REACTIVE POWER MANAGEMENT A STUDY TO ENERGY CONSERVATION P.K.PATTANAIK Asst. Manager (Elect.) E&MR Divan.

. GRIDCO, Burla-768017 Synopsis: Electrical power has become the most essential lifeline of human being. So, effective use of this power has been considered as a big concern to every body. Now the scientists, engineers and technocrats have come forward to share their thoughts for proper utilization and conservation of this energy. In this paper Reactive power Management study has been focused by the use of different compensator circuits. Particularly the energy conservation study for the consumption of electrical energy in the year 1997-98 (ORISSA) has been dealt. The expected growth of energy consumption and accordingly its conservation study has also been covered after the year 1998. 1.Fundamental of Reactive Power: A.C. Electrical power has three components i. Active Power (Watts = VA Cos ) ii. Reactive Power (VAR = VA Sin)

Inductive Reactive Power (VAR L) Capacitive Reactive Power (VARC)

iii.

Apparent Power (VA) 2 = Watt2 +(VARL - VARC) 2 In general 90 to 95 % of the consumer loads are inductive (Chokes, heaters, induction motors etc.). Similarly maximum electrical equipments are also inductive in nature (Transformers, CT, PT etc). So, inductive reactive power is generally understood as REACTIVE POWER. Capacitance is the only component, whose electrical characteristics are just opposite to that of inductance. So, capacitance banks are used in different forms to compensate the reactive power (Ref: - Power Triangle)

1.1 Power Triangle

2. Effects of Reactive Power: Followings are described as the effects of reactive power on the system Results low/poor power factor More current drawal More T&D loss, with poor transmission efficiency. Unnecessary energy generation with more copper loss on the generator Unnecessary burden on the electrical control equipment (CB, Switch gears, Transmission & Distribution Network etc.) Higher capital cost, running cost, and maintenance cost causes rise of the cost of electrical energy. That is a burden to the consumers.

In this above discussion it is concluded that improved power factor is quite advantageous for both the suppliers and the consumers. So, use of reactive compensator circuit in the network will be quite beneficial. 3. Various Methods of Reactive Compensation Active Power (working or real power) is the required power of any utility to result useful work. (VI Cos ). This power has to be maintained as per requirement. So, its parameters (V, I, Cos) have to be controlled properly by the use of compensated reactive circuits in the network to achieve economical power flow. The following compensator circuits are used in practice in the network. Series Compensators (Series Capacitor Banks) Shunt Compensators (Parallel Capacitor Banks) Compound Compensators (Series & Parallel Capacitor Banks) 4. A Practical Study of Energy Conservation: - List of consumers based on Annual Administration Report 1997-98 & expected growth their on upto 31.03.2001. Consumers As on 31.3.1997 Expected Growth on Expected Growth 31.03.2001

Domestic Commercial Small, Medium and Large Industries Public Lighting Railway Traction Agricultural & Irrigation PHD Bulk Supply & Public Institution Mini Steel Plant Others Total

11,07,720 1,43,162 21,765 1,539 11 45,584 1,471 21,765 2 5 13,43,024

16,61,580 1,86,111 26,118 2000 11 54,701 1,168 23,942 2 6 19,56,089

50% 30% 20% 30% 0% 20% 10% 10% 0% 10%

Category- 1 Let us assume that all consumers use in average of 2 tube lights of following specification 40 Watts, 240 V, Single Phase, Average P.F= 0.25 (Lag) No. of consumers = 19,56,089 Category 2 Each (agricultural + PHD + Domestic) consumer has one pump set each in average of 2HP motor = 1.5 Kwatts, with following specification 1.5 K watts, 240 Volts, Single Phase, Average P.F. = .75 (Lag) No. of consumers = (54,701+1,618 + 16,61,580) = 17,17,899

Category 3 Similarly we have industrial and commercial loads, which may be categorized under small, medium and large industries.

Let us consider that large industries have capacitor banks (1000 consumers). But rest of the consumer donot use capacitor banks. Each of then draw loads ranging from 1 K watt to 50 K watt (3 Phase). Average wattage = 5 K watt (3 Phase) Average Power Factor = 0.75 (Lag) No. of consumers = 1,86,111 + (26,118 1000) = 2,11,229

Category 4 Other categories of loads are considered with average of 5 Kwatt for 2000 consumer at p.f. = 0.8 (Lag)

5.Fundamental Effect: Fundamental figures refer to 100 KVA circuit, at various power factors. Adding of shunt capacitors at the load end, the KVA from the source can be reduced materially.

Example: By adding 80 KVAR capacitors to 100 KVA load at 70% puff. The load can be increased from 100 KVA to about 140 KVA. (Refer fig-c) But keeping KW active prove constant, the extra MVA required for non compensated circuit

MVA required =MW (1/ Cos 1 1/ Cos 2 )

6.Calculation for Improved p.f. = 0.98 Equivalent Three Category Total Single phase Extra MVA (3 ) Load (Mwatt) Phase Load Required (Mwatt) 1. 19,56,089* 0.04*2*10-3 156.5/3 =52.5 155.53 =156.5 2. 17,17,899*1.5*10-3 2576.85/3 = 859 268.8 =2576.85 3. ---------2,11,229*5*10-3 330.5 =1056.145 4. NOT CONSIDERED FOR CALCUTATION TOTAL = 754.83 MVA

This above calculation has been considered on the basis of expected values and at the peak hour requirement. So if daily-expected requirement considered, then assume load utility factor being 0.6 in average. Peak extra drawal (unwanted) of MVA, due to non compensation of reactive element = 754.83 750mVA (Equivalent to Two power houses like all units NTPC (60 x 4 + 2 x 110) = 460 Mwatt 575 Mva + One unity of INDRAWATI (3 x 150) = 150 Mwatt = 187.5 Mva Requirement of Average unwanted load drawal, all the time in a day. = 0.6 x 750 = 450 MVA (Equivalent to shut down of all the units of Balimela Project (6 x 60) Mwatt 450 MVA = 360

So, impact of reactive compensation is clearly understood. If the system reactive loads would be compensated properly, then electrical energy could be conserved to the optimization. 7. Other positive aspects of compensated circuit 1. Improved voltage profile Capacitor MVAR % Transformer Impendance % Voltage rise = Transformer Rating in MVA Ex: Consider a 132/33 KV, 2 X 20 MVA and Grid S/S with % Impendance of = 10 and installed capacitor 15 MVAR. Now % voltage rise =

15 x5 = 1.875 % 2 x 20

(For two transformers In parallel)

2. With improved power factor, low rated equipment (transformer, Generator etc) can meet more loads economically i.e. for same MW, delivery MVA will be less. 3.

For reduction of MVA demand, the cost of energy will be less.

8.Conclusion:

From the above study, it is concluded that use of capacitor bank extends number of positive aspects not only to the utility but also to the consumers on the system. So, every effort should be given basically by the distribution supply companies for the installation of capacitor banks at the consumer load ends or at the supply end as per convenient.