Strategii conversaionale n limba englez ANUL I SEMESTRUL I TUTORAT 1

THE MEDIA SPHERE PLANET 1. PRINT AND BROADCAST JOURNALISM

ASIST. UNIV. DRD. AURELIA ANA VASILE

NOTA: Toate exercitiile si temele prevazute in cadrul tutoratelor si rezidentiatelor vor fi efectuate si prezentate de catre studenti la datele la care sunt planificate aceste tutorate si rezidentiate. Temele predate cu intarziere nu vor mai fi luate in considerare la notare, diminuandu-se astfel nota finala a studentului. THE MEDIA SPHERE PLANET 1. PRINT AND BROADCAST JOURNALISM Journalism is a discipline of collecting, analyzing, verifying, and presenting news regarding current events, trends, issues and people. Those who practice journalism are known as journalists. News-oriented journalism is sometimes described as the "first rough draft of history" (attributed to Phil Graham), because journalists often record important events, producing news articles on short deadlines. While under pressure to be first with their stories, news media organizations usually edit and proofread their reports prior to publication, adhering to each organization's standards of accuracy, quality and style. Many news organizations claim proud traditions of holding government officials and institutions accountable to the public, while media critics have raised questions about holding the press itself accountable. Reporting Journalism has as its main activity the reporting of events stating who, what, when, where, why and how, and explaining the significance and effect of events or trends. Journalism exists in a number of media: newspapers, television, radio, magazines and, most recently, the World Wide Web through the Internet. The subject matter of journalism can be anything and everything, and journalists report and write on a wide variety of subjects: politics on the international, national, provincial and local levels, economics and business on the same four levels, health and medicine, education, sports, hobbies and recreation, lifestyles, clothing, food, pets, sex and relationships.... Journalists can report for general interest news outlets like newspapers, news magazines and broadcast sources; general circulation specialty publications like trade and hobby magazines, or for news publications and outlets with a select group of subscribers. Journalists are usually expected and required to go out to the scene of a story to gather information for their reports, and often may compose their reports in the field. They also use the telephone, the computer and the internet to gather information. However, more often those reports are written, and are almost always edited, in the newsroom, the office space where journalists and editors work together to prepare news content. Journalists, especially if they cover a specific subject or area (a "beat") are expected to cultivate sources, people in the subject or area, that they can communicate with, either to explain the details of a story, or to provide leads to other subjects of stories yet to be reported. They are also expected to develop their investigative skills to better research and report stories. Print journalism Print journalism can be split into several categories: newspapers, news magazines, general interest magazines, trade magazines, hobby magazines, newsletters, private publications, online news pages and others. Each genre can have its own requirements for researching and writing reports. For example, newspaper journalists in the United States have traditionally written reports using the inverted pyramid style, although this style is used more for straight or hard news reports rather than features. Written hard news reports are expected to be spare in the use of words, and to list the most important information first, so that, if the story must be cut because there is not enough space for it, the 2

least important facts will be automatically cut from the bottom. Editors usually ensure that reports are written as tightly as possible. Feature stories are usually written in a looser style that usually depends on the subject matter of the report, and in general granted more space (see Feature-writing below). News magazine and general interest magazine articles are usually written in a different style, with less emphasis on the inverted pyramid. Trade publications can be more news-oriented, while hobby publications can be more feature-oriented.

Broadcast journalism Radio journalists must gather facts and present them fairly and accurately, but also must find and record relevant and interesting sounds to add to their reports, both interviews with people involved in the story and background sounds that help characterize the story. Radio reporters may also write the introduction to the story read by a radio news anchor, and may also answers questions live from the anchor. Television journalists rely on visual information to illustrate and characterize their reporting, including on-camera interviews with people involved in the story, shots of the scene where the story took place, and graphics usually produced at the station to help frame the story. Like radio reporters, television reporters also may write the introductory script that a television news anchor would read to set up their story. Both radio and television journalists usually do not have as much "space" to present information in their reports as print journalists. Journalism's Role In the 1920's, as modern journalism was just taking form, writer Walter Lippmann and American philosopher John Dewey debated over the role of journalism in a democracy. It is important to understand their differing philosophies. Walter Lippmann understood that journalism's role at the time was to act as a mediator or translator between the public and policymaking elites. The journalist became the middleman. When elites spoke, journalists listened and recorded the information, distilled it, and passed it on to the public for their consumption. His reasoning behind this was that the public was not in a position to deconstruct a growing and complex flurry of information present in modern society, and so an intermediary was needed to filter news for the masses. Lippman put it this way: The public is not smart enough to understand complicated, political issues. Furthermore, the public was too consumed with their daily lives to care about complex public policy. Therefore the public needed someone to interpret the decisions or concerns of the elite to make the information plain and simple. That was the role of journalists. Lippmann believed that the public would effect the decision making of the elite with their vote. In the meantime, the elite (i.e. politicians, policy makers, bureacrats, scientists, etc.) would keep the business of power running. In Lippman's world, the journalist's role to the public informed of what the elites were doing. It was also to act as a watchdog over the elites as the public had the final say with their votes. Effectively that kept the public at the bottom of the power chain, catching the flow of information that is handed down from experts/elites. John Dewey, on the other hand, believed the public was not only capable of understanding the issues created or responded to by the elite. In fact, it was in the public forum that decisions should be made after discussion and debate. When issues were throughly vetted, then the best idea would buble to the surface. Dewey believed that journalists not only had to inform the public, but should report on issues differently than simply passing on information. In Dewey's world, a journalist's role changed. Dewey believed that journalists should take in the information, then weigh the consequences of the policies being enacted by the elites on the public. Over time, his idea has been implemented in various degrees, and is more commonly known as "community journalism." This concept of Community Journalism is at the center of new developments in journalism as it takes the classical approach to the news up to a totally new level. In this new level, journalists are able to engage citizens and the experts/elites in the 3

proposition and generation of content. Connections are essential. In order to create this newsroom environment everyone must be on the same level, underscoring the importance of equal footing. It's important to note that while there is an assumption of equality, Dewey still celebrates expertise. Dewey belives that the shared knowledge of many is far superior to the one's individual knowledge. Experts and scholars are welcome in Dewey's framework, but there is not the hierarchical structure present in Lippman's understanding of journalism and society. According to Dewey, conversation, debate, and dialogue lay at the heart of a democracy. John Dewey's thoughts are rendering the term audience in the past, as "audience" implies a passive role in the spread of information. Lippman's journalistic philosophy is ideal in the field's conventional model, however, Dewey's approach is more likely to sustain the profession. 2. HEADLINES AND LEADS A headline is text at the top of a newspaper article, indicating the nature of the article below it. Headlines may be written in bold, and are written in a much larger size than the article text. Headline conventions include normally using present tense, omitting forms of the verb "to be" in certain contexts, and removing short articles like "a" and "the". Most newspapers feature a very large headline on their front page, dramatically describing the biggest news of the day. A headline may also be followed by a smaller secondary headline which gives a bit more information or a subhead (also called a deck or nutgraf in some areas). Headlines are generally written by copy editors, but may also be written by the writer, the page layout designer or a news editor or managing editor. Occasionally, the need to keep headlines brief leads to unintentional double meanings, if not double entendres. For example, if the story is about the president of Iraq trying to acquire weapons, the headline might be IRAQI HEAD SEEKS ARMS. Or if some agricultural legislation is defeated in the United States House of Representatives, the title could read FARMER BILL DIES IN HOUSE. In headlines short and emotive words are preferred.

Make them unique and specific brief, catchy, to the point Each headline must be unique; choose specific details which describe a unique news event. Make them short Headlines are as short as possible. Therefore, articles and auxiliary words are usually dropped Use verbs A headline is at its essence a sentence without ending punctuation, and sentences have verbs. Use downstyle capitalisation Downstyle capitalisation is the preferred style. Only the initial word and proper nouns are capitalized. In upstyle headlines, all nouns and most other words with more than four letters are capitalized.

Downstyle: "Powell to lead U.S. delegation to Asian tsunami region" Upstyle: "Powell to Lead U.S. Delegation to Asian Tsunami Region".

Write in a neutral point of view headlines should not be biased in tone or word choice Tell the most important and unique thing Article titles should consist of a descriptive and enduring headline. As a series of stories on a topic develop, each headline should convey the most important and unique thing about the story at that time. For example, "Los Angeles bank robbed" is an unenduring headline because there will likely be another bank robbery in Los Angeles at some point. Instead, find the unique angle about the story you are writing and mention that: "Thieves commit largest bank robbery in Los Angeles history", or "Trio robs Los Angeles bank, escapes on motorcycles". 4

Use present tense Headlines (article titles) should be written with verbs in present tense. Man confesses to killing 7 in Missouri Associated Press 21 Aug. 2006

The infinitive is used to express future meaning: Police in Britain Thwart Plan To Blow Up Flights Headed to the U.S.; Secretary Chertoff Holds Press Conference, Aired August 10, 2006 - 08:00 ET on the CNN TV station Past Tense: Suspected killer nabbed near Va. Tech, Associated Press /22Aug.2006 Use active voice - News is about events, and generally you should center on the doers, and what they are doing, in your sentence structure. Active voice is "Leader goes to shops" whereas passive voice, to be avoided, would be "Shops visited by leader".

A quick check is try to word your sentences to avoid verbs ending in 'ing' and look for 'be verbs', eg 'are going to' can easily be converted to 'will' or simply 'to'. Rather than "More criminals are going to face execution in 2005", if we put "More criminals to face execution in 2005" or "More criminals face execution in 2005" a better sense of immediacy is conveyed.

Try to attribute any action to someone "Insurgents shoot U.S. troops in North Baghdad" is better than "U.S. troops shot in North Baghdad". Avoid jargon and meaningless acronyms Avoid uncommon technical terms, and when referring to a country or organization, use its full name rather than acronym, unless the acronym is more common than the full name (ex: NASA, CIA, AIDS) or length is prohibitive. Use comma, not 'and' or '&' Often the word 'and' may be substituted with a comma ','. Example: "Powell and Annan set international goals for aid" could be written: "Powell, Annan set international goals for aid" Meaning help, assistance warning to be on the lookout for smb. criticize cut, remove support exclude, forbid prohibition decrease, appear less than expected attempt power explosion fire investigation set-back disappointment increase incentive, encourage manager, director disease, infection, virus demand dispute policeman criminal 5

Headline Vocabulary Newspaper word aid alert attack axe back bar ban be off bid bite blast blaze blitz blow boom boost boss / head bug call (for) clash cop crook

restrain, limit reduction hurried journey failure to reach agreement agreement disagreement drama tense situation drive campaign, effort eye look at eagerly, as an objective, or to investigate envoy ambassador fear anxious expectation fight disagreement flee to run away from smth. gems jewels go-ahead approval go to be knocked down; sold (of property); dismantled (of institutions) haul quantity of smth which has been gained, stolen, seized or gathered hike, a hike increase, especially in costs hit affect badly, criticize hold to detain in police custody horror horrifying accident hurdle obstacle jail to imprison key essential, vital kid child killing incident of manslaughter, murder lag, a lag delay, slow down lash to attack verbally link connection loom to approach (of smth. threatening) mob large gang, uncontrolled crowd move step towards a desire end muscle power net to capture no refusal, rejection nuke nuclear ordeal painful experience oust push out peril danger plea strong request pledge to promise ploy clever activity plunge dramatic fall poll election/public opinion survey press to insist on smth. probe investigation punch power quit leave, resign raid to enter and search rap strong criticism, reprimand riddle mystery, puzzling incident rocket increase row disagreement, argument 6

curb cut dash deadlock deal

scare seek shock slam, slate slash smash snub soar spark storm strife stun swoop talks teeth threat toll tragedy urge vow wed win woo

alarm, panic to request, look for, try to obtain unpleasant surprise to criticize severely reduce, cut an extreme degree to break up, destroy to turn down, to reject to increase dramatically cause, initiate, like the beginning of a fire violent disagreement conflict to surprise greatly, to shock investigation discussions power danger number of people killed fatal accident ending in death to recommend strongly promise, threaten marry to gain, to achieve to try to win the favor of

Practice: Article writing: headlines and leads A. Translate the following headlines into Romanian, and mention the English headline specifics that you may identify for each of them. Use a dictionary if needed. Specifics Romanian translation Headline 1. Suspected killer nabbed near Va. Tech

2. Iran wants to talk but keep nuke program 3. Police in Britain Thwart Plan To Blow Up Flights Headed to the U.S.; Secretary Chertoff Holds Press Conference 4. U.S. says Iran proposal falls short 5. Annan snubbed, ignored in Iran meeting 6. Turkey pledges peacekeepers for Lebanon 7. Bush touts progress since 9/11 attacks 8. Hurricane Lane roars toward Baja 9. Negotiations on terror legislation snag 10.Thailand's PM ousted in military coup 11.Gen. says U.S. may boost forces in Iraq 7

12.Abducted newborn found; Woman arrested 13.Congress unlikely to pass wiretapping 14.White House said to bar hurricane report 15.NYC mulls ban on trans fats in eateries

16.Footage of Irwin's death will never air, says wife

Suggested structure of an article: a. Headline : brief, catchy, to the point b. Deck: optional, possibly a blurb, adds important/interesting info c. Lead: the 5/6 special questions answered (bigger font type) d. Nut graph: (focus graph) par that explains the point of the story what the story is about, sometimes replaced by a summary lead e. More Wh- questions answered 1. Arrange the paragraphs below in the right order so as to make up a news article. Start with the lead. Think about a headline and a deck for the article. Which of the 13 pars can be erased by the editor in case there is not enough space in the newspaper. 1. The woman, in her early 20s, scrambled from the Ford Fiesta as it crashed through a low stone wall at the edge of a car park at the Beacon, St Agnes, on the north Cornwall coast. 2. The woman raised the alarm and coastguards launched a rescue operation which at its height involved a Navy helicopter, divers, two lifeboats and a cliff rescue team. 3. He saw some clothing and the inshore lifeboat was able to pick up the girls bag floating in the water. 4. Insp Paul Whetter of Devon and Cornwall police said the woman had managed to get out just before the car went over the cliff. 5. The search was called off at 5pm because the situation had become too dangerous for rescue workers. It was to be resumed at first light today. 6. A neighbour looking after the missing mans mother at her home in the village said: She has just lost her only son. 7. We sent our cliff man down to a point about 60ft above the waves, where the cliff became a sheer drop, said Mike North, sector manager with HM Coastguard. He was able to keep an eye on the scene and spotted a lot of debris from the car.

8. A spokesman for RNAS Culdrose added: The first diver in the water said it was too dangerous for others to go in. He was being pounded by pieces of wreckage from the car which was being smashed on to the rocks at the bottom of the cliffs. 9. The search operation was hampered by worsening weather and a Navy diver had to be pulled out of the sea. The St Agnes and St Ives inshore lifeboats could not get close to the spot. 10. She was treated for shock at the scene by paramedics before being taken to Treliske Hospital in Truro. 11. Mr Dunklin is understood to have been giving his girlfriend a driving lesson on Beacon Road, a remote and little-used track near the cliffs. They may have driven into the gravel-surfaced car park to practise reversing or three-point turns. 12. A man was feared dead last night after his car ran off a 150ft clifftop into rough seas when his girlfriend lost control while he was giving her a driving lesson. 13. Andrew Dunklin, 25, from St Agnes, was trapped in the vehicle as it rolled over the cliff. It is thought he was thrown through the windscreen into the sea. The car came to rest in 30ft of water and immediately began to break up. Right order of paragraphs: 1 st 2nd 3rd 4th 13 th

2. Arrange the paragraphs below in the right order so as to make up news articles. Start with the lead. Think about a headline and a deck for the article. Article no. 1 (exercise 1) 1.Jack Moore was playing with his friends near his home in Nevilles Cross Road, Hebburn, South Tyneside, when curiosity got the better of him and he crawled into the eight-inch space under the building, where he became firmly wedged. 2. Firemen used airbags to raise the cabin before Jack was freed and taken to hospital, where he was treated for cuts and bruising and allowed home. His mother, Lisa, said: He is a little shaken and bruised but apart from that he seems all right. 3.A six-year old boy was rescued after he became wedged under a portable building being used as a polling station. Right order of paragraphs: 1st Article no.2 1. He has also resigned from the judicial committee of the governing body of the RAC motorsports council. 2. Magistrates at Blandford in Dorset were told Aspinall had a blood alcohol level of 122mg. The legal limit is 35mg. He admitted drink-driving and was fined 1,800 and told his ban could be cut by six months if he takes driver-rehabilitation course. 3. Now his career is in tatters. He has resigned as a crown court recorder, a part-time judge, and faces a Bar Council disciplinary hearing which could mean being suspended from practising as a barrister or even thrown out of the profession. 9 2nd 3rd

4. In Whos Who he lists his recreations as motor sports and being with my wife and friends at the Drax Armsthe country pub near his home in Spetisbury, Dorest, where he is a popular regular. 5. Aspinall, 50, who worked as a lorry driver before becoming a lawyer, was more than three times over the limit when he caused a crash on Good Friday. 6. A judges entry in Whos Who listed his passions as cars and drinking with friends. Yesterday these twin interests landed John Aspinall QC in court, where he was banned from the road for two and a half years for drink-driving. Right order of paragraphs: 1st Practice 3. Write a lead for the facts below: Who: Three boaters What happened: two killed, the third injured when boat capsized When: Sunday Where: Lake Harney, Florida Why: High winds and waves How: explained later in the story GRAMMAR STRUCTURES The Noun: irregular plural of nouns (child children, oxoxen, manmen, womanwomen, footfeet, tooth teeth, goosegeese, louselice, mousemice; ); spelling irregularities (Nouns which receive -es at the plural form, end in : a)-sh: flashflashes; b)-ss: kiss-kisses; c)-ch: watch-watches; d)-x: box-boxes; e)-z: buzz-buzzes; f f)-consonant + o:tomato-tomatoes; g)-consonant + y (yi):fly-flies; h)-f/-fe (fv): wife-wives, leaf-leaves. nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek (datum-data, addendum-addenda, thesis-theses, synthesissyntheses, analysis-analyses, basis-bases, focus-foci, genius-genii, stimulus-stimuli, traumatraumata, schema-schemata, phenomenon-phenomena, criterion-criteria, matrix-matrices, appendixappendices); nouns that have the same form both in the singular and in the plural: series-series, species-species, means-means. Practice: Insert the missing noun forms (either plural or singular) in the table below: SINGULAR PLURAL a) analysis b) addenda c) diagnoses d) priority e) process 10 2nd 6th

f) hypothesis g) h) i) genius j) schema k) l) datum m) life n) o) woman p) q) stimulus r) phone-booth s) letter-box t) u) millenium Irregular Verbs: understand, be, make, give, think, have, read. PRONUNCIATION: inherent [in'hirnt], coherent [ku'hirnt] Auxiliaries BE, DO, HAVE I)BE SIMPLE PRESENT I am You are He/She/It is We are You are They are II.)DO SIMPLE PRESENT I do You do He/She/It does We do You do They do III.)HAVE SIMPLE PRESENT I have You have He/She/It has We have You have They have SIMPLE PAST I was You were He/She/It was We were You were They were SIMPLE PAST I did You did He/She/It did We did You did They did SIMPLE PAST I had You had He/She/I had t We had You had They had

foci phenomena , appendices teeth children series

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The Simple Present Use: Habitual, repeated actions in the present; Permanent situations; General truths; Timetables/ official programmes (with future meaning). Time Expressions: (expressing frequency) never, always, sometimes, often, usually, seldom (rarely); every day/week. Practice Arrange the expressions of time in the right place on an axis which has 0% marked at one end, and 100% at the other end, to express frequency. 100% always ... ... 0% Form: Affirmative (no auxiliary !): Add -s or -es to the short infinitive of the verb, at the 3 rd person singular. Verbs which receive -es at the 3rd person singular, end in : a)-sh: washwashes; b)-ss: miss-misses; c)-ch: search-searches; d)-x: mix-mixes; e)-z: buzz-buzzes; f)-consonant + o:do-does; g)-consonant + y (yi):flyflies. Give the simple present third person singular form of the following verbs: a) Smile; g) Cry; m) Scratch; b) Fix; h) Pray; n) Try; c) Travel; i) Teach; o) Admit; d) Match; j) Crash; p) Deny; e) Go; k) Fry; q) Say; f) Caress; l) Do; r) Hiss. Interrogative: Do/Does + Subject + Verb? Negative: Subject + do/does + not + Verb (short form: dont/doesnt). Practice (bibliography) Grammar exercises from: G. Gleanu, Exerciii de gramatic englez, Editura Albatros, 1980 (sau reeditri mai recente), paginile 6-7, sau V. Evans, Round-up 4, Longman, 1993, paginile 3-8, sau N.Coe, Grammar Spectrum 3, Oxford Univ. Press, 1995, paginile 6-7, sau alte volume cu exerciii de gramatic. 12

1.Choose the most appropriate words underlined: a) A persons life consist/consists of series of responses to stimuluses/stimuli. b) Each area of human relationship requires/require intensive and extensive study based on some hypothesis/hypotheses. c) The psychologists functions is/are to discover the basic principles of psychological phenomena/phenomenons. d) The research datums/data shows/show overt symptoms of maladjustment. 1.Write/Say at least four things that you usually, often, always do, and other four that you dont do/never do. 2.Make up affirmative, interrogative or negative sentences as suggested by the hints below: a) She/always/approach/a hypothesis/thoroughly. b) /his parents/approve of/ his behaviour? c) What kind of data /she/obtain/whenever/she/apply/such a test? d) A child/not evolve/normally in an aggressive environment. e) He/seldom/speak/in terms of/his own life experience. f) A researcher/usually/show/special interest in the adjustment problems. Practice I. Match the abbreviations in column A to their explanations in column B:

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A BBC GOP TB LP UN FBI TV BA UNESCO MSN IBM Hi-Fi PIF BIOS VIP GM PhD URL OLE PDF

B Bachelor of Arts Object Linking and Embedding

General Meeting Doctor of Philosophy Television The United Nations Educational, Scientific & Cultural Organisation Very Important Person British Broadcasting Corporation Long-playing record Program Information File The Microsoft Network Basic Input/Output System International Business Machines Tuberculosis The United Nations The Federal Bureau of Investigation High fidelity Portable Document Format Uniform Resource Locator (address of a document on the web) Grand Old Party (The Republican Party in the U.S.A., George W. Bushs party)

The Present Progressive Use: The present progressive is used to express: an action in progress at the moment of speaking; a temporary action in the present (I am attending an English course.); fixed arrangements in the near future (Shes flying to Paris the day after tomorrow.) annoyance or criticism (with always): Hes always talking too much. Time Adverbials: now; at the/this moment. Form: Affirmative: Subject + am/is/are + verb-ing. Interrogative: Am/is/are + Subject + verb-ing..? Negative: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb-ing(short form: isnt/arent). Practice: 1. Talk about things that are happening now. 2. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets: a) We (go) on a camp to the mountains next weekend. b) The birds (sing)., the sun (shine), and I (feel).intoxicated now that I (think)..about the upcoming holidays. c) Some neighbours .always (make). too much noise. d) She (work)..at the new project this month.