ch02 AnalogMultiplier

Winter 2011 1
Microelectronics
Chapter 2:
( Lecture 2 and 3 )
BJT and MOS Analog Multiplier
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 2
Analog Multiplier
Objectives:
1. Introduction
2. Revision of Simple Emitter Coupled Circuit .
3. Gilbert Cell As a 4-quadrant Multiplier
4. Complete Gilbert Multiplier without any restriction on
the I/P Signals.
5. The application of the Gilbert Cell to realize a Phase
Detector (PD)
6. Gilbert Cell as a DSB-SC Modulator
7. MOS Gilbert Cell
Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud & Dr. Ahmed Madian
Electronics and Electrical Engineering Department
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 3
Introduction
One of the fundamental building blocks in analog circuit
design is the analog multiplier.
Multipliers are particularly important in communication
and signal processing circuits.
Applications of Multipliers
Nonlinear analog signal processing
Mixing
Phase difference detection
Modulation and demodulation
Frequency translation
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 4
Introduction
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 5
Simple Emitter Coupled Circuit
(ECC)
The Basic equation of the ECC is :
2 2 1 1 BE i BE i
V V V V =
T
BE
V
V
o C
e I I =
) ln(
o
C
T BE
I
I
V V =
But in the active region, the collector
current of the npn transistor is given by:

Microelectronics
Winter 2011 6
(ECC)
Therefore
) ln( ) ln(
2
2
1
1
2 1
o
C
T
o
C
T id i i
I
I
V
I
I
V V V V = =
For a matched transistors
2 1 o o
I I =
) ln(
2
1
C
C
T id
I
I
V V =
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Winter 2011 7
(ECC)
Therefore:
T
id
V
V
C
C
e
I
I
=
2
1
And assuming high
|
IEE I I
C C
= +
2 1
(1)
(2)
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Winter 2011 8
(ECC)
T
id
V
V
C
e
IEE
I
+
=
1
1
T
id
V
V
C
e
IEE
I
+
=
1
2
From (1) and (2):
&
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Winter 2011 9
(ECC)
And also:
)
2
tanh(
T
id
out
V
V
IEE I =
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Winter 2011 10
(ECC)
) ( * ) ( IEE V K I
id out
~
The output current of the ECC is given by:
Therefore, the circuit can operates as a multiplier
with two inputs
id
V
IEE and
Note That:
For
T id
V V <<
Where K is the constant of the proportionality
and is given by:
T
V
K
2
1
=
] [
1
V
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Winter 2011 11
(ECC)
The disadvantages of the ECC as an multiplier:
1. The circuits operates as 2- quadrant multiplier
( Vid may be positive or negative but IEE must be positive)
2. The two inputs of the multiplier are not the same type
( one of the inputs is voltage Vid and the another is current)
3. The circuits operates as 2- quadrant multiplier under the
restriction:
T id
V V <<
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 12
Gilbert Cell As a 4-quadrant
Multiplier
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
IEE
+
-
Vy
Ic13 Ic24
+
-
Vx
The Gilbert Cell is a circuit used to overcome the disadvantages of the ECC.
The output differential current of the Gilbert Cell is defined as:
) ( ) ( ) (
4 2 3 1 24 13 C C C C C C out
I I I I I I I + + = =
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 13
Multiplier
The output current can be written as:
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
IEE
+
-
Vy
Ic13 Ic24
+
-
Vx
) ( ) (
4 3 2 1 C C C C out
I I I I I + =
)
2
tanh(
2
tanh
6 5
T
X
C
T
X
C
V
V
I
V
V
I Iout

+ =
)
2
tanh( ) (
6 5
T
X
C C
V
V
I I Iout =
)
2
tanh( )
2
tanh(
T
X
T
Y
V
V
V
V
IEE Iout =
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 14
Multiplier
For
Note that:
From the expression of the output current of the Gilbert Cell:
)
2
tanh( )
2
tanh(
T
X
T
Y
V
V
V
V
IEE Iout =
T Y X
V V V << &
) * (
Y X out
V V K I ~
Therefore Gilbert Cell operates as 4-quadrant multiplier because
Vy Vx&
can take positive and negative values,
Where ] / [
) 2 (
2
2
V mA
V
IEE
K
T
=
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Winter 2011 15
Multiplier with Output Voltage
Note that : The output of the Gilbert Multiplier is a current, and if it is required
to have an output voltage, a differential current to a voltage converter is
needed. This can be realized by using the two resistors connected to Vcc as
shown.
+
-
Vx
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
IEE
+
-
Vy
Ic13
Ic24
Rc
Rc
+ -
Vout
VCC
Gilbert Cell
R
R
+ -Vout Ic13
Ic24
Vcc
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 16
Multiplier with Output Voltage
) ( ) (
13 24 C C CC C C CC out
R I V R I V V =
C C C out
R I I V ) (
24 13
=
)
2
tanh( )
2
tanh(
T
Y
T
X
C EE out
V
V
V
V
R I V =
) * (
Y X out
V V K V ~
T Y X
V V V << &
For
+
-
Vx
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
IEE
+
-
Vy
Ic13
Ic24
Rc
Rc
+ - Vout
VCC
Where
] [ ) 2 /(
1 2
= V V R I K
T C EE
Note that: For large signals, the Gilbert cell is not operate correctly as a
multiplier, therefore we try to make the I/P signals pass through certain
circuits that eliminate the nonlinearity of the tanh function.
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 17
Complete Gilbert Multiplier without
any restriction on the I/P Signals
Basic Idea
+
-
Vout
+
-
Vx
+
-
Vy
Gilbert Cell
+
-
VX1
+
-
Vy1
) ( tanh 2
1
1 X X T X
V K V V

=
) ( tanh 2
1
1 Y Y T Y
V K V V

=
)
2
) ( tanh 2
tanh( )
2
) ( tanh 2
tanh(
1
1
1
1
T
Y Y T Y
T
X X T X
C EE out
V
V K V V
V
V K V V
R I V

= =
=
) * (
Y X out
V V K V =
] [
1
= V K K R I K
Y X C EE
where
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 18
tanh
-1
circuit
Assuming Q7 and Q8 are matched
8 7 1 BE BE X
V V V =
) ln( ) ln(
8
2
7
1
1
o
T
o
T X
I
I
V
I
I
V V =
From the shown circuit:
) ln(
2
1
1
I
I
V V
T X
=
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 19
tanh
-1
circuit
Assuming the voltage to differential current
converter produces two Output currents
given by:
) 1 (
1 X X dc
V K I I + =
) 1 (
2 X X dc
V K I I =
&
Therefore, the output voltage of
the tanh
-1
circuit is given by:
)
1
1
ln(
1
X X
X X
T X
V K
V K
V V
+
=
) ( tanh 2
1
1 X X T X
V K V V

=
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 20
Voltage to Differential Current
Converter
From the shown circuit, we have:
X
X
dc
R
V
I I + =
1
) 1 (
1
X dc
X
dc
R I
V
I I + =
) 1 (
1 X X dc
V K I I + =
and
X dc
X
R I
K
1
=
Similarly
) 1 (
2 X X dc
V K I I =
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 22
The application of the Gilbert Cell to
realize a Phase Detector (PD)
Phase Detector
(PD)
+
-
+
-
Vx
Vy
+
-
Vout
Phase Detector is a circuit provide output voltage proportional to the phase
difference between two input signals.
Types of PD:
Linearized phase detector: The output is linearly proportional to the
phase difference between the two input signal.
Sinusoidal phase detector: The output is proportional to the Sin or
Cosine the phase difference between the two input signal.
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 23
Linearized PD
+
-
Vx
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
IEE
+
-
Vy
Ic13
Ic24
Rc
Rc
+ -
Vout
VCC
Condition on the inputs for proper
operations:
The amplitudes of
T y X
V V V >> &
Therefore, the transistors
operate as a switch (ON/OFF)
Example: Draw the output
waveform and calculate its
average value for the input
signal waveforms shown below:
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 24
+
-
Vx
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Q5
Q6
IEE
+
-
Vy
Ic13
Ic24
Rc
Rc
+ -
Vout
VCC
)] ( [
1
) (
1
1 0
1
| | = =
}
T R I R I
T
dt t v V
C EE C EE
T
out
out
] 1 / 2 [
1
=
T R I V
C EE
out
|
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Winter 2011 25
Gilbert Cell as a DSB-SC Modulator
Condition on the inputs for proper operations:
The Gilbert Cell can be used as a switching modulator under the condition,
One of the input signal( Carrier ) is >> VT and the another input( modulating
Signal) is <<VT
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 26
MOS Multiplier: NMOS Differential
Pair
+
-
Vid
M1
M2
I1
I2
Iss
+
-
V
GS1
+
-
V
GS2
The output current of the NMOS Differential pair is given:
Where the currents of M1 and M2
in the saturation region are given by:
2 1
I I I
out
=
2
1
2
1
1
1
2
) (
2
A
K
V V
K
I
T GS
= =
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
) (
2
B
K
V V
K
I
T GS
= =
And assuming M1 and M2 are matched (K
1
=K
2
=
L
W
C
ox n
)
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 27
Pair
Therefore:
) )( (
2
) (
2
2 2
B A B A
K
B A
K
I
out
+ = =
And
Note:
) ( 2 ) ( ) (
2 2 2 2
B A B A B A + = + +
SS
I B A
K
I I = + = + ) (
2
2 2
2 1
id
SS
V
K
I
B A
2 2
4 ) ( = +
)
/ 4
1 ( 4 ) (
2
K I
V
K
I
B A
SS
id
SS
= +
id GS GS
V V V B A = =
2 1
Where
)
/ 4
1 (
2
K I
V
V K I I
SS
id
id SS out
=
+
-
Vid
M1 M2
I1
I2
Iss
+
-
V
GS1
+
-
V
GS2
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 28
Pair
)
/ 4
1 (
2
1
2
2
1
K I
V
V K I
I
I
SS
id
id SS
SS
+ =
)
/ 4
1 (
2
1
2
2
2
K I
V
V K I
I
I
SS
id
id SS
SS
=
Therefore:
)
/ 4
1 (
2
2 1
K I
V
V K I I I I
SS
id
id SS out
= =
SS
I I I = +
2 1
Note:
and
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 29
Pair
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 30
Pair
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 31
Pair
id SS
SS
V K I
I
I
2
1
2
2
~
Note: if
K
I
V
SS
id
2
<
The nonlinear term of output current can be neglected and the output
current is given by:
id SS out
V K I I ~
and
id SS
SS
V K I
I
I
2
1
2
1
+ ~
Microelectronics
Winter 2011 32
MOS Gilbert Cell
+
-
+
-
Vx
Vy
M5 M6
M1 M2
M3
M4
I13 I24
Iss
The output current can be written as:
) ( ) (
4 2 3 1 24 13
I I I I I I I
out
+ = =
X X out
V K I V K I I
6 5
~
X out
V I I K I ) (
6 5
~
y
V
K
I I
2
) (
6 5
= and
) * (
2
y X out
V V
K
I ~

Microelectronics
Winter 2011 33
BJT and MOS Analog Multiplier
END of Chapter 2

ch02 AnalogMultiplier

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Winter 2011 1

Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud & Dr. Ahmed Madian

Prof. Dr. Soliman Mahmoud & Dr. Ahmed Madian

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