History:In India, 1950 &1960 rapid growth in India commercial shipbuilding industry, Rapid technological advances in both ship

design and construction demand for increasingly large tankers, increased international competition. Formation of Seven Major shipbuilding companies through mergers. Shipbuilding markets collapsed in 1973 due to oil crisis. Large tanker market evaporated, Bulk carrier deliveries dropped by 74% by 1979, Late 1970s & early 80s restructuring of industry leaving medium sized shipbuilders with half of India output. Technological development slowed by early 1990s. Product innovation super ceded by production cost control, so industry movement to maturity favoured cost competitiveness. Shipbuilding Process:Ships are built custom made-to-order. Beginning with inquiries from customer, shipbuilding then requires the completion of various processes until the vessel is completed. It takes at least 2 years to complete a fine ship. 1.Bid Proposal Based on the basic specifications (simplified specifications) provided by their customers, they lay out a broad design to get a rough overall picture of the ship and subsequently offer a proposal to the customer. The proposal is a very important step of their business since customers largely depend on this proposal to decide whether to place an order with them or not. Therefore, they try our best to show our ability to the full. 2.Discussions on the specifications and Agreement Once their proposal is accepted, they proceed to discuss the specifications in detail and settle on the final price of the ship. Once the ship price, shipbuilding process, general layout, specifications, etc. are determined, an agreement is made. 3.Performance design Speed is the most significant factor of any ship. By repeatedly adjusting the hull form and tank testing, they ensure that the ship they are to build can sail at the speed stipulated in the specifications. 4.Basic Design There are various factors that influence ship performance, other than speed. Other factors can include load capacity of cargo, ship stability, fuel cost and so on. The key function of basic design is to design the ship so that all those factors comply with the specifications. 5. Detailed Design Based on the information obtained from the basic design, the detailed design plays the role of clarifying the design of components and parts of the ship to be built. The key point of this step is to work out drawings that are feasible and accurate enough to facilitate the actual shipbuilding operation on-site without compromising the ability or performance of the ship. 6. Production Design The production design organizes the design information in the detailed plans into respective component information. The production design enables the field staff to meticulously control a large amount of components on site.

7.Material Ordering They place purchase orders for required materials based on the design information. Since a tremendous volume of materials need to be ordered to build a ship, it is vital to manage and supervise the delivery dates of those materials so that the procurement is timely and accurate. 8. Production Plan The production plan has a critical impact on manufacturing efficiency because of the enormous amount of components, and the large number of workers involved on the job site. It is vital, therefore, to plan thoroughly so as to control and supervise the flow of materials, work volume, job assignments and subsequent progress of the shipbuilding process. 9. Cutting & Processing Steel plates are cut and processed according to the blueprint. The process of heating and bending a steel plate into curved shapes is of great importance in shipbuilding, and requires sophisticated skill and technique. 10. Assembly The cut and processed components are assembled block by block. In order to maximize manufacturing efficiency, the assembling of blocks is carried out in a phased manner: smallscale assembly comes first, mid-scale assembly second and large-scale assembly last. 11. Installation of rigging articles Assembled blocks are further jointed together to make huge blocks, and at this point, rigging articles such as pipes, electric wires are installed. In order to enhance manufacturing efficiency at the dockyard, most rigging articles are installed while the block is still on the ground. 12.Mounting huge blocks Following the above step, the huge blocks are mounted on the vessel. In order to maintain the predefined dimension, even after tens of such blocks have been jointed together; accurate positioning of each block is critically important. This is where we make full use of our shipbuilding know-how. 13. Launching When all the blocks are mounted and jointed, launching is the next stage. While the launching at a dock simply means filling the dock with water to float the ship, the launching from a building berth is a very impressive and exciting sight to see since the ship slides its way majestically into the sea. This is one of the most thrilling moments for all involved with the shipbuilding process. 14.Operation at the quay The finishing operation is carried out with the launched hull at the quay. Starting with finishing work of accommodation and control sections, every equipment and instrument is checked and re-examined in practice. They are now in the final stretch of shipbuilding. 15. Trial Cruise The trial cruise includes tests of speed, engine performance and operation of all equipment and instruments. The test results are kept as the performance record of the vessel.

16. Delivery A new ship is born. After the delivery ceremony, the captain, chief engineer and crew embark for the ships maiden voyage. Their one wish is that the ship always sails smoothly and safely. Ship Manufacturing and Production In an industry where many projects experience tremendous cost overruns and schedule delays, shipyards are more focused than ever in managing manufacturing costs. Ship manufacturing involves innumerable elements that must be stringently coordinated and executed in order to complete a project in time and within budget. Whether a ship is a tanker or a yacht, interconnected activities must be carefully planned to reach the safest, faster, and most optimum manufacturing sequence. Shipyards and marine engineering companies rely on Assault Systems Ship Manufacturing and Production solution and fully integrated PLM environment that supports design-to-manufacturing approach in order that both design and ship construction processes can be optimized in ways that would best utilize available resources. DS PLM virtual construction portfolio offers extensive capabilities unmatched in the industry. Early and throughout the design process, ship construction planning, scheduling, and sequencing can be virtually defined and simulated to reduce the occurrence of construction-delaying problems that typically arise when the systems and machinery are ready to be placed. This solution includes scheduling with tools such as Primavera and MS project, equipment placement, and human simulations including aspects such as vision, display and motion. As all components and humans are included in the planning, initial requirements, costs, and construction time can be estimated quite accurately prior to capital orders. DS PLM environment maintains the relationships between design data and construction data. This helps shipyards track late changes, identify parts that may be impacted by design changes and study the impact of the changes on manufacturing. This integrated PLM environment gives shipyards the information they need to predict the cost of changes in dollars and time so that they can decide whether or not to renegotiate the terms of the contract. Although interconnected with design, the manufacturing sequence can be arranged independently of the design structure, providing full flexibility to support the preferred organization to carry out the manufacturing of the ship. Raw- material used in ship industry:Shipbuilding steel is the most common material. It is to meet rather strict requirements: strength, flexibility, high manufacturability, weld ability, cost, reparability, etc. Steels used in the domestic shipbuilding industry differ in high cold-resistance, good welding characteristics and increased fracture strength. Special cold-resistant welding consumables were worked up for new steel grades. Last years, new class of high-strength corrosion-resistant nitrogen-alloyed steel grades were elaborated. Owing to difference in interaction of atoms of carbon and nitrogen with atoms of iron, steel acquires unique physicochemical and operating properties (high strength, flexibility, absolute corrosion resistance, non-magnetic behaviour). Nitrogen steels differ in good welding characteristics and manufacturability, both in metallurgical production and shipbuilding.

Structural aluminium alloys with increased corrosion resistance as well as aluminium-based composite materials became common use in construction of high-speed sea and river vessels, as well as airfoil boats, hydrofoil ships and aerostatic crafts. Owing to their properties, titanium alloys became common use in marine facilities. Distinctive characteristic of their usage is wide spectrum of operational environment with long service life.

In addition to it, the diversity of types of half-finished items used in ship structures manufacture. Zinc is rather corrosion-resistant material both in air and in water. Rolled zinc is used in inboard planking of ship rooms. Also, thick plates of rolled zinc are used in manufacture of protectors. Zinc coating becomes common use in corrosion prevention for metal surfaces of ship systems. Environmental safety of new ships is ensured with usage of non-metallic materials with low emission of chemical compounds into water and air. So, various kinds of fibreglass plastics are used in construction of hulls of some vessels (trawlers, sweepers, high-speed airfoil and hydrofoil ships, and yachts). The main property of the fibreglass plastics is their chemical and biological stability. Strength and technological properties, improvement of working conditions, and reduction of costs of workroom air ventilation are their advantages. New polymeric and metal-polymeric composition materials give possibility to produce noncomposite or partly rigid hull structures of sandwich-constructions with high-tensile steel or fibreglass outside layer and polymeric or low-tensile composite interlayer. Such hulls become common use in building of modern high-speed vessels. Types of Ships:1. Bulk Carrier -Bulk Carriers are ships designed for carriage of solid bulk cargoes. 2. Combination Carrier-Combination Carriers include ships intended for separate carriage of oil and dry cargoes in bulk, ships intended for separate carriage of oil and ore in bulk and combination of the two above. 3. Container Ship -Container Ships are ships exclusively intended for the carriage of containers. 4. Gas Carrier-Gas carriers are ships intended for transportation of compressed or liquefied gas. 5. General Cargo Carrier and Ro/Ro -General Cargo Carriers are ships arranged for lift on/lift off cargo handling and intended for carriage of general dry cargoes. 6. Ore Carrier -Ore Carriers are ships designed for carriage of ore cargoes in centre holds. 7. Passenger Ship-Passenger Ships are primarily ships designed for carriage of passengers and Car and Train Ferries designed for regular transport of passengers and vehicles. 8. Tanker for Chemicals -Tankers for Chemicals is ships intended for transportation of all types of liquid chemicals. 9. Tanker for Oil-Oil carriers are ships intended for transport of oil in bulk, whereas oil product carriers are ships intended for transport of all types of oil products except crude oil.