SCC-CH110/UCD-CH41C

Chapter: 12

Instructor: J.T.

P1

Molecular Structure: 3-Dim arrangement of atoms in a molecule. In Lewis Symbols: The number of dots = number of valance electrons = column number (main group/Periodic table) Writing Lewis Structure: (i.e.: PO2F 2) 1) Draw a skeleton structure of molecule (The less electronegative element is the central atom) (H is always a terminal atom) Example: F F P O 2) Determine the total number of valence electrons in the structure. Element/Charge P O O F F 0ne negative charge Total Valence 5 6 6 7 7 1 32 O
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SCC-CH110/UCD-CH41C

Chapter: 12

Instructor: J.T.

P2

3) Deduct the 2 valance electrons for each bound in step 1. Distribute the remaining electrons as unshared pairs. F F P O O
-

Each atom has 8 electroins if possible. If there are too few electroins to give octet rule, convert single bonds to multiple bonds. ( )

12 lone pairs 4 electron pairs as 4 single bonds

Jupiters atmosphere contains small amount of compounds methane, CH4, acetylene, C2H2 , and phosphine, PH3. What are the Lewis structures of these molecules?

H H C H H H C C H

H P H H

SCC-CH110/UCD-CH41C

Chapter: 12

Instructor: J.T.

P3

The three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule is called molecular structure. A bond distance: Distance between the nuclei of two bonded atoms along a straight line joining the nuclei (unit: picometer: 10-12 m). A bond angle: The angle between any two bonds that include a common atom. To predict approximate bond angles around a central atom in a molecule by using VSEPR theory: Valance Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion The electrostatic repulsion of bond pair and unshared pairs electrons is reduced to a minimum when they occupying region of space as far from each other as possible.
180

High electrostatic repulsion

Low electrostatic repulsion

120

SCC-CH110/UCD-CH41C

Chapter: 12

Instructor: J.T.

P4

Polarity of bonds & polarity of molecules:

Polar bond: A bond in which bonding electrons are shared unequally.

Low
Electronegativity

High Electronegativity

A polar molecule has unbalanced polar covalent bonds.

C
H O

+
H

SCC-CH110/UCD-CH41C

Chapter: 12

Instructor: J.T.

P5

Organic Chemistry = Chemistry of Carbon compounds

Hydrocarbons: compounds made up of C & H Name # Of C Methane 1 Ethane 2 Propane 3 Butane 4 Alkane n Formula CH4 C 2H 6 C 3H 8 C4H10 Isomers: same formula but different arrangements of atoms.
(n-butane, isobutene)
C C C C C C C C

CnH(2n+2)

There are 300,000 isomeric structures for C20H42 !!

C is able to form four covalent bonds with other atoms. Alcohols:

i.e.: methanol, ethanol, and propanol

SCC-CH110/UCD-CH41C

Chapter: 12

Instructor: J.T.

P6

Ethers:

i.e.: dimethyl ether

O
Carboxylic acids

O H

i.e.: formic acid, acetic acid