FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT

A PROJECT REPORT
submitted to
BABA GULAM SHAH BADSHAH UNIVERSITY
by

UJWAL SHARMA (12-ECE-08)

AVINASH DEEP

(28-ECE-08)

ROHIT JAMWAL (40-ECE-08)

AJEET SHARMA (29-ECE-08)
in partial fulfillment for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
In
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

BABA GULAM SHAH BADSHAH UNIVERSITY, RAJOURI
J&K, INDIA
JUNE 2012

BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project report entitled FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT submitted by
UJWAL SHARMA, AVINASH DEEP, ROHIT JAMWAL, AJEET SHARMA to the
COET, BABA GULAM SHAH BADSHAH UNIVERSITY, RAJOURI in partial
fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and
Communication Engineering is a bonafide record of the project work carried out by them
under my supervision.

SIGNATURE

SIGNATURE

Mr. MOHD. SHUKIEL DAR

Mr. VISHAL PURI

HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR

Electronics and

Electronics and

Communication Engineering,

Communication Engineering,

COET,

COET,

BGSBU,

BGSBU,

Submitted the Project report for B.E/B.Tech Degree University Project Viva-Voce
examination held on ______________

INTERNAL EXAMINER

EXTERNAL EXAMINER

BABA GULAM SHAH BADSHAH UNIVERSITY, RAJOURI

J&K, INDIA

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would first like to thank our beloved Chancellor JENAB OMAR ABDULLAH and
beloved Vice-Chancellor, Dr. I.A. HAMAL for all the encouragement and support
extended to us during the tenure of this project and also our years of studies in this
university.
We are grateful to our beloved Principal Dr. MOHD. ASGER, Ph.D., M.Phil.,
M.Tech. for giving us the opportunity to carry out this project.
We express our profound gratitude and our heart filled thanks to Mr. SHUKEIL
DAR, M.Tech. , Professor and Head of the Department, Electronics and
Communication engineering, who contributed his valuable time and gave suggestions,
encouragement, support and valuable guidance for the completion of this project.
We thank our project coordinators Mr.MEHMOOD-UL HASSAN and
Mr.VISHAL PURI, Assistant Professor for their espousal and for having instilled in us
the confidence to complete our project on time.
We sincerely thank our guide Mr. RAKESH GUPTA, M.E., (Ph.D), Associate
Professor, for his guidance, assistance and cooperation that facilitated the successful
completion of our project
We would also like to thank all teaching and non-teaching staff of the Electronics
And Communication Engineering Department for their constant support and
encouragement given to us.

UJWAL SHARMA
AVINASH DEEP
ROHIT JAMWAL
AJEET SHARMA

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER NO

1.

TITLE

ABSTRACT

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

PAGE NO.

INTRODUCTION

viii
ix
x

1.1 FIRE FIGHTING ROBOT (FFR).....................1

1.2 Working.............................................................................1
1.3 EMBEDED SYSTEM......... 2
1.4 COMPARING MICRO- PROCESSOR
AND CONTROLLER....................................................3

2. MICRO CONTROLLER

2.1 GENERAL MICROCONTROLLER

BLOCK DIAGRAAM................................................... 4
2.2 FEATURES OF AT89S52 MICRO CONTROLLER...... 5
2.3 DESCRIPTION ................................................................ 5
2.4 PIN CONFIGRATION ..................................................... 6
2.5 PIN DESCRIPTION ......................................................... 7
2.6 SPECIAL FUNCTION REGISTER ................................ 9
2.7 PROGRAMMABLE CLOCK OUT ..............................,. 10

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page iii

2.8 INTERRUPTS ........... 10

2.9 OSCILLATOR CHARACTERISTICS ......................... 11
2.9.1IDLE MODE....................................... 11
2.9.2 POWER-DOWN MODE ................ 11
2.10 DC CHARACTERISTICS ........................... 12
2.11 AC CHARACTERISTICS .................... 13
2.11.1 EXTERNAL PROGRAM AND
DATA MEMORY CHAR. ...................13
2.11.2 EXT. PROGRAM
MEMORY READ CYCLE...................14
2.11.3 EXT. DATA MEMORY
READ CYCLE ...................................14
2.11.4 EXT. DATA MEMORY
WRITE CYCLE .................................15.
2.11.5 EXT. CLOCK DRIVE
WAVEFORMS ................................ 15

2.11.6 EXTERNAL CLOCK DRIVE .......... 15

3. HARDWARE COMPONENTS

16

3.1 LM 358 (DUAL OP-AMP).... 16

3.1.1 FEATURES......................................... 16
3.1.2 GENERAL DESCRIPTION.... 16
3.1.3 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM... 16
3.1.4 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM .............. 17
3.1.5 ABSOLUTE MAX. RATINGS ....... 17
3.1.6 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS .. 18
3.1.7 PERFORMANCE CHAR. ...................... 19
3.1.8 MECHENICAL DIMENSIONS ............. 20
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page iv

3.2 L14F1 ............................................................................. 21

3.2.1 PACKAGE LAYOUT .............................. 21
3.2.2 RATINGS & CHARACTERISTICS ........ 22
3.3 BC 547 ........................................................ 23
3.3.1 OVERVIEW .............................................. 23
3.3.2 TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS ............. 24
3.3.3 PACKAGE DIMENSIONS ....................... 25
3.4 L293 & L293D ........... 26
3.4.1 FEATURES ................ 26
3.4.2 DESCRIPTION .......................................... 26
3.4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM .........................,........ 27
3.4.4 LOGIC DIAGRAM .................................... 28
3.4.5 SCHEMATICS OF L293 ........................... 28
3.4.6 ABSOLUTE MAX. RATINGS .................. 29
3.4.7 SCHEMATICS OF L293D ......................... 29
3.5 LM7805 .......................................................................... 30
3.5.1 FEATURES ................................................. 30
3.5.2 DESCRIPTION ........................................... 30
3.5.3 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM .............. 30
3.5.4 ABSOLUTE MAX. RATINGS .................. 31
3.5.5 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS ....... 31
3.5.6 PERFORMANCE CHAR. ......................... 32
3.5.7 MECHENICAL DIMENSIONS ................. 33
3.6 P.C.B. .............................................................................. 35
3.6.1 INTRODUCTION ................................,...... 35
3.6.2 MATERIAL REQUIRED .....................,..... 35
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page v

3.6.3 PROCEDURE ............................................... 35

3.6.4 PRECAUTION ............................................. 36
3.6.5 USES ............................................................ 36
3.7 TRANSFORMERS ........................................................... 37
3.7.1 WORKING PRINCIPLES & BASIC
CHARACTERISTICS .................................. 38
3.8 RESISTORS ..................................................................... 40
3.8.1 CARBON FILM RESISTORS ...................... 41
3.8.2 METAL FILM RESISTORS ......................... 42
3.8.3 POTENTIOMETERS .................................... 43
3.8.4 NON LINEAR RESISTORS ......................... 45
3.8.5 RESISTOR POWER DISSIPATION ............ 45
3.8.6 RESISTOR MARKING ................................. 46
3.9 CAPACITORS ................................................................. 48
3.9.1 BLOCK CAPACITORS ................................. 49
3.9.2 VARIABLE CAPACITORS ......................... 51
3.9.3 MARKING BLOCK CAPACITORS ............ 52
3.10 LED ................................................................................. 52
3.10.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................ 52
3.10.2 ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS ........ 53
3.10.3 SEVEN SEGMENT DECIMAL DISPLAY. 54
3.10.4 LED CONSTRUCTION .............................. 55
3.11 DIODE ............................................................................. 56
3.11.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................ 56
3.12 CRYSTAL ........................................................................ 57
3.12.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................ 57
MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page vi

3.12.2 CRYSTALS & FREQUENCY .................. 59

3.13 RELAY ......................................................................... 60
3.13.1 FEATURES ............................................... 60
3.13.2 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS ..................... 60
3.13.3 SPECIFICATIONS .................................... 60
3.13.4 CHARACTERISTICS ............................... 60
3.13.5 MAX.SWITCHING CHAR. ..................... 61
3.13.6 DIMENSIONS ........................................... 61
3.14 GEARED DC MOTOR ................................................ 62
3.14.1 SPECIFICATIONS .................................... 62
3.14.2 DIMENSIONS ........................................... 63
3.15 WATER PUMPS ........................................................... 63
3.15.1 GENERAL NINFORMATION .................. 63
3.15.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS ............... 64
3.15.2 BENIFITS .................................................. 65

4. FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

65

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM ......................................................... 65

4.2 FLOW CHART ................................................................. 66
4.3 OPERATION ........ 67
5. SOFTWARE

68

5.1 ASSEMBLY LANGUAGE AND ASSEMBLER . 62

5.2 C LANGUAGE PROGRAM .............................. 63

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page vii

ABSTRACT
The security of home, laboratory, office, factory and building is important to human life. We
develop an intelligent multi sensor based security system that contains a fire fighting robot in
our daily life . The need for a device that can detect and extinguish a fire on its own is long
past due. Many house fires originate when someone is either sleeping or not home. With the
invention of such a device, people and property can be saved at a much higher rate with
relatively minimal damage caused by the fire. Our task as electrical engineers was to design
and build a prototype system that could autonomously detect and extinguish a fire. Also aims at
minimizing air pollution.
The security of home, laboratory, office, factory and building is important to human life. We
are developing an intelligent multi sensor based fire fighting robot in our daily life. We design
the fire detection system using three fire sensors in the fire fighting robot, and program the fire
detection and fighting procedure using sensor based method. The fire fighting robot can get
detection signals. If fire accident is true, the fire fighting robot can uses fire sensors to find out
fire source by the proposed method, and move to fire source to fight the fire using extinguisher.
It is more advantageous than a smoke detector as it can extinguish the fire at the inception than
waiting for an object to burn and produce smoke. When a smoke detector detects fire it, sprays
water all over the place, instead of that particular point of source. It voluntarily detects and
extinguishes fire without human aid.
The fire sensor used is L14F1 while the micro- controller used is AT89C52. Here we use two
motor driving units; one for the movement of robot & other for the water pump. 2 Stepper
motors of VEGA Robo Kit having a rating of 100rpm/12V is at the sides and 1 free ball in ball
bearing wheel at front of robot; while a 12V DC motor for pumping water.
Here the robot detects fire by the fire sensor and moves towards it. After reaching a certain
distance from the fire, it sprays water at the fire, thereby extinguishing it.

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page viii

LIST OF FIGURES
FIG NO

FIGURES

PAGE NO

2.1

MICROCONTROLLER BLOCK DIAGRAM....

2.2

PIN DIAGRAM OF 8051 ...

2.3

INTERRUPT SOURCES ..

10

2.4

OSCILLATOR CONNECTIONS ...........................

11

2.5

EXTERNAL CLOCK DRIVE CONFIGURATION

11

TIMING DIAGRAMS......................................

14

2.9

EXT. CLOCK DRIVE WAVEFORMS .

15

3.1

LM358 INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM .......................

16

3.2

LM358 SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM ....

17

3.3 to 3.8

LM358 PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS

19

3.9

MECHENICAL DIMENSIONS ..............................................

20

3.10

L14F1 LAYOUT & SCHEMATIC ....

21

3.11

BC547 CHARACTERISTICS ....

24

3.12

BC547 PACKAGE DIMENSIONS ....

25

3.13

L293D PIN DIAGRAM ..

26

3.14

L293 BLOCK DIAGRAM ................................

27

3.15

L293 LOGIC DIAGRAM .....................

28

3.16

L293 SCHEMATIC ............................ ..

28

3.17

L293D SCHEMATIC .....................

29

3.18

LM7805 BLOCK DIAGRAM ...................................................

30

3.19

LM7805 CHARACTERISTICS GRAPH ..................................

32

3.20

LM7805 PACKAGE DIMENSIONS .........................................

33

3.21

TRANSFORMER SYMBOLS ...................................................

37

3.22

TRANSFORMER WORKING PRINCIPLE .............................

38

3.23

RESISTOR EXAMPLES ...........................................................

47

3.24

LED DETAILS ...........................................................................

55

3.25

RELAY SWITCHING CHARACTERISTICS ..........................

61

3.26

RELAY DIMENSIONS .............................................................

61

3.27

MOTOR DIMENSIONS ............................................................

63

3.28

CONST. DETAILS OF WATER PUMP ...................................

64

4.1

FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF FFR ..........................

65

4.2

FUNCTIONAL FLOW CHART ................................................

66

2.6, 2.7 & 2.8

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page ix

LIST OF TABLES
T.NO

TABLE

PAGE.NO

2.1 & 2.2

PORT PIN FUNCTIONS

2.3

AT 89S52 SFR MAP

2.4

T2CON CONTROL REGISTER

2.5

IE REGISTER

10

2.6

STATUS OF EXT. PINS

11

2.7

DC CHARACTERISTICS

12

2.8

AC CHARACTERISTICS

13

2.9

EXT. CLOCK DRIVE

15

3.1

LM358 RATING

17

3.2

LM358 ELECTRICAL CHAR.

18

3.3

L14F1 RATINGS

22

3.4

L14F1 ELECTRICAL CHAR.

22

3.5

BC547 RATINGS

23

3.6

BC547 ELECTRICAL CHAR.

23

3.7

BC547 h FE CLASSIFICATION

23

3.8

L293D&L293 FUNCTION TABLE

27

3.9

LM7805 RATINGS

31

3.10

LM7805 ELECTRICAL CHAR.

31

3.11

RESISTOR VALUES

47

3.12

COIL SPECIFICATIONS

60

3.13

RELAY CHARACTERISTICS

60

MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

Page x