone : 16 number '9876543210' limit to records 1 through 5. Answers : mysql> SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE name like "sonia%" AND phone_number 16 = '9876543210' limit 1,5;

Questions Use a regular expression to find records. Use "REGEXP BINARY" to force : 16 case-sensitivity. This finds any record beginning with r. Answer : 16 mysql> SELECT * FROM tablename WHERE rec RLIKE "^r";

Questions How you will Show unique records. : 17 Answer : 17 mysql> SELECT DISTINCT columnname FROM tablename;

Questions how we will Show selected records sorted in an ascending (asc) or : 18 descending (desc) Answer : 18 mysql> SELECT col1,col2 FROM tablename ORDER BY col2 DESC; mysql> SELECT col1,col2 FROM tablename ORDER BY col2 ASC;

Questions how to Return total number of rows. : 19 Answers : mysql> SELECT COUNT(*) FROM tablename; 19

Questions How to Join tables on common columns. : 20 Answer : 20 mysql> select lookup.illustrationid, lookup.personid,person.birthday from lookup left join person on lookup.personid=person.personid=statement to join birthday in person table with primary illustration id

Questions How to Creating a new user. Login as root. Switch to the MySQL db. Make the : 21 user. Update privs. Answer : 21 # mysql -u root -p mysql> use mysql; mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,User,Password) VALUES('%','username',PASSWORD('password')); mysql> flush privileges;

Questions How to Change a users password from unix shell. : 22 Answers : # [mysql dir]/bin/mysqladmin -u username -h hostname.blah.org -p password 'new22 password'

Questions How to Change a users password from MySQL prompt. Login as root. Set the : 23 password. Update privs. Answer : 23 # mysql -u root -p mysql> SET PASSWORD FOR 'user'@'hostname' = PASSWORD('passwordhere'); mysql> flush privileges;

Questions How to Recover a MySQL root password. Stop the MySQL server process. : 24 Start again with no grant tables. Login to MySQL as root. Set new password. Exit MySQL and restart MySQL server. Answer : 24 # /etc/init.d/mysql stop # mysqld_safe --skip-grant-tables & # mysql -u root mysql> use mysql; mysql> update user set password=PASSWORD("newrootpassword") where User='root'; mysql> flush privileges; mysql> quit # /etc/init.d/mysql stop # /etc/init.d/mysql start

Questions How to Set a root password if there is on root password. : 25 Answer : 25 # mysqladmin -u root password newpassword

Questions How to Update a root password. : 26 Answer : 26 # mysqladmin -u root -p oldpassword newpassword

Questions How to allow the user "sonia" to connect to the server from localhost using : 27 the password "passwd". Login as root. Switch to the MySQL db. Give privs. Update privs. Answers : # mysql -u root -p 27 mysql> use mysql; mysql> grant usage on *.* to sonia@localhost identified by 'passwd';

mysql> flush privileges;

Questions How to give user privilages for a db. Login as root. Switch to the MySQL db. : 28 Grant privs. Update privs. Answers : # mysql -u root -p 28 mysql> use mysql; mysql> INSERT INTO user (Host,Db,User,Select_priv,Insert_priv,Update_priv,Delete_priv,Create_priv,Drop_priv) VALUES ('%','databasename','username','Y','Y','Y','Y','Y','N'); mysql> flush privileges; or mysql> grant all privileges on databasename.* to username@localhost; mysql> flush privileges;

Questions How To update info already in a table and Delete a row(s) from a table. : 29 Answer : 29 mysql> UPDATE [table name] SET Select_priv = 'Y',Insert_priv = 'Y',Update_priv = 'Y' where [field name] = 'user'; mysql> DELETE from [table name] where [field name] = 'whatever';

Questions How to Update database permissions/privilages. : 30 Answer : 30 mysql> flush privileges;

Questions How to Delete a column and Add a new column to database : 31 Answer : 31 mysql> alter table [table name] drop column [column name]; mysql> alter table [table name] add column [new column name] varchar (20);

Questions Change column name and Make a unique column so we get no dupes. : 32 Answer : 32 mysql> alter table [table name] change [old column name] [new column name] varchar (50); mysql> alter table [table name] add unique ([column name]);

Questions How to make a column bigger and Delete unique from table. : 33 Answer : 33 mysql> alter table [table name] modify [column name] VARCHAR(3); mysql> alter table [table name] drop index [colmn name];

Questions How to Load a CSV file into a table : 34 Answer : 34 mysql> LOAD DATA INFILE '/tmp/filename.csv' replace INTO TABLE [table name] FIELDS TERMINATED BY ',' LINES TERMINATED BY '\n' (field1,field2,field3);

Questions How to dump all databases for backup. Backup file is sql commands to : 35 recreate all db's. Answer : 35 # [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -u root -ppassword --opt >/tmp/alldatabases.sql

Questions How to dump one database for backup. : 36 Answer : 36 # [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -u username -ppassword --databases databasename >/tmp/databasename.sql

Questions How to dump a table from a database. : 37 Answer : 37 # [mysql dir]/bin/mysqldump -c -u username -ppassword databasename tablename > /tmp/databasename.tablename.sql

Questions Restore database (or database table) from backup. : 38 Answer : 38 # [mysql dir]/bin/mysql -u username -ppassword databasename < /tmp/databasename.sql

Questions How to Create Table show Example : 39 Answer : 39 mysql> CREATE TABLE [table name] (firstname VARCHAR(20), middleinitial VARCHAR(3), lastname VARCHAR(35),suffix VARCHAR(3),officeid VARCHAR(10),userid VARCHAR(15),username VARCHAR(8),email VARCHAR(35),phone VARCHAR(25), groups VARCHAR(15),datestamp DATE,timestamp time,pgpemail VARCHAR(255));

Questions How to search second maximum(second highest) salary value(integer)from : 40 table employee (field salary)in the manner so that mysql gets less load? Answers : By below query we will get second maximum(second highest) salary value(integer)from table employee (field salary)in the manner so that mysql gets less 40 load? SELECT DISTINCT(salary) FROM employee order by salary desc limit 1 , 1 ; (This way we will able to find out 3rd highest , 4th highest salary so on just need to change limit condtion like LIMIT 2,1 for 3rd highest and LIMIT 3,1 for 4th

some one may finding this way useing below query that taken more time as compare to above query SELECT salary FROM employee where salary < (select max(salary) from employe) order by salary DESC limit 1 ;

What is PHP? Latest Answer - PHP (Hyper text Pre Processor) is a scripting language commonly used for web applications.............
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What Is a Session in PHP? Latest Answer - A PHP session is no different from a normal session. It can be used to store information on the server for future use.............
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Explain the difference between $message and $$message? Latest Answer - $message is used to store variable data. $$message can be used to store variable of a variable.............
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How to set cookies in PHP? Latest Answer - Cookies are often used to track user information.............
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What is the difference between include and require? Latest Answer - Require () and include () are the same with respect to handling failures.............
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What is urlencode and urldecode? Latest Answer - Urlencode can be used to encode a string that can be used in a url.............
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What are the different types of errors in PHP? Latest Answer - Different types of errors are............
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Explain how to submit form without a submit button. Latest Answer - A form data can be posted or submitted without the button in the following ways:............
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What are the functions for IMAP? Latest Answer - IMAP is used for communicate with mail servers. It has a number of functions.............
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How can we increase the execution time of a php script? Latest Answer - Default time allowed for the PHP scripts to execute is 30s defined in the php.ini file.............
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What is Type juggle in php? Latest Answer - Type Juggling means dealing with a variable type. In PHP a variables type............
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What is the difference between mysql_fetch_object and mysql_fetch_array? Latest Answer - Mysql_fetch_object returns the result from the database as objects while............
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What is the difference between the functions unlink and unset? Latest Answer - Unlink is a function for file system handling which deletes a file.............
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What is Joomla in PHP? Latest Answer - Joomla is an open source content management system.............
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What is zend engine? Latest Answer - Zend Engine is used internally by PHP as a complier and runtime engine.............
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What is the difference between Split and Explode? Latest Answer - Both the functions are used to Split a string. However, Split is used to split............
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What is the difference between echo and print statement? Latest Answer - Echo can accept multiple expressions while print cannot.............
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What is CAPTCHA? Latest Answer - CAPTCHA is a test to determine if the user using the system............
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What is difference between developing website using Java and PHP? Latest Answer - In order to make interactive pages, java uses JSP (Java Server pages).............
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How do you create sub domains using PHP? Latest Answer - Wild card domains can be used. Sub domains can be created by first creating............
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How to upload files using PHP? Latest Answer - Files can be uploaded in PHP by using the tag type=file.............
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What is the difference between Notify URL and Return URL? Latest Answer - Notify URL and Return URL is used in Paypal Payment Gateway integration.............
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Describe functions STRSTR() and STRISTR. Latest Answer - Both the functions are used to find the first occurrence of a string.............
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What are the various methods to pass data from one web page to another web page? Latest Answer - Different methods to pass data from one web page to another:............
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PHP Interview - Jan 22, 2009 at 18:00 pm by Rajmeet Ghai

Explain how to execute a PHP script using command line.

PHP script using command line can be executed using SAPI (Server Application programming Interface). Using SAPI Command Line Interface the PHP code can be passed to execute directly Example: Php r print_r(get_defined_constanrs()); From a shell, php v will display whether the SAPI is CLI or CGI

How can we increase the execution time of a PHP script?

By default the PHP script takes 30secs to execute. This time is set in the php.ini file. This time can be increased by modifying the max_execution_time in seconds. The time must be changed keeping the environment of the server. This is because modifying the execution time will affect all the sites hosted by the server.

Explain the purpose of output buffering in PHP.

Output buffering in PHP buffers a scripts output. This buffer can be edited before returning it to the client. Without output buffering, PHP sends data to the web server as soon as it is ready. Output buffering "send" cookies at any point in the script. Cookies do not have to be necessarily sent near the start of page. Output buffers are stackable and hence sending to output is by choice.

Describe session in PHP.

When a user logs in an application, his details are usually stored in a session variable. This information is available to all pages in one application. Sessions in PHP work using a unique id for each visitor.

How can we know the number of days between two given dates using PHP?
The start date and end date can be first found as shown below: $date1= strotime($start_date); $date2= strotime($end_date); $date_diff = (($date1)- ($date2)) / (60*60*24)