CONCENTRATION UNITS

The concentration of a solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent. Concentration = amount of solute amount of solution Several quantitative expressions of concentration are used in chemistry. MASS PERCENT % m/m Mass percent (or weight percent)- defines the mass of solute in a given mass of the solution. It tries to identify the mass fraction of the solute present in the entire mass of solution. mass % = mass of solute x100 mass of solution mass of solution = mass of solute + mass of solvent Example: 1. A solution is prepared by dissolving 13.5 g of sugar in 0.100 kg of water. What is the mass % of this solution? Given: Masssolute = 13.5 g Masssolute = 0.100 kg 100 g

mass % =

__13.5 g 100 g + 13.5g __13.5 g 113.5 g

x100

mass % =

x100

mass % = 11.9 % solution

other derived equation:

mass % =

mass of solute x100 mass of solution

mass of solute = mass % /100 (mass of solution) mass of solution VOLUME PERCENT % v/v Volume percent - defines the volume of solute in a given volume of the solution. It tries to identify the volume fraction of the solute present in the entire volume of solution. volume % = volume of solute x100 volume of solution = mass of solute mass % /100

volume of solution = volume of solute + volume of solvent The same scheme of computation as in %v/v is used. It is important that the density of the solute or solvent or solution must be known for volume-density conversion. Practice: 1. What is the % W/W of copper in an alloy when 10 g of Cu is mixed with 250 g of Zn? 2. What is approximate % V/V if 30 mL of pure ethanol is added to 250 mL of water? 3. What is the % W/W if 8.0 g copper is added to enough zinc to produce 100 g of an alloy?

MOLARITY Another way of expressing concentration, is called molarity. Molarity is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one liter of solution. The units, therefore are moles per liter, specifically it's moles of solute per liter of solution. Rather than writing out moles per liter, these units are abbreviated as M or M. We use a capital M with a line under it or a capital M written in italics. So when you see M or M it stands for molarity, and it means moles per liter (not just moles). M = moles of solute Liter of solution

You must be very careful to distinguish between moles and molarity. "Moles" measures the amount or quantity of material you have; "molarity" measures the concentration of that material. So when you're given a problem or some information that says the concentration of the solution is 0.1 M that means that it has 0.1 mole for every liter of solution Example 1 What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.32 moles of NaCl in 3.4 liters? 0.32 moles NaCl 3.4 L = 0.094 M NaCl Example 2 What is the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 2.5 g of NaCl in enough water to make 125 ml of solution? Molarity= molarity = 2.5 g NaCl x moles of solute liter of solution 1 mole NaCl = 0.0427 mole 58.5 g NaCl 0.0427 mole NaCl 0.125 L molarity = 0.34 M NaCl

OR molarity =__________2.5 g NaCl_____ 58.5 g/mole NaCl ( 0.125 L) = 0.34 M NaCl Calculating Mass of Solute from Molarity How would you prepare 400. ml of 1.20 M solution of sodium chloride? Get up general equation: M = moles L Substitute known values: 1.20 M = moles 0.400 L Solve for moles: moles = Change to grams: 0.480 mole x 58.5 g/mole = 28.1 g Practice: 1. How would you prepare 100. mL of 0.25 M KNO3 solution? 2. A chemist dissolves 98.4 g of FeSO4 in enough water to make 2.000 L of solution. What is the molarity of the solution? 3. How many moles of KBr are in 25.0 mL of a 1.23 M KBr solution? 4. Battery acid is generally 3 M H2SO4. Roughly how many grams of H2SO4 are in 400. mL of this solution?

1.20 M x 0.400 L = 0.480 moles

Normality Another way of expressing is using normality. This refers to the gram equivalent weight of the solute in a liter of solution. What is gram equivalent this refers to the molecula weight of the solute devided by the h-factor. H factor refers to: - The number of H+ ion if its is an acid Ex. HCl/1, H2SO4/2, H3PO4/3 - The number of OH- ion if its is a base Ex. NaOH/1 , Ca(OH)2/ 2 , Al (OH)3/3 - The number of substituted ion which may be the number of cation multiplied by the its valency ion if it is a salt Ex. NaCl/1 , K2SO4/2 , CaSO4/2 , AlCl3/3 Example the number of equivalenst of 20 gram NaCl number of equivalents = 20 gram = 0.3448 ( 58/ 1 )

Therefore, to determine the normality of 500 ml of NaCl made by dissolving 20 grams of NaCl Normality = 0.3448/ .5L Normality = 0.6897 N Or Normality may be computed as Normality = ____20.0 g NaCl__________ 58.0 g/mole NaCl ( 0.500 ml) 1 Normality = 0.69N

Example 2 : How many grams of Ca(OH)2 is needed to prepare 200ml of 0.1 solution? Given: V solution = 200ml 0.200 L Since Normality = mass of Ca(OH)2 MW Ca(OH)2 (VL) h Then: mass of Ca(OH)2 =Normality * MW Ca(OH)2 * (VL) h mass of Ca(OH)2 = (0.1) (74/2) ( 0.2) = 0.74 g Ca(OH)2 However it does not mean that when preparing the solution you will be using 200 ml of water. Remember, the volume refers to the solution and not the solvent. Notice that Normality = mass of Ca(OH)2 MW Ca(OH)2 (VL) h Normality = mass of Ca(OH)2 * ___h __ Mh (VL) MW Ca(OH)2

To convert Molarity to normality the value is multiplied by teh h- factor N = Mh The normal concentration of 6.00 M HCl would be Normality = 6.00M (2) Normality= 12 N

Practice: 1. How would you prepare 100. mL of 0.25 N NaNO3 solution? 2. A chemist dissolves 98.4 g of FeCl3 in enough water to make 2.000 L of solution. What is the normality of the solution? 3. How many moles of MgBr2 are in 25.0 mL of a 1.23 N MgBr2 solution?

Molality Another way of expressing concentration, is called molality. Molality is the number of moles of solute dissolved in one kilogram of solvent. The units, therefore are moles per kilogram, specifically it's moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. Rather than writing out moles per kilogram, these units are abbreviated as m. m = moles of solute kilogram of solvent

1. What is the molality of a solution containing 0.32 moles of NaCl dissolve n 300 ml of water? Given: n NaCl = 0.32 moles Kg solvent = 300 ml (1.0 g/ml) 300 g 0.3 kg
Density of water

Molality = 0.32moles 0.3 kg Molality = 1.1 molal

Mole Fraction This unit of concentration compares the number of moles of solution and the whole solution. The symbol for the mole fraction is the lower-case Greek letter chi, .
= moles of solute mole solution

Example #1: 0.100 mole of NaCl is dissolved into 100.0 grams of pure H2O. What is the mole fraction of NaCl? What is the mole fraction of the H2O? Solution: 100.0 g / 18.0 g mol1 = 5.56 mol of H2O Add that to the 0.100 mol of NaCl = 5.56 + 0.100 = 5.66 mol total Mole fraction of NaCl = 0.100 mol / 5.66 mol = 0.018 Mole fraction of water: 5.56 mol / 5.66 mol = 0.982 Practice:
1. A solution is prepared by mixing 25.0 g of water, H2O, and 25.0 g of ethanol, C2H5OH. Determine the mole fractions of each substance. 2. A solution contains 10.0 g pentane, 10.0 g hexane and 10.0 g benzene. What is the mole fraction of hexane?