An Overview of the Wireless Systems; A Study

Gaurav Mishra
M.Tech. (Pursuing), Dept. of Electronics, ASET, Amity University, Lucknow, India
gauravmishraster@gmail.com

Abstract Mobile phones are widely used by a number of users throughout the world and the number of users of mobiles is also increasing day by day. This paper is concentrated to give a brief review on the principles of mobile communication, i.e. the cellular technology. Cellular phone systems use radio access technologies to make the wireless connection between your cellular phone and the base station servicing you at the moment. Also, we will get to know about the concept of Bluetooth and the use of electronics in mobile communication. A brief discussion on 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G communication is also their keeping in consideration their roles in modern world.
Keywords 4G, wireless, cellular technology, Bluetooth, electronics, mobile, wireless, cellphones. Cellular technologies, MTSO.

making life easier or more enjoyable. In the near future, using their own handset, people will be able to watch some high definition video programs, to get a broadband connection and so on. Applications are virtually unlimited as long as the devices have the capabilities to provide such type of services. II MOBILE COMMUNICATION: PRINCIPLES

INTRODUCTION

One of the most interesting things about a cell phone is that it is really a radio. Before cell phones, people who needed mobile communications ability installed radio telephones in their cars. In the radio telephone system, there was one central antenna tower per city, and perhaps 25 channels available on that tower. The cellular phone system divides the area of a city into small cells. This allows extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can use cell phones simultaneously. So the principle of mobile communication is cellular technology. A. Cellular technology Cellular technology is the use of wireless communication, most commonly associated with the mobile phone. The term cellular comes from the design of the system, which carries mobile phone calls from geographical service areas that are divided into smaller pockets, called cells. Each cell contains a base station that accepts and transfers the calls from mobile phones that are based in its cell. The cells are interconnected by a central controller, called the mobile telecommunications switching office (MTSO). B. Working of cellular network The carrier chops up an area, such as a city, into cells. Each cell is typically sized at about 10 square miles (perhaps 3 miles x 3 miles). Cells are normally thought of as hexagons on a big hexagonal grid. Each cell has a base station that consists of a tower and a small building containing the radio equipment. Cell phones have low-power transmitters in them and the base station is also transmitting at low power. Low-power transmitters have two advantages:

Now-a-days it is not tough to get in touch with someone who is mobile. We can easily call anyone around the globe just by dialing his/her number. The world today is extremely different from that in 1940s. With the development of mobile communication in last two decades there have been rapid changes in the style of living. Work is becoming faster, easier and more portable recently there has been a speedy development in the field of mobile communication. The network providers are providing unending competition to each other so as to provide the best connection to the user. Nowadays, mobile handsets are multimedia, being able to make and receive calls, take photos, play some music and so on. Technologies have been focused not only on functionalities, but also on design and aesthetics of the handsets. Size and weight are the two main parameters that industry managed to reduce, providing smarter designed devices. This aggressive market is now expecting more attractive applications from these everydays life devices, since people are carrying their mobile phone almost all the time. More than a simple medium to make a call, mobile phones are now used as entertainment devices,

The power consumption of the cell phone, which is normally battery-operated, is relatively low. Low power means small batteries, and this is what has made handheld cellular phones possible. The transmissions of a base station and the phones within its cell do not make it very far outside that cell. Therefore, cells can use the same 56 frequencies. The same frequencies can be reused extensively across the city. The cellular approach requires a large number of base stations in a city of any size. A typical large city can have hundreds of towers. But because so many people are using cell phones, costs remain fairly low per user. Each carrier in each city also runs one central office called the Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO). This office handles all of the phone connections to the normal land-based phone system, and controls all of the base stations in the region.More on Cell Phones.As you move toward the edge of

section of the market which is not well served by the current suppliers. 4G is packet switched wireless system with wide area coverage and high throughput.4G has promised to offer widespread, complete and invulnerable and all-internet protocol based services. Examples of such services are high quality multimedia streaming, enhanced gaming services, superfast broadband internet access, IP telephony etc. the fourth generation of mobile networks will truly turn the current mobile phone networks, in to end to end IP based networks ,If 4G is implemented correctly, it will truly harmonise global roaming. It wont be just the phone networks that need to evolve; the increased traffic load on the internet will need to expand, with faster backbones and oceanic links requiring major upgrade. 4G wont happen over night, it is estimated that it will be implemented by 2010, and if done correctly, should take off rather quickly. IV. PROBLEMS WITH THE CURRENT SYSTEM

your cell, your cell's base station will note that your signal strength is diminishing. Meanwhile, the base station in the cell you are moving toward (which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, not just its own one-seventh) will be able to see your phone's signal strength increasing. The two base stations coordinate themselves through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. This hand off switches your phone to the new cell
III. GENERATIONS

Unfortunately the current system is not able to fulfill all the requirements of todays expanding world. 1G,2G,3G have many limitations which led to development of 4G. the limitation in one technology led to development of its successor technology. The limitations of these technologies are as under: A. First generation computer In the first generation computers there was poor battery life, poor voice quality, large phone size, no security, frequently call drops, imited capacity, poor handoff reliability. B. Second generation computers In these computer systems the GSM was a circuited switched, connection oriented technology, where the end systems were dedicated for the entire call session. This causes inefficiency in the uses of bandwidth and resources. The GSM enabled systems do not support high data rates. They are unable to handle complex data such as radio. C. Third generation computers This generation had High bandwidth requirement, High spectrum licensing fees and Huge capital requirements.

Generation refers change in nature of Service compatible transmission technology and new frequency bands. 1G system used analog frequency modulation. 2G systems use digital communication techniques with TDM, FDM, and CDMA. 3G systems offer higher data rates and voice and paging services to provide interactive multimedia including teleconferencing and internet access. 4G aims to provide IP telephony, ultrabroadband Internet access, gaming services 4G stands foe fourth generation of cellular wireless technology, the stage of broadband mobile communication that will supersede the 3G communication. 4g Technologies was formed by a group of industry professionals with a desire and commitment to bring today's technology into a

V.

ELECTRONICS IN MOBILE TECHNOLOGY

Running a powerful, potentially power hungry, electronics device from small batteries for long time is a challenge. Paractically all cellular phone devices must incorporate sophisticated power management chips in order to maximize the time that batteries can operate between recharges, minimize charging times and improve the lifetime of the battery itself. Most cellular phones are built in such way that the battery and the charging electronics for battery charging is mostly built into the cellular phone. The cellular phone mains adapers are typically just simple mains adapters that give usually somewhat current limited unrgulated DC to the cellular phone. The votlage from mains adapter to cellular phone is typically in 5-10V range and the current rating us typically in 300-500 mA range. Using wrong type of adapter can damage some cellular phones. It is also a great EMC challenge to built a cellular phone, because this device includes a quite powerful ratio transmitter, radio receiver, digital electronics and senstive audio electronics all in the same tight package. Mobile-phone designers who build to the GSM standard must sufficiently reduce audio "buzz" so that it is inaudible to users. GSM cell phones use a TDMA (time-division multipleaccess) time-slot sharing technique that results in high-power RF in the 800/900- or 1800/1900-MHz bands. The transmitter operating current when it operates is quite high (easily hundreds of

milliamps to one amp) and it is taken in the pulses. Those pulses occur during a phone call at a repetition rate of 217 Hz and pulse width of about 0.5 msec. If current pulses couple to the audio circuitry, the harmonic-rich, 217-Hz signal results in an audible buzz. Users rarely encounter an audible buzz with most quality mobile phones on the market today. However, when a wired headset's signal lead gets too close to the phone's antenna element, the problem emerges even in quality phones. There can be a considerable amount of RF energu near a phone. At the highest power level setting (cell phone long distance away from base station), thre cen be up to 32 dBm (more than 1W) of RF power in a typical phone. And received signal levels as low as -40 dBm (less than 1 microwatt) impinging upon semiconductor junctions can create a strong buzz [1].

VI.

COMPARISON BETWEEN 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G COMMUNICATION

The basic differences between all the types of communications are showed in the following table. This will help to understand the need of 4G communications over the other communication systems. The 4G communication was introduced in year 2000. However, it was implemented in year 2010. From 2010 onwards, it is been used and is likely to completely replace the old ones in coming few years.

TABLE 1: COMPARISON BETWEEN 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G COMMUNICATIONS

Technology Design began Implementation service

1G 1970 1984 Analog voice, synchronous data to 9.6 kbps

2G 1980 1991 Digital voice, short messages

2.5G 1985 1999 Higher capacity, packetized data

3g 1990 2002 Higher capacity, broadband data upt 2Mbps

4G 2000 2010? Higher capacity, completely IPoriented, multimedia, data to hundreds of megabits Singal standarad 200 Mbps CCDMA? internet

Standards Data bandwidth Multiplexing Core networks

AMPS, TACS, NMT, etc. 1.9 Kbps FDMA PSTN

TDMA, CDMA, GSM, PDC 14.4 Kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN

GPRS, EDGE, 1XRTT 384 Kbps TDMA, CDMA PSTN,packet network

WCDMA, CDMA2000 2 Mbps CDMA packet network

VII.

THE POTENTIAL APPLICATIONS OF 4G

4G is based entirely on packet switched networks. Standards such as 3G and Bluetooth will be incorporated in to the 4G standards. Firstly 3Gs

maximum data transfer rate of 384 Kbps to 2mbps is much slower than 20 to 100 Mbps of 4G. With its use of existing technologies and communication standards, 4G present a comparably inexpensive standard. 4G will utilize most of the existing wireless communication infrastructure. 4G can provide a 10 times increase in data transfer over 3G. This speed can be achieved through Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM). OFDM can not only transfer data at speed of more than 100 Mbps, but it can also eliminate interference that impairs high speed signals. 4G will provide for a vast number of presently non-existent applications for mobile devices. 4G devices will differ from present day mobile devices in that there will be navigation menus. 4G will provide a seamless network for users who travel and require uninterrupted voice/data connections. Researchers are currently developing frameworks for future 4G networks. Different research programs, such as Mobile VCE, MIRAI, and DoCoMo, have their own visions on 4G features and implementations. Some key features (mainly from user's point of view) of 4G networks are stated as Follows: "High usability: anytime, anywhere, and with any technology "Support for multimedia services at low transmission cost.Personalization "Integrated services First, 4G networks are all IP based heterogeneous networks that allow users to use any system at any time and anywhere. Users carrying an integrated terminal can use a wide range of applications provided by multiple wireless networks. Second, 4G systems provide not only telecommunications services, but also data and multimedia services. To support multimedia services, high-data-rate services with good system reliability will be provided. At the same time, a low per-bit transmission cost will be maintained. Third, personalized service will be provided by this new-generation network. It is expected that when 4G services are launched, users in widely different locations, occupations, and economic classes will use the services. In order to meet the demands of these diverse users, service providers should design personal and customized services for them. Finally, 4G systems also provide facilities for integrated services. Users can use multiple services from any service provider at the same time. Just imagine a 4G mobile user, Mary, who is looking for information on movies shown in nearby cinemas. Her mobile may simultaneously connect to different wireless systems. These wireless systems may include a

Global Positioning System (GPS) (for tracking her current location), a wireless LAN (for receiving previews of the movies in nearby cinemas), and a code-division multiple access (CDMA) (for making a telephone call to one of the cinemas). In this example Mary is actually using multiple wireless services that differ in quality of service (QoS) levels, security policies, device settings, charging methods and applications. It will be a significant revolution if such highly integrated services are made possible in 4G mobile applications. VIII. CHALLENGES AND NEEDS IN 4G

Challenges in the Migration to 4G Secondgeneration (2G) mobile systems were very successful in the previous decade. Their success prompted the development of third generation (3G) mobile systems. While 2G systems such as GSM, IS-95, and cdmaOne were designed to carry speech and low-bit-rate data, 3G systems were designed to provide higher-data-rate services. During the evolution from 2G to 3G, a range of wireless systems, including GPRS, IMT-2000, Bluetooth, WLAN, and HiperLAN, have been developed. All these systems were designed independently, targeting different service types, data rates, and users. As all these systems have their own merits and shortcomings, there is no single system that is good enough to replace all the other technologies. Instead of putting efforts into developing new radio interfaces and technologies for 4G systems, which some researchers are doing, we believe establishing 4G systems that integrate IX. BLUETOOTH AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION

Bluetooth is a short range, wire free, secure and international standardized wireless technology that provides wireless communication system between the Bluetooth enabled devices in a short ranged network. It was developed by the collaboration of mobile phones and IT companies such as Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, Erickson and IBM. It reduces the usage of power as compared to the Wi-Fi. Bluetooth is an international standardized technology that is used for the wireless communication between the Bluetooth held devices existing and newly developed wireless systems is a more feasible option. by the collaboration of mobile phones and IT companies such as Nokia, Intel, Toshiba, Erickson and IBM.

reduces the usage of power as compared to the WiFi. Bluetooth Bluetooth is an international standardized technology that is used for the wireless communication between the Bluetooth held devices such as mobile phones, digital camera, laptops, desktop computers, keyboard, mouse, mp3 players, video cameras and other devices. Bluetooth is free technology and it is provided by the mobile phone operators who are having the capability of GSM and CDMA technology. Bluetooth uses radio waves frequency as a medium and is suitable for the 1, 10 and 100 meters distance. Every Bluetooth enabled devices such as mobile phones, laptops, digital cameras; video games consoles have built-in microchip. There are about more than 1800 members of the Bluetooth consortium from all over the world. Every GSM and CDMA mobile operates must provide the features of the Bluetooth technology to its users. Bluetooth technology supports a raw data transfer speed of 1 Mbit per second (Mbps) in the 2.4GHz band (2.400 to 2.483 GHz) and communication at a range of up to 10 meters. Bluetooth, when properly implemented, is great. It's not designed to be the only wireless protocol: It's narrowly designed to do one thing. Replace wires. In mobile communications Bluetooth is used a lot but it is not able to complete the communication. It is a slow process. Bluetooth is just a small part of mobile communication X. WHAT IS NEEDED TO BUILD 4G NETWORKS OF FUTURE?

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Lower Price Points Only Slightly Higher than Alternatives More Coordination Among Spectrum Regulators Around the World More Academic Research Standardization of wireless networks in terms of modulation techniques, switching schemes and roaming is an absolute necessity for 4G A Voice independent Business Justification Thinking Integration Across Different Network Topologies Non disruptive Implementation : 4G must allow us to move from 3G to 4G.

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