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4G Mobile Networks Long Term Evolution (LTE)

Vladimir Settey

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Cisco Public

The revolution is here (smartphones / tablets / netbooks) Broadband, anytime, anywhere Flat-rate data ? Data growth exponential; revenue growth linear. Scaling the network for data

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Cisco Public

Evolution of Mobile Networks LTE Architecture Overview EPC Mobility Services in LTE

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Cisco Public

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Cisco Public

Home Location Service Control Register (HLR) Point (SCP)

There was wireless ISDN (aka GSM)

Mobile Station
Connection Mgmt

Base Transceiver System (BTS)

Base Station Controller (BSC)

Mobile Switching Center + Visitor Locatio(MSC/VLR) n Register


TUP ISUP INAP
Cisco Public

Voice oriented architecture fixed wireline services (e.g. SS and IN)

Mobility Mgmt Re-define

Mobility Mgt

Radio SMS is a signalling transport rather than a data RR Resource BSSAP Mgmt Network transport BTSM on TDM based RR BTSM

service DTAP
BSSAP SCCP MTP/MTPb 64/2048 kbps

BSSMAP

Connection Mgmt

TCAP SCCP MTP 64 kbps


5

LAP-Dm GSM Radio

LAP-Dm LAP-D GSM Radio 16/64 kbps

LAP-D 16/64 kbps

SCCP MTP/b 64/2048 kbps

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MAP

One burst every TDMA frame was sufficient to transport a speech

frame with source rate of 13 kbit/s


GSM Phase 2 (circa 1996) added Circuit Switched Data support

offering 9.6 kbit/s service

High Speed CSD consisted in aggregating multiple timeslot for a

single user but resource intensive


Modified V.110

Modem Interworking Function (IWF)

3.1 kHz audio or V110 64k UDI

BSC
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MSC
Cisco Public 6

BTS

BSC

MSC/VLR

Gateway MSC

IP Packet Control Unit (PCU) Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

IP SNDCP LLC RLC MAC GSM Radio Relay GSM 64 kbps Radio Relay RLC BSSGP Nw Services MAC 64 kbps L1bis Relay SNDCP GTP LLC BSSGP
Nw Services

IP GTP UDP IP L2 L1
Cisco Public 7

UDP IP L2 L1

L1bis

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First step towards an all IP network Designed to accommodate greater packet throughput (up to

2Mbits/s announced In reality, can support up to 384 kbit/s)


Core network remains largely unchanged from 2.5G Migration to ATM for Radio Access Transport More control into the RNC
3G MSC PSTN

ATM/AAL2 ATM/AAL5

3G RNC Node B 3G SGSN


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IP GGSN
Cisco Public 8

So hopefully WCDMA got it right on packet services

Iu-ps

Gn/Gp

NodeB IP PDCP RLC MAC WCDMA Radio WCDMA Radio


Frame Protocol

Radio Network Controller (RNC)

3G SGSN

GGSN IP

PDCP RLC MAC


AAL2

GTP-U UDP IP
AAL5

GTP-U UDP IP
AAL5

GTP-U UDP IP
L2

GTP-U UDP IP
L2

AAL2

ATM

ATM

ATM

ATM

L1

L1
Cisco Public 9

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HLR MSC-s

MSC-s

Iu-cs

IP
INAP BICC or SIP-T H.248 MAP

MGW Nb-UP

MGW

RTP Still Voice over CS bearer on the radio access, data bearer not SCCP

TCAP

suitable (latency, overhead) Iu-UP UDP


ATM L1/2

IP AAL2 Option to transport Voice over IP in the Core

M3UA SCTP (see TS 23.205) IP L1/2

Introduction of SS7oIP transport

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HSPA+: Distribute RNC HSDPA Removes Drift RNC and Data plane to Node B adds intelligence to the Node B

Iu-ps

Gn

Drift RNC Node B IP PDCP RLC MAC MAC-HS MAC-HS


WCDMA
Frame Protocol FP FP

Serving RNC

3G SGSN

GGSN IP

Direct Tunnel allows SGSN to remove itself from data plane

PDCP RLC MAC


Frame Protocol

GTP-U UDP IP

GTP-U UDP IP
AAL5/ATM

GTP-U UDP IP
L2

GTP-U UDP IP
L2

AAL2/ATM

AAL2

AAL2

AAL2/ATM AAL5/ATM L2

WCDMA L1

L1

L1

L1

L1

L1

L1

L1
Cisco Public 11

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Rel-99

Rel-5

Rel-6

Rel-7

Rel-8

WCDMA

HSDPA
HSDPA: 16 QAM DL 14.4 Mbps

HSUPA

MIMO 2x2

64 QAM
HSDPA: 64 QAM and MIMO

HSDPA: Always HSDPA: on scaling 64 QAM, MIMO HSUPA: 5.7 Mbps HSUPA: 16QAM Always on scaling
DL: 28 Mbps UL: 11 Mpbs

DL: Up to DL: 384 kps UL: 384 kbps 14.4 Mbps UL: 384 kbps

DL:Up to 14.4 Mbps UL: 5.7 Mbps

DL: 42 Mbps UL: 11 Mpbs

2007
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2008

2009

2010+
Cisco Public 12

Highlighting the growing importance of IP transport

3G MSC-S

HLR/HSS

IP RAN w/ ATM PW or Native IP

SGW 3G MGW 3G RNC


Core IP

PSTN

Node B

3G SGSN

GGSN

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13

Evolved Packet System (EPS) is the technology direction for 3GPP

based networks network

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next generation 3GPP radio access
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN)

System Architecture Evolution (SAE) is the 3GPP next generation

standard for mobile networks providing:


Increased Bandwidth End-to-End IP Simplified Architecture Support for multiple radio access technologies

Evolved Packet Core (EPC) is the next generation 3GPP packet core
Consists of (3) main components (MME, SGW, and PGW)

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14

Radio Side (Evolved UTRAN - EUTRAN)


Improvements in spectral efficiency, user throughput, latency Simplification of the radio network Efficient support of packet based services: Multicast, VoIP, etc.

Network Side (Evolved Packet Core - EPC)


Improvement in latency, capacity, throughput, idle to active transitions Simplification of the core network Optimization for IP traffic and services Simplified support and handover to non-3GPP access technologies

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15

Higher Bandwidth (>100 kbps per user on average) and improved

latency

Transmission and transition delays <10 & 100ms resp. in unloaded conditions Service independent and data-only architecture Strict data QoS mechanism with no voice dedicated bearer identifictaion Always-on model All registered users have a default bearer established used for signalling IP addressing IPv6 by default with dual stack sessions (IPv4v6) Support of alternative access technologies 3GPP and non-3GPP architecture, including possible wireline access Local breakout Part of the traffic may be routed directly in the visited network

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Duplex Channel Bandwidth Modulation Type Multiple Access Technique TDMA Frame Duration Number of symbols per frame Sub-carrier Spacing Symbol Duration Cyclic Prefix Multipath Mitigation eNB Synchronization Forward Error Correction Advanced Antenna Techniques

FDD and TDD 1.25 20 MHz QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM DL: OFDMA, UL: SCFDMA 10ms with 1ms subframe 140 15 kHz 66.7 us 4.69 us, 16.67 us OFDM / Cyclic Prefix Frequency (FDD, TDD) Time (TDD, MBSFN) 1/3 Convolutional and Turbo MIMO 2x2, 4x4

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18

Frequency"

Frequency"

Frequency"

Sub-Channel" (Group of" Frequencies)"

FDMA" TDMA" (2G)" CDMA" (3G)"


user A user B user C

Sub-Channel" (Group of" Frequencies)"

OFDM"

Time "

OFDMA" (LTE & WiMAX)"


Cisco Public 19

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Sub-carrier Spacing 15 kHz

Frequency

One Resource Element

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20

3 MHz

5 MHz

10 MHz

1.4 MHz

20 MHz

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21

256QAM (14% of cell area) 64QAM (13% of cell area)

16QAM (18% of cell area) QPSK ( 55% of cell area)

Maximising the bandwidth made available to the users by selecting the optimum modulation scheme (QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM, etc.)
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Downlink
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)

Uplink
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

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23

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24

3GPP Access
S12 (GTP-U) UTRAN

HSS
S6a (DIAMETER)

SWx (DIAMETER)

SGSN
GERAN

S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)

PCRF
Rx+ (DIAMETER)

S3 (GTP-C)

MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) E-UTRAN S10 (GTP-C)

S11 (GTP-C)

Gxc Gx (DIAMETER) S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE) S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) Gxa Gxb S6b (DIAMETER)

AAA
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)

eNodeB

S1-U (GTP-U)

SGW

PGW
SWm (DIAMETER)

SGi

UE

S2a (PMIPv6, GRE MIPv4 FACoA)

S2b (PMIPv6, GRE)

SWa

ePDG
SWn S2c

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access UE

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access UE

STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)

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3GPP Access
S12 (GTP-U) UTRAN

HSS
S6a (DIAMETER)

SWx (DIAMETER)

SGSN
GERAN

S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)

PCRF
Rx+ (DIAMETER)

S3 (GTP-C)

MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) E-UTRAN S10 (GTP-C)

S11 (GTP-C)

Gxc Gx (DIAMETER) S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE) S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) Gxa Gxb S6b (DIAMETER)

AAA
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)

eNodeB

S1-U (GTP-U)

SGW

PGW
SWm (DIAMETER)

SGi

UE

Mobility Management Entity

S2a (PMIPv6, GRE MIPv4 FACoA)

S2b (PMIPv6, GRE)

SWa

ePDG
SWn S2c

E-UTRAN Control Plane with 2G/3G interworking (no user plane handling) Interacts with HSS for user authentication, profile download, etc. Interacts with eNodeB and SGW for SGW selection, tunnel control, paging, handovers, etc. Interacts with SGSN for 2G/3G

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)

UE

UE

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26

3GPP Access
S12 (GTP-U) UTRAN

HSS
S6a (DIAMETER)

SWx (DIAMETER)

SGSN
GERAN

S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)

PCRF
Rx+ (DIAMETER)

S3 (GTP-C)

MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) E-UTRAN S10 (GTP-C)

S11 (GTP-C)

Gxc Gx (DIAMETER) S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE) S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) Gxa Gxb S6b (DIAMETER)

AAA
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)

eNodeB

S1-U (GTP-U)

SGW

PGW
SWm (DIAMETER)

SGi

UE

Home Subscriber Services (HSS)

S2a (PMIPv6, GRE MIPv4 FACoA)

S2b (PMIPv6, GRE)

SWa

ePDG
SWn S2c

Centralised database holding user profile: Interacts with MME for user authentication and profile download Stores current location information (e.g. assigned MME, Serving SGW) One or more subscription profiles containing IMSI, QoS, Services, etc.

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)

UE
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UE
Cisco Public 27

3GPP Access
S12 (GTP-U) UTRAN

HSS
S6a (DIAMETER)

SWx (DIAMETER)

SGSN
GERAN

S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)

PCRF
Rx+ (DIAMETER)

S3 (GTP-C)

MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) E-UTRAN S10 (GTP-C)

S11 (GTP-C)

Gxc Gx (DIAMETER) S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE) S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) Gxa Gxb S6b (DIAMETER)

AAA
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)

eNodeB

S1-U (GTP-U)

SGW

PGW
SWm (DIAMETER)

SGi

UE

Serving Gateway

S2a (PMIPv6, GRE MIPv4 FACoA)

S2b (PMIPv6, GRE)

SWa

ePDG
SWn S2c

Data plane anchoring for 3GPP access and 2G/ 3G bearer plane interworking Anchor point in visited network for 3GPP Access (2G/3G/LTE) Processes all IP packets to/from UE (QoS control, LI) Uses network-based mobility towards PDNGW (GTP or PMIPv6)

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)

UE
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UE
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3GPP Access
S12 (GTP-U) UTRAN

HSS
S6a (DIAMETER)

SWx (DIAMETER)

SGSN
GERAN

S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)

PCRF
Rx+ (DIAMETER)

S3 (GTP-C)

MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) E-UTRAN S10 (GTP-C)

S11 (GTP-C)

Gxc Gx (DIAMETER) S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE) S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) Gxa Gxb S6b (DIAMETER)

AAA
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)

eNodeB

S1-U (GTP-U)

SGW

PGW
SWm (DIAMETER)

SGi

UE

Packet Data Network Gateway (PGW)

S2a (PMIPv6, GRE MIPv4 FACoA)

S2b (PMIPv6, GRE)

SWa

ePDG
SWn S2c

Subscriber-aware data plane anchoring for all access networks Anchor point in home or visited network for all IP-based access (3GPP or not) Session-based user authentication and IP address allocation (IPv4/v6) Processes all IP packets to/from UE (QoS control, PCEF, LI)

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)

UE
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UE
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3GPP Access
S12 (GTP-U) UTRAN

HSS
S6a (DIAMETER)

SWx (DIAMETER)

SGSN
GERAN

S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)

PCRF
Rx+ (DIAMETER)

S3 (GTP-C)

MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) E-UTRAN S10 (GTP-C)

S11 (GTP-C)

Gxc Gx (DIAMETER) S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE) S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) Gxa Gxb S6b (DIAMETER)

AAA
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)

eNodeB

S1-U (GTP-U)

SGW

PGW
SWm (DIAMETER)

SGi

UE

Policy&Charging Rule Function (PCRF)

S2a (PMIPv6, GRE MIPv4 FACoA)

S2b (PMIPv6, GRE)

SWa

ePDG
SWn S2c

User and application-aware policy decision point: Interacts with PGW to enforce per session or per flow policies Gets event notification from PGW (mobilty and/or traffic related) Interacts with application for admission control and policy definitiion Supports roaming capabilities

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)

UE
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UE
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3GPP Access
S12 (GTP-U) UTRAN

HSS
S6a (DIAMETER)

SWx (DIAMETER)

SGSN
GERAN

S4 (GTP-C, GTP-U)

PCRF
Rx+ (DIAMETER)

S3 (GTP-C)

MME
S1-MME (S1-AP) E-UTRAN S10 (GTP-C)

S11 (GTP-C)

Gxc Gx (DIAMETER) S5/8 (PMIPv6, GRE) S5/8 (GTP-C, GTP-U) Gxa Gxb S6b (DIAMETER)

AAA
Operators IP Services (e.g. video, IMS)

eNodeB

S1-U (GTP-U)

SGW

PGW
SWm (DIAMETER)

SGi

UE

Enhanced Packet Data Gateway (ePDG)


Support for untrusted non-3GPP access EPC point of attachment for user accessing over other non-owned access Terminates IPSec tunnel from UE established with IKEv2 & EAP-AKA Supports network-based IP mobility towards the selected PGW (PMIPv6)

S2a (PMIPv6, GRE MIPv4 FACoA)

S2b (PMIPv6, GRE)

SWa

ePDG
SWn S2c

Trusted Non-3GPP IP Access

Untrusted Non-3GPP IP Access

STa (RADIUS, DIAMETER)

UE
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UE
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HSS
S6a (Auth Vectors)

EPS AKA via S6a Challenge and keys exchange


MME

E- UTRAN

Mutual Authentication NAS Integrity/Ciphering

RRC Integrity and ciphering U-Plane Ciphering

eNB

UE

USIM required for LTE Different set of keys used for ciphering, derived from the same

original K stored in the USIM/HSS


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HSS MME S1-MME PCRF

UE
eNodeB S-GW PDN-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)


NAS RRC PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA
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Evolved Packet Core (EPC)


NAS S1-AP SCTP IP L2 L1
Cisco Public 33

RRC PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA

S1-AP SCTP IP L2 L1

S1-MME 36.413

HSS MME PCRF

UE
eNodeB

S1-U S-GW

S5/S8 PDN-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)


IP (user) PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)


IP (user) PMIP GTP-U UDP GRE IP L2 L1
Cisco Public 34

PDCP RLC MAC OFDMA

GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1

S1-U 36.414

GTP-U GTP-U PMIP UDP UDP GRE IP IP L2 L2 L1 L1

S5/S8 29.274 (GTP) 29.275 (PMIPv6)

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HSS MME PCRF

X2

UE
eNodeB S-GW PDN-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)


X2-AP SCTP IP L2 L1 X2-C 36.423 X2-AP SCTP IP L2 L1 GTP-U UDP IP L2 L1

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)


GTP-U X2-U 36.424 UDP IP L2 L1
35

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HSS MME S6a Gx PCRF

UE
eNodeB S-GW PDN-GW

Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)


DIAMETER SCTP IP L2 L1
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Evolved Packet Core (EPC)


DIAMETER SCTP IP L2 L1 Gx 29.212 DIAMETER SCTP IP L2 L1
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DIAMETER S6a 29.272 SCTP IP L2 L1

Extract from 3GPP TS 23.401 V8.3.0 (2008-09)


A UE shall perform the address allocation procedures for at least one IP

address (either IPv4 or IPv6)


PDN types IPv4, IPv6 and IPv4v6 are supported /64 IPv6 prefix allocation via IPv6 Stateless Address autoconfiguration

according to RFC 4862, if IPv6 is supported (Mandatory)


IPv6 parameter configuration via Stateless DHCPv6 according to

RFC 3736 (Optional) During default bearer establishment, the PDN GW sends the IPv6 prefix and Interface Identifier to the SGW, and then the S-GW forwards the IPv6 prefix and Interface Identifier to the MME or to the SGSN. The MME or the SGSN forwards the IPv6 Interface Identifier to the UE.

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Idle Mode Mobility procedures


UE Initial Attach Periodic Location Update / Inter- and intra-RAT reselection UE Detach

Active Mode Mobility


Intra-RAT Intra- and inter-area handover Inter-RAT handover

RRC States
RRC-IDLE RRC-CONNECTED

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39

3G UE

3G RNC
1. Attach Request 2. Identity Request/Response

3G SGSN

3G GGSN

HLR

3. UE Authentication (EAP-AKA) and Ciphering Start 4. User Profile Download 5. Attach Accept/Complete

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3G UE
1. Attach Request 2. Identity Req/Rsp

MME

S-GW

P-GW

HSS

3. UE Authentication (EAP-AKA) and Ciphering Start 4. User Profile Download 5. Bearer Request 6. Bearer Request

PCRF
Bearer Authorisation (inc. IP @, policy)

9. Bearer Accept 10. Attach Accept/Complete

8. Bearer Accept

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3G UE

Old RNC

Target RNC
2. Relocation Required

Old SGSN

Target SGSN

GGSN

1. HO Preparation

3. Fwd Reloc Req

4. Relocation Request 5. RAB establishment at target NodeB 6. Relocation Request Ack 8. Relocation Command 9. Reconfig Radio 10. SRNS Context Transfer 11. Relocation Detected 12. Relocation Detected 13. Update PDP Req 14. Policy Ctrl (optional) 15. Update PDP Ack Relocation Completion including Radio resource release at Old RNC and RAU procedure
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7. Fwd Reloc Ack

3G UE

Old eNB

Target eNB

MME

Old S-GW

Target S-GW

P-GW

Established 2-way Bearer 1. HO prep and exec Fwd Data DL Data 2. Path Switch Req 3. Create Session Req 4. Modify Bearer Req 5. Policy Ctrl 7. Create Session Resp 8. Path Switch Resp 9. Release 10. Delete Session Req/Resp Established 2-way Bearer 6. Modify Bearer Ack

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3G UE

Old MME

Target MME

Old S-GW

Target S-GW

P-GW

1. HO preparation

2. Fwd Reloc Req

3. Create Session Req/Resp

4. HO prep at Target eNB 5. Create Indirect TunnelReq/Resp 6. Fwd Reloc Resp 7. Create Indirect TunnelReq/Resp 9. HO Command 8. HO Command

10. eNB context transfer 11. HO Notify 12. Reloc Complete Req/Resp 13. Update Session Req

14. Modify Bearer Req 15. Policy Ctrl 16. Modify Bearer Resp

17. Update Session Resp Relocation Completion including radio resource release at Old 2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. eNB and Session and Fwd tunnel tear down at old MME/SGW

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The EPS architecture (3GPP Rel 8)

is the first 3GPP all-IP architecture


Voice and SMS are still
Migration is critical User experience must be preserved

the cash cows for mobile operators

CSFB is the interim solution recommended by NGMN IMS is the target solution for Telephony and Multimedia Services OneVoice IMS profile simplifies implementation for VoLTE NGMN and OneVoice initiatives reduce risk of industry fragmentation SMS typically required before voice due to EU regulatory requirements

for data roaming services


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Incoming SMS

UTRAN / GERAN

IuCS / A

MSC SGs

SMS is delivered via SGs interface


S6a HSS

MME

S1-MME

S11

CSFB UE

E-UTRAN

S1-U

Serving/ PDN GW

During EPC attach, CSFB UEs are also attached over SGs to MSC MME maintains mapping of TA to LA to determine appropriate MSC to

establish SGs association with

SMS can be delivered/sent without FallBack to legacy radio (SGs interface

includes SMS payload capability)

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1 4 UE Responds to paging incoming call terminated via standard 2G/3G procedures IuCS / A UTRAN / CSFB UE GERAN

Incoming Call delivered to VMSC which has SGs association for this subscriber

MSC SGs

2 3

UE is paged via the SGs interface


S6a HSS

UE retunes to 2G/3G RAT on receipt of page


S1-MME

MME

S11

CSFB UE

E-UTRAN

S1-U

Serving/ PDN GW

Additional complexity / upgrades required on CS core to support use-

case where the MSC sending Page is different to MSC receiving Page response (i.e. TA to LA mapping is inaccurate due to cell breathing or other circumstances) and HLR. Introduces further termination latency.

This capability (Roaming Retry) requires upgrades on GMSC, VMSC

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IMS (HPLMN)
Subscriber has already registered into IMS following EPC attach

UTRAN / GERAN

IuCS / A

MSC Server (SR-VCC) Sv Mg

SCC AS

TAS

IP-SM-GW

IuPS / Gb

ISC I/S-CSCF Mw P-CSCF MGCF

SGSN (SR-VCC)

S3

MME

S6a

Cx HSS

S11 S1-MME SGi (Gm from UE)

2 SR-VCCOriginates UE UE

E-UTRAN

S1-U

Call

Serving/ PDN GW

To enable mid-call mobility, S-CSCF anchors call at SCC AS TAS provides end-user services (e.g. IR.92) MGCF provides breakout to PSTN or other CS networks
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 49

IMS (HPLMN)
3 2 NewUTRAN / call leg established GERAN
IuCS / A

SR-VCC UE

MSC Server (SR-VCC) Sv

SCC AS performs bearer management and tears down original SCC AS leg
Mg

TAS

IP-SM-GW

IuPS / Gb

ISC I/S-CSCF Mw P-CSCF MGCF

UE retunes to 2G/3G SGSN RAT during active call (SR-VCC)

S3

MME

S6a

Cx HSS

S11 S1-MME SR-VCC UE E-UTRAN S1-U Serving/ PDN GW SGi (Gm from UE)

SCC AS performs leg management hides mobility events from other IMS

application servers

SR-VCC only works in one direction LTE 2G/3G Requires upgrades on legacy MSC infrastructure
2010 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Public 50

CSFB
End-User Services Re-use legacy implementation

VoIMS
OneVoice (IR.92) provides baseline. All operator proprietary services and extensions must be ported to IMS. National regulatory services must be implemented in IMS. IR.92 services can be blended with other IMS services such as presence, RCS, rich messaging. No retuning required to access CS equivalent services. Still industry concerns regarding SRVCC latency. High Significant new network infrastructure required. SR-VCC extremely complex. Intensive service porting to ensure full legacy parity. High large investment required for new infrastructure. However, diverse range of vendors opens door for innovative deals/ solutions.

Regulatory Service Differentiation

Re-use legacy implementation Restricted to only services deliverable from legacy core. Significant post-dial delay. Retuning from CS back to LTE may take some time impact to data services. Medium CS core requires upgrades for SGs interface and also to support Roaming Retry. Unknown upgrades must come from existing CS vendors. Believed that legacy vendors are using this to their advantage to seek premium.

End-user Experience

Complexity

Cost

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Cisco Public

51

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