1.

Introduction to Matlab
Matlab: Matrix Laboratory Numerical Computations with matrices Every number can be represented as matrix

Why Matlab? User Friendly (GUI) Easy to work with Powerful tools for complex mathematics.
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Matlab desktop
When you start MATLAB, MATLAB desktop appears, containing tools (graphical user interfaces) for managing files, variables, and applications associated with MATLAB.

Command window

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Help in Matlab
>> help <function_name> Shows help document for a give function Eg. help sqrt

>> lookfor <keyword> Searches all the help documents for a given keyword Eg. lookfor sqrt

>> demo
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2. Matrix operations
Addition >> c = a + b Multiplication >> c = a*b >> c = a.*b Substraction >> c = a - b

% matrix multiplication % element wise multiplication

Division (left, right) >> c = a/b >> c = a./b >> c = a\b >> c = a.\b
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% a * b-1 % element wise division % a-1 * b % element wise division

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Variable: constant, vector, matrix

Real >> x = 5 x= 5 Row vector >> x = [1, 2, 3] x= 1 2 3 % [1 2 3] Complex >> x = 5 + 10*i x= 5.0000 + 10.0000i Column vector >> x = [1; 2; 3] x= 1 2 3

Matrix >> x = [1 2 3; 4 5 6] x= 1 2 3 Note: Variable Names are case sensitive 4 5 6 C.B. Pham

Vectors
>> [0 : 0.2 : 1] % 0 to 1 in increments of 0.2 ans = 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 >> linspace(0, 1, 6) % 6 points from 0 to 1 on a linear scl ans = 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 >> logspace(0, 1, 6) % 6 points from 100 to 101 on a log scl ans = 1.0000 1.5849 2.5119 3.9811 6.3096 10.0000
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Matrix
>> ones(2, 3) ans = 1 1 1 1 1 1 >> zeros(2, 3) ans = 0 0 0 0 0 0 % generates an all one 2 x 3 matrix

% generates an all zero 2 x 3 matrix

>> [1 2 3; 4 5 6] ans = 1 2 3 4 5 6
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Matrix
>> eye(2) ans = 1 0 0 1 % generates the 2 x 2 identity matrix

>> rand(2, 3) % generates a random 2 x 3 matrix ans = 0.9501 0.6068 0.8913 >> [1 2 3; 4 5 6] 0.2311 0.4860 0.7621 ans = 1 2 3 4 5 6
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Accessing matrix elements

>> M = [ 1 2 M= 1 2 3 5 6 7 9 10 11 3 4; 5 6 7 8; 9 10 11 12] 4 8 12

>> x = M(2, 3) % element at row 2 & column 3 of M x = >> y = M(2, :) % select the 2nd row M 7 y= >> z = M(2:3, 2:3) % select sub-matrix of M 5 6= 8 z 7 6 7 10 11
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Concatenating, Appending,
>> A = [ 1 2 3 ] ; >> B = [ 4 5 6 ] ; >> R = [ A B ] >> S = [ A; B ] R= 1 2 3 4 5 6 S= 1 2 3 4 5 6

>> S(3, 3) = 7 S= 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 0 7

Note: if you store a value in an element outside of the matrix, the size increases to accommodate the newcomer.
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Complex number operations

>> abs(x) ans = 5 % Absolute value >> angle(x) ans = 0.9273

>> x = 3 + 4*i;

% Phase angle (in radians)

>> conj(x) % Complex conjugate >> imag(x) % Complex imaginary part ans = ans 3.0000 4.0000i = 4 >> real(x) ans = C.B. Pham 3 % Complex real part
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Some Useful Functions

Some useful math functions: sin(x), cos(x), tan(x), atan(x), exp(x), log(x), log10(x), sqrt(x), >> t = [0 : 0.1 : 10] ; >> x = sin(2 * pi * t) ;

Some useful matrix and vector functions:

>> length(x) ans = 101

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>> size(x) ans = 1 101

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More Operators and Functions

>> sum(M) ans = 6 8 >> sum(ans) ans = 14 >> M ans = 1 2 % equivalent to sum(sum(M))

>> M = [ 1 2; 5 6 ] M= 1 2 5 6

% equivalent to transpose(M) 5 6 % diagonal elements

>> diag(M) ans = 1 6

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More Operators and Functions

Find the roots of the polynomial >> f = [ 1 2 3 4 ] ; >> roots(f) ans = -1.6506 -0.1747 + 1.5469i -0.1747 - 1.5469i Partial Fraction Expansion >> [R, P, K] = residue([ 5 3 ] , [ 1 3 0 -4 ]) R= P= K= -0.8889 -2.0000 [] 2.3333 -2.0000 0.8889 1.0000
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% create f = x3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4

5x 3 x 3 3x 2 4

9 3 9 x 2 ( x 2) 2 x 1
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3. Plots in Matlab

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Continuous time plots - plot

The plot function has different forms, depending on the input arguments. >> x = [ 0 : 0.1 : 2*pi ] ; >> y = sin(x) ; >> plot(y) >> plot(x, y)

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Discrete time plots - stem

Stem function is very similar to plot. It is used to plot discrete time sequences.

>> x = [ 0 : 0.5 : 10 ] ; >> y = x.^2 ; >> stem(x, y) >> grid on >> xlabel(Time, t) >> ylabel(Speed, s) >> title(Graph s = t^2)

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Multiple Data Sets in One Graph

>> t = [ 0 : 0.001 : 2*pi ] ; >> x = sin(t); >> y = sin(t - 0.5); >> z = sin(t - 1); Approach 1 >> plot(t, x, t, y, t, z) Approach 2 >> plot(t, x, t, y, t, z) >> plot(t, x, b) >> hold on >> plot(t, y, g) >> plot(t, z, r) >> hold off
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>> grid on >> legend(sin(t), sin(t 0.5), sin(t - 1))

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Plot with two different y-axes

>> t = [ 0 : 0.001 : 2*pi ] ; >> p = sin(2*t); >> v = 2*cos(2*t);

>> plot(t, p) >> plot(t, v)

>> plotyy(t, p, t, v)

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4. Function in Matlab
Syntax function [out1, out2, ] = function_name (in1, in2, ) .. .. % commands .. Description: function [out1, out2, ...] = function_name (in1, in2, ...) defines function function_name that accepts inputs in1, in2, etc. and returns outputs out1, out2, etc. Note: When you create a function in a Matlab .m file and you want to call it from the workspace, make sure the name of the .m file is the same as the name of the function itself (good programming practice).
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Example: make function of area

File saved as dien_tich.m function a = dien_tich(l1, l2, d) if (d == 1) a = l1 * l2 ; elseif (d == 2) a = l1 * l2 / 2 ; else a = -1 ; end % rectangle % triangle % others >> dien_tich(2, 3, 1) ans = 6 >> dien_tich(2, 3, 2) ans = 3 >> dien_tich(2, 3, 3) ans = -1

A = a.b

h A = a.h / 2 a
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