Study On Horticulture Intervention of AKRSP (I) in Netrang, Tribal South Gujarat Region

Author Biradar Shivshankar Vijaykumar

Host Organization Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India)

Faculty Guide Prof. Ashok Gupta

Reporting Officer Mr. Sukumar R.

A REPORT SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR MASTERS IN RURAL MANAGEMENT

School of Rural Management Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University Bhubaneswar, Orissa, India Management Traineeship Segment (MTS) I

Approval Page

SCHOOL OF RURAL MANAGEMENT, KIIT UNIVERSITY Bhubaneswar

The MTS Report of Biradar Shivshankar Vijaykumar

Candidates for the degree of MBA Rural Management Are hereby APPROVED

Prof. Ashok Gupta

Acknowledgment
In preparing this report a considerable amount of thinking and informational inputs from various sources were involved. I express our sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed towards making this report possible.

First of all I would like to thank dignitaries of AKRSP (I), Mr. Sukumar R. for giving me the guidelines for the successful completion of this report. I would like to thank all cluster officer of AKRSP(I) for his valuable support and feedback. I would also like to thank all our respondents for their response without which this study couldnt be possible.

I also take a special mention of faculty of KSRM, Prof. Ashok Gupta for his valuable inputs. At last, I extend my special thanks to my dear friends who actually made my report on horticulture intervention a success.

Biradar Shivshankar Vijaykumar Date Bhubaneswar

Executive Summary
Title of Project: Study on Horticulture Intervention of AKRSP (I) in Netrang, Tribal South Gujarat Region Host Organization: - Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India) Author: - Biradar Shivshankar Vijaykumar

Objective of the project:1. To understand the benefits made through horticulture crops supplements agriculture livelihood among the tribal farmers of TSG region of AKRSP (I). 2. To analyze the financial and social changes on tribal community through horticulture programme. 3. To analyze cost benefit and calculate breakeven point from the horticulture intervention. I have conducted case study of 20 beneficiaries who are involved in Mango wadi. In the beginning Farmer didnt show their Interest for mango-wadi but after 2-3 year getting mango yield they got shown interest in mango-wadi and they have stated generating profit. Many farmers got support of drip irrigation from AKRSP (I) but they didnt use these technologies in horticulture. There are 9 farmers who have doing cultivation of mango wadi in 0.25 acre to 0.85 acre of land. While 10 farmers taken only for 0.85 to 1.75 acre of land for mango wadi. Before horticulture intervention they used to follow traditional farming and were getting low yields. But now condition of beneficiaries has changed, they are using intercropping in mango-wadi. And they grow vegetables and cash crops and have irrigation facility in their lands. Also, farmers are now showing interest in Mango-marketing so AKRSP (I) is forming a federation for mango marketing in this area. A storage facility should be made in this region for storage of fruits as the perishable & getting good price fruits. Provide training programme & exposure visit on post harvest management as especially on farm value addition. Provide suitable market for mango yield, that they have to sell in the market and get good value for their producing yield.

Table of content
Chapter 1: Introduction ....................................................................................................... 10 1.1 Mango ....................................................................................................................... 14 1.1.1 Indian Varieties .................................................................................................. 14 1.2 Organizational Overview: .......................................................................................... 15 1.2.1 Organization Structure: ........................................................................................... 16 Chapter: 2 Literature Review............................................................................................... 17 Chapter 3: Methodology...................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Research Design ........................................................................................................ 20 3.2.1. Selection of area: ............................................................................................... 20 3.2.2. Identification of project elements: ...................................................................... 21 3.2.3. Collection of primary data: ................................................................................ 21 3.2.4. Collection of Secondary Data: ........................................................................... 21 3.3 Methods of Data Analysis: ..................................................................................... 21 3.4. Limitations of the assignment: .............................................................................. 21 Chapter: 4 Findings & Analysis: ......................................................................................... 22 4.1 Land Holding pattern: ................................................................................................ 22 4.1.1 Area Utilized For Wadi:...................................................................................... 23 4.2 Mango Survival Trees: .............................................................................................. 24 4.3 Average per Tree production of mango-wadi: ............................................................ 24 4.4 Mango-wadi average net returns: ............................................................................... 26 4.5 Breakeven point: ....................................................................................................... 27 4.6 Post Harvest Management ......................................................................................... 27 4.7 Changes in Income: ................................................................................................... 27 4.8 Migration Status: ....................................................................................................... 28 Chapter: 5 Conclusion & Recommendations: ...................................................................... 29 5.1 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................... 29 5.2 Recommendations: .................................................................................................... 30 Chapter: 6 Case Studies ....................................................................................................... 31 Case -6.1 Ajaybhai Hursimbhai ................................................................................... 31 Case-6.2 Balwant Umaid Vasava ................................................................................ 37 Case- 6.3: Bachubhai Gimia ........................................................................................ 41 Case- 6.4 Bhikubhai Varanashibhai Tadvi ................................................................... 46 5

Case - 6. 5 Dhana bhai Dunger singh ........................................................................... 51 Case- 6.6 Dhanji bhai Kotania ..................................................................................... 56 Case-6.7 Dinesh bhai Navalbhai .................................................................................. 60 Case 6. 8 Karansingh Damniya ................................................................................. 65 Case- 6.9 Dhanji bhai bhai Bondabhai ......................................................................... 69 Case-6.10 Kiranbhai Ganpatbhai Vasava ..................................................................... 73 Case -6.11 Lalubhai Jaisinghbhai Tade ........................................................................ 78 Case -6.12 Laxman Padvi ............................................................................................ 83 Graph: 6.12.2 Mango-wade Net Returns ...................................................................... 85 Case - 6.13 Murji Kathodia.......................................................................................... 87 Case- 6.14 Rajesh Murji Vasava .................................................................................. 92 Case: 6. 15 Govind Surajibhai .................................................................................... 97 Case 6. 16 Ramsingh Bablia ................................................................................... 103 Case- 6.17 Sakaram bhai Ganpatbhai Tadve .............................................................. 108 Case -6.18 Santu Shipa Choudhary ............................................................................ 112 Case- 6.19 Shiva Nuraji Vasava................................................................................ 117 Case- 6.20 Ukadia Jataria .......................................................................................... 121 Chapter: 7. References: ..................................................................................................... 126 Chapter: 8. ANNEXTURE ................................................................................................ 127

List of Tables
Table: 1.1 Annual Horticulture Development Rate in Gujarat .............................................. 12 Table: 1.2 Gujarat Position in some of the fruit and vegetable crops in all India productivity rank. .................................................................................................................................... 12 Table 1.3 District wise Estimated Area and Production of Mango Year 2010-11 in Gujarat . 13 Chart: 4.2.1 Mango Tree Survival ....................................................................................... 24 Table 5.1.1 Income through animal Husbandry: .................................................................. 33 Table 5.1.2. Intercropping cost & benefits analysis of mango-wadi: .................................... 33 Table: 5.2.1 Animal Husbandry:.......................................................................................... 39 Table: 5.2.2 intercropping of mango wadi ........................................................................... 39 Table: 5.3.1 Mango- Cost benefits analysis: ........................................................................ 44 Table: 5.4.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis ............................................................... 49 Table: 5.5.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis ............................................................... 54 6

Table 5.6.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis: ............................................................... 58 Table: 5.7.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis .............................................................. 63 Table: 5.8.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis:............................................................. 68 Table:5.9.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis: ............................................................. 71 Table : 5.10.1 Animal Husbandry: ....................................................................................... 75 Table: 5.10.2 intercropping cost & benefits analysis: ........................................................... 76 Table: 5.11.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis ............................................................ 80 Table: 5.12.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis ............................................................ 85 Table: 5.13.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis ............................................................ 89 Table: 5.14.1 Animal Husbandry: ........................................................................................ 93 Table: 5.14.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis ............................................................ 95 Table: 5.15.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis .......................................................... 101 Table: 5.16.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis.......................................................... 106 Table: 5.17.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis .......................................................... 110 Table: 5.18.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis .......................................................... 115 Table: 5.19.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis.......................................................... 119 Table: 5.20.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis .......................................................... 123

List of Graphs
Graph: 4.1.1 Land Holding Pattern ...................................................................................... 23 Graph: 4.3.1 Average per tree production in TSG ................................................................ 26 Graph: 4.4.1 Average Net Returns:...................................................................................... 26 Graph: 4.7.1 Migration Status ............................................................................................. 28 Graph: 5.1.1 Mango Production ......................................................................................... 32 Graph: 5.1.2 Wadi Net Returns: .......................................................................................... 36 Graph 5.2.1 Average per Tree production of mango ............................................................ 38 Graph: 5.2.2 Mango-wadi net returns .................................................................................. 39 Graph: 5.3.1 Average per Tree production........................................................................... 43 Graph: 5.4.1 Average per graph production ......................................................................... 48 Graph: 5.4.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 49 Graph : 5.5.1 Average per graph production ........................................................................ 52 Graph : 5.5.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 53 7

Graph: 5.6.1 Mango-wadi per Tree production: ................................................................... 57 Graph 5.6.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ................................................................................ 58 Graph: 5.7.1 Average per Tree production........................................................................... 61 Graph: 5.7.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 62 Graph: 5.8.1 Mango-wadi Net Income: ............................................................................... 67 Graph: 5.9.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 71 Graph: 5.10 average per tree production .............................................................................. 75 Graph: 5.10.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ............................................................................. 76 Graph: 5.11.1 Mango-wadi Production chart: ...................................................................... 80 Graph: 5.11.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns Table: ................................................................... 82 Graph: 5.12.1 mango production average ............................................................................ 84 Graph: 5.12.2 Mango-wade Net Returns: ............................................................................ 85 Graph: 5.13.1 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ............................................................................. 89 Graph: 5.14.2 Average per Tree production ......................................................................... 94 Graph 5.14.1 Mango-wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 95 Graph: 5.15.1 Average per Tree production ......................................................................... 99 Graph 5.15.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: .............................................................................. 99 Graph: 5.16.1 Average per Tree production ....................................................................... 104 Graph: 5.16.2 Mango-wadi Net-Returns Charts: ................................................................ 105 Graph: 5.17.1 Mango-wadi production table: .................................................................... 109 Graph: 5.17.2 Mango-wadi net retuns................................................................................ 110 Graph: 5.18.1 Mango Production: ..................................................................................... 113 Graph: 5.18.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns: ........................................................................... 114 Graph: 5.19.1 mango production ....................................................................................... 118 Graph: 5.19.2 Mango-wadi net returns: ............................................................................. 119 Graph: 5.20.1 Mango average per Tree production ............................................................ 122 Graph: 5.20.2 Wadi net returns .......................................................................................... 125

List of Chart:
Chart: 4.1.2 Area Utilize for wadi ....................................................................................... 23 Chart: 4.5.1 breakeven point................................................................................................ 27 Chart : 5.15.1 Mango-wadi paid out cost: ............................................................................ 98

ABBREVIATIONS
AKRSP (I): Aga Khan Rural Support Programme India GJ: Gujarat BCR: Benefit cost ratio C: Cost TC: Total Cost TVC: Total Variable Cost GR: Gross Return BEP: Break even point TSG: Tribal South Gujarat NABARD: National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development APMC: Agriculture Produce Market Committees

Chapter 1: Introduction
Gujarat has about 94.99 lakh Ha1 (as per 2010 data) of the total area of the state under cultivation. The area under irrigation is about 33% of the net area sown, while rest of area is cultivated under rain fed conditions. Thus, there is large area dependence on rain in the Gujarat. Horticulture is a priority sector in Agriculture by virtue of its vast potential in improving the Socio economic conditions of the farmers. The horticulture sector is supplier for large number of agro 2based industries which has high avenues for generation of skill full employment and self employment opportunities both in rural and urban areas. Gujarat has a wide variety of soil, rainfall pattern, temperature regimes and irrigation availability. Presently, India is the 2nd largest producer of fruits & vegetables in the world3.

Gujarat has achieved considerable growth rate in horticulture during last five years because of serious efforts made by the Gujarat Govt. The area & production of horticulture crop was 5.89 lakh ha (5 %of total cropped area) & 59.49 lakh tons in 1998-1999 which increased up to 13.54 lakh ha. and 173.00 lakh tons respectively in 2010-11. Gujarat has strong cooperative credit & marketing structure, along with 265 cold storages having 12.50 lakh mt. storage capacities. About 42 fruit & vegetable co-operative marketing societies and 197 Agriculture Produce Market Committees (APMCs) dealing with selling & buying of horticulture produce in the Gujarat. These have been mandate to maintain utmost transparency for dealing to ensure farmers against exploitation by middlemen.

Agriculture Export Zone for dehydrated onion & zone for fruits - vegetables has been established, which will be the back bone to boost horticultural development in the Gujarat. Gujarat having ample potential to export various horticultural produce. The main produce are fresh fruits which includes mangoes (Kesar and Alphonso), Chiku, Aonla and Dates (khalal). The vegetables viz. okra, beans, bitter gourd, onion fresh as well as flacks and powder, garlic powder and gourds.. The spices viz. cumin, fennel and garlic are also potential for export.

http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/department/overview151.html url://www.agri.gujarat.gov.in 3 www.nhm.nic.in

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In floriculture, major flowers grown in the state are Roses (Deshi & Hybrid), Lily, Marigold, Jasmine & Tuberose. As far as area under floriculture is concerned about 15000 ha area is covered under these crops in the Gujarat. Flowers like carnation, gerbera & rose are also cultivated by using Hi-tech Green house technology in some of the districts. Isabgol, Aloevera, Senna, Gugal, Safed musali, Ashvagandha, Kadu-kariyatu, Kaucha, and kalmegh etc. are being mainly cultivated in the different parts of the Gujarat. But the assure market is the major constraints for the development of these crops, however, Isabgul has find the way to the world market. Dehydrated vegetables, canned vegetables, Mango Pulp, Juices, Pickles - chuteny (Sauce) & ketchup are the important processed products of the Gujarat. Onion dehydration industry of the state is biggest in the country & it comprises 80% of total onion dehydration units, which process nearly one lakh ton onion and one lakh ton fruits and vegetables annually. Nearly half of the produce is being exported. Approximately 0.10 lakh ton of Isubgul husk is processed and 0.06 lakh ton of husk is exported to various countries. Mango, Banana, Guava, Chikoo, Papaya, Potato, Onion, Garlic, Cumin, Fennel, & Isabgul are the focused crops for the value addition.

Grapes, cashew, medicinal & aromatic crops like aloevera, palmarosa are emerging as a potential- new crops in suitable areas of the Gujarat. Investment in Greenhouses, floriculture & medicinal plant projects, tissue culture units, fruit & vegetable processing units are initiated in the Gujarat which show shining future of horticulture in the Gujarat.

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Table: 1.1 Annual Horticulture Development Rate in Gujarat

Year 1993-94 1994-95 1995-96 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2007-08 Average Production (Lakh M. Tan) 42.5 44.3 46.8 42.7 47.8 59.0 52.8 55.6 61.0 66.9 85.1 93.5 115.46 121.04 144.74 138.03 Annual Development Rate 4.2 5.6 -8.8 11.9 23.4 -10.5 5.3 9.7 9.7 27.2 9.9 23.5 4.8 16.3 -4.63 8.72

(Source NHB Data base 2008) Table: 1.2 Gujarat Position in some of the fruit and vegetable crops in all India productivity rank.
Crop Onion Potato Banana Mango Pomegranate Tomato Guava Lime Papaya Productivity (t / ha) Gujarat 26.6 22.9 54.8 24.0 8.5 10.2 15.2 10.42 43.7 India 15.1 19.3 35.9 17.9 6.3 7.0 11.1 8.5 33.4 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 Rank

(Source NHB Data base 2009) 12

Table 1.3 District wise Estimated Area and Production of Mango Year 2010-11 in Gujarat
S.No. Name District 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 Ahmadabad Amreli Banaskantha Bharuch Narmada Bhavnagar Dang Gandhinagar Jamnagar Junagadh Porbandar Kutch Kheda Anand Mehsana Patan Panchmahal Dahod Rajkot Sabarkantha Surat Surendranagar Baroda Valsad Navsari Tapi TOTAL 240 6480 510 2866 3150 6080 3300 1018 451 19784 225 8020 922 2390 934 80 2300 2580 366 3224 7512 690 5675 26250 20922 4050 130019 723 40500 1479 24132 14175 42742 19800 8755 4239 157700 2115 57824 9220 9560 5697 200 13800 13158 1281 25889 60096 3105 34050 154875 177837 28350 911302 of Area in Hect. Prod (In M.T.)

(Source: url://www.agri.gujarat.gov.in)

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1.1 Mango
Mango is the most important fruit covering about 35 per cent of area and accounting of 22 per cent total production of total fruits in the country, which is highest in the world with India's share of about 54%. India has the richest collection of mango cultivars. Major mango growing States are Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Andhra Pradesh, Orissa, West Bengal, Maharashtra, Gujarat,

Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The main varieties of mango grown in the country are Alphanso, Dashehari, Langra, Fajli, Chausa, Totapuri, Neelum etc 1.1.1 Indian Varieties There are nearly 1000 mango varieties in India. Only about 20 varieties are grown commercially. Most of the Indian mango varieties have specific ecogeographical

requirements for optimum growth and fruiting. Dashehari, Langra, Chausa, Bombay Green and Fazri in north India; Banganapalli, Totapuri, Neelum, Pairi, Suvarnarekha, Mulgoa, Kalapadi and Rumani in south India; Alphonso, Kesar, Mankurad, Fernandin and Vanraj in western India and Langra, Fazri; Chausa, Zardalu, Himsagar and Malda in eastern India are grown commercially.

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1.2 Organizational Overview:

The Aga Khan Rural Support Programme (India) is a non-profit, Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) and established in 1983 under the section 25 of Companies Registration Act. AKRSP (I) began its field operation in 1985 and has since become one of the larger grassroots NGOs in India. The organization is working with economically vulnerable and environmentally fragile people of the Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar. It has innovated and pioneered several efforts in areas such as participatory irrigation management (PIM), integrated wadi development (IWADP), system of rice intensification (SRI), joint forest management (JFM), rain roof water harvesting structure (RRWHS), watershed development, preventing salinity ingress, Jeevika, forest right act (FRA), alternative energy and many more to empower rural women and marginalized communities. AKRSP (I) follows a participatory approach of development. As per the organizations mission, rural people are involved in every stage of a project, from identification of the problem to project formulation, implementation and management. AKRSP (I) works to involve villagers in the project through Village institutions, Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), village development assistants who are selected by the village institution, training and mobilizing people to contribute towards their village development. AKRSP (I) programmes are divided into two interrelated stream, Natural Resource Management (NRM) and Human Resource Management (HRM). The objective of the NRM programme is to increase rural income by providing access to knowledge and input material for the cost effective and environmental friendlily ways to improve their output from land, water and forest resource. It is interesting that all the NRM programmes are implemented through Village institution and the people participation with proper transparency and monitoring. NRM programmes mainly consist of Agriculture, Forestry, Water Resource Development, Soil and Water Conservation and Biogas. The objective of the HRM programme is to help rural people to develop organizational skills like systems and structure to manage their resources in an equitable and sustainable manner. Under HRM the major programmes are formation of various Village institutions (e.g. Mahila Munch, Mahila Vikash Mandal, Gram Vikash Mandal, Farmers Club, Farmers Cooperative and Producer Company), gender development, computer and craft making skills etc.

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1.2.1 Organization Structure:

Organization structure of the AKRSP (I) is professionally well defined. AKRSP (I) is working on three hierarchy level namely it is called Central Office, Spear Head Team (SHT) and Cluster Office. The Central office (headed by CEO) is located in Ahmadabad which has a team of senior specialists of various programmes i.e. community mobilizing, agriculture, forestry, soil & water conservation, water resource development, biogas, microfinance and micro-enterprise development etc. along with accounts, administration, monitoring and human resource development, which are further supported by secretarial and other staffs.

AKRSP (I) is mainly working in seven districts of Gujarat i.e. Bharuch, Surat, Narmada, Surendranager, Dang, Jamnagar and Junagadh, apart from these it also has outreach in and Khandwa, Barwani, Burhanpur and Khargone districts of MP further in Samastipur and Muzaffarpur districts of Bihar also. AKRSP (I) is operating in these districts through field teams called Spear Head Team (SHT) and it is headed by Area manager (AM) and Programme Specialists of various discipline which is further supported by accounts, administration and other staffs. AKRSP (I) believes in decentralize way of work and decision making, hence the field team have further been decentralized into small groups comprising experts of different disciples and called Cluster Office (CO) which is headed by Cluster Manager (CM). The team structure at the field offices is similar to the central office but there are differences in the level of experiences and qualification.

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Chapter: 2 Literature Review

The implementation of comprehensive Tribal Development Programmes in Gujarat since 1995 and in Maharashtra since 2000 had provided several insights for NABARD in framing strategies for holistic development of tribal regions. The Tribal Development Programmes were externally supported by German bank, KfW (Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau) who have chosen NABARD as Indian partner and project implementation at ground level was taken up by BAIF, one of the renowned nongovernmental organizations in natural resource management sector. The central focus of the ADPs is wadi (small orchard) together with suitable soil conservation, water resource development measures and other measures for improving the quality of tribal life such as community health & sanitation, women development, institutional development, etc. The wadi model has been acclaimed worldwide as a sustainable and replicable model for poverty alleviation. The project was presented as a successful replicable model for poverty alleviation in the developing countries at the UNDP Forum of Ministers for Poverty and Environment in New York, USA in 1999 as well as at the Global Dialogue in Hanover, Germany. This project was also exhibited in the Basic Needs Pavilion at the Expo-2000, GmbH, Hanover. The "Wadi" programme sponsored by Kreditanstalt fur Wiederaufbau (KfW), Germany is under implementation in two states: Gujarat since 1995: Valsad (Dharampur & Kaprada blocks) and Dangs Maharashtra since 2000: Nasik (Peint, Triambak & Surgana blocks) and Thane (Mokhada block). Since 2007 another Wadi Programme has been launched in Dangs and Valsad districts of Gujarat named as ADPG - Phase 2 with the financial assistance from KFW Germany. Dr. Manibhai Desai, the Founder of BAIF came across the tribals of Vansda block in south Gujarat in the mid 70s and realized that inspite of receiving relief from time to time from various donor agencies, their quality of life has sharply declined. He also observed that in the process of harnessing the benefit of relief measures, the tribal families had lost confidence in them and were suffering from a dependency syndrome. He also noticed that most of the tribals, both men as well as women had turned to alcohol mostly brewed from local mahua flowers to drown their miseries and to overcome starvation. Illiteracy, starvation and illhealth became a way of life for these unfortunate tribals. To reverse this process, he launched a programme to rehabilitate these tribal families on their own lands through reforestation.

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This ambitious project was sanctioned by the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India with the objective of establishing fuel wood plantations on the degraded private lands owned by the tribals. However, the response from the target families was very lukewarm. They were also doubtful about the viability of the programme to generate income. Hence, extensive dialogues were carried out between the BAIF field staff and tribal families to identify their needs. The tribals expressed their preference for fruit trees instead of forestry species. Thus, a new model was developed to combine fruit trees as the main crop and forestry species on bunds and borders. As BAIF had put a condition that only those willing to give up alcohol could participate in the programme, the initial response was poor and the programme was started with only 42 families. Food security during the gestation period was posing a major concern and hence inter-cropping was introduced. Some wage support was also provided even for working on their own fields as they had no surplus money even to buy their ration. A multi-disciplinary project was launched with the support of CAPART in 1988. This project made a significant impact in the surrounding villages. The programme did bring a significant improvement in the quality of life. As anticipated, women played a leading role which contributed to the success. Extension Officers visited the field regularly not only to advise and ensure better growth of the plants but also to motivate them to sustain their hard work. Formation of Self Help Groups of women and men, establishing village level planning committees to organize essential support services and linkages of these groups with financial institutions were the other components to implement the programme more efficiently. Finally, it was felt necessary to find a reliable market for the produce once the trees started bearing after 4-5 years. The Hunger Project (USA) provided finance to support 1000 families in the adjoining villages in Vansda block. German Development Bank (KfW) provided a major support under bilateral assistance through NABARD for replicating the programme in 150 villages in Vansda, Dharampur and Dangs. Suitability of different fruit crops were studied through action-research. Initially, the tribals preferred mango. Subsequently, after seeing the field demonstration, they accepted other fruit crops such as cashew, Indian gooseberry, custard apple, tamarind, jujube (ber), depending on the soil productivity and availability of moisture. Over the last two decades, the wadi has been transformed into a multidisciplinary programme for rehabilitation. The essence is to provide sustainable livelihood from an acre (0.4 ha) of land for the participating poor family. Each wadi owner can earn Rs 20,000-25,000 annually from this small plot of land, once the trees start bearing fruits. There are further opportunities 18

to enhance the income through other supplementary activities. Initially, motivation, imparting skills and providing critical inputs were the key components. Providing means of livelihood during the gestation period was very critical. This is being organized through promotion of agriculture in the inter-space, introduction of short gestation cash crops, processing of food and herbal medicines, livestock and poultry husbandry are some of the opportunities which helped the participating families to generate income till the orchards started bearing fruits. Micro-credit is being organized through SHGs and their linkage with financial institutions to take up these activities. During this process, local organizations are also strengthened and linked with the external world, particularly the Government development agencies, financial institutions, market outlets and Panchayati Raj instituitons. Thus they will be able to continue their responsibilities even after completion of the project. Presently, wadi is a major programme of socio-economic rehabilitation of the tribals and other backward sections of the society. The programme has relevance for all sections of the society and is replicable throughout the country. Wadi is not only a programme for providing food security and ecological restoration, but it is also a strong foundation to build the local capabilities to initiate other community development programmes for socio-economic development. It is a programme demonstrating the feasibility of ecological restoration with poverty eradication. Naturally, the impact of this programme can be measured in terms of additional employment generation, increase in the family income, and reduction in migration, food security, good health, improved literacy, greater awareness and high moral values. Many women and men have occupied important positions in Panchayati Raj Institutions and local cooperatives. The programme addresses the problems of the poor which can be replicated throughout the country. It provides sustainable income, clean environment and better quality of life.

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Chapter 3: Methodology
The study entailed a detailed review of literature together with collection and analysis of primary and secondary data. Sample design acknowledges sample collection, both primary and secondary data and deciding tools for data collection to identify cost benefit and break even Points. Field work includes survey through structured questionnaire with personal interview and general discussion.

3.1 Research Design

South Gujarat region was selected for the research on horticulture crops specifically mango grown in that area. The reason for the selection is that, AKRSP (I) has works last 10 years on wadi project in this region. And this project timeline will be complete end of this year. 3.2.1. Selection of area: The project implementation area is tribal South Gujarat Region, but selected area for making case study in Surat dist. Block Mandvi and Umarpada, in Bharuch dist. Valia block and in Narmada dist. Dediapada and Sagbara block.

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Above map shows that working area of wadi-project. Project needed to visit all highlighted area in map especially mango-wadi covered from these areas. 3.2.2. Identification of project elements: Primary research is done on the basis of the project elements; the institutional linkages of the project such as Seedlings, planting material, fertilizers, and pesticides and for availability of input supplier, and then AKRSP (I) officials for find out the procedural plans for monitoring and EC funding of project. 3.2.3. Collection of primary data: Primary data are collected through structured questionnaire with personal interview. The questionnaire was checked beforehand and necessary corrections were made. The revised questionnaire was finalized for survey. Interviews and general discussions were conducted about some facts, issues before and present situation of the Mango-wadi. 3.2.4. Collection of Secondary Data: The most valuable secondary sources of information collected from AKRSP (I) office, website of Horticulture, ministry of Horticulture, department of Horticulture, wadi and State Horticulture Board. A detailed personal interview conducted in three dist. of Surat, Narmada, Bharuch. 3.3 Methods of Data Analysis: Excel is used as a major tool for analysis of primary data. The other tools like averages, percentage, profit and loss account, Gross Return, Return Over paid out cost, total variable cost, benefit cost ratio, internal rate of return, net present value by different financial ratio analysis and sensitivity analysis for risk. 3.4. Limitations of the assignment: 1. Reach to the tribal areas of the project where transportation is difficult. Due to lack of transportation facility. 2. At length interviews of the mango-wadi owners were not possible due to time constraint on the part of the interviewee. 3. Gap of communication

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Chapter: 4 Findings & Analysis:

In 1997, boundary plantation of mango trees was started in Netrang cluster of Gujarat state. Then the wadi project came in existence by AKRSP (I) in 2002 in following cluster. Following table shows all the beneficiaries covered under wadi project in different cluster of Gujarat state and area covered in each cluster, provided saplings and their survival rate. Table 4.1: Horticulture beneficiaries of TSG Cluster Name Dediyapada Mandvi Netrang Sagbara Umarpada Grand Total Total Beneficiaries 4430 1710 2549 4524 1289 14502 Area (In Hect.) 332.21 235.24 220.36 757.98 66.6 1612.39 Provided Saplings 94080 26962 67854 99896 4404 293196 Saplings Survival (%) 78.42 85.60 60.42 89.32 96.84 82.54

(Source: AKRSP (I) data base 2010)

4.1 Land Holding pattern:

Cropping pattern of these clusters is more dependent upon rain water than irrigation sources like open well, canal and tube well. In irrigated land, near about sixty percent of land is used for agriculture and remaining for horticulture. Where farming is totally based on rain water, people do only agriculture and no one does horticulture in rain fed, they want irrigation source for doing horticulture.

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Graph: 4.1.1 Land Holding Pattern

(Source: Survey) 4.1.1 Area Utilized For Wadi: Wadi project is the new intervention come in picture for development in horticulture. Farmers have taken wadi of 0.5-2.5 acre and they are doing intercropping in between mango-wadi. It was found that near about fifty percent people is doing wadi in 0.85 to 1.75 acre of land. After that 45% of are doing in 0.1 to 0.84 acre of land. And only one person is found that he doing wadi in more than 1.76 acre of land. In that, farmers take intercrops like paddy, vegetables, red gram, maize, Soybean, wheat, cotton etc so this becomes their additional income. In first year AKRSP (I) give input cost for making mango-wadi, also farmers used firm yard manure to in it .
Chart: 4.1.2 Area Utilize for wadi

(Source: Survey) 23

4.2 Mango Survival Trees:

Mango-wadi project started in 2002 but some people got mango boundary plantation in 1997 as well as in 2002. AKRSP (I) has given mango inputs like Seedlings, Fertilizer, Equipments, Pesticides, Drip irrigation and more. Some seedlings died within 2-3 years and AKRSP (I) provided new seedlings to maintain wadi. Data collection five cluster was done of Netrang, Dediyapada, Sagbara, Mandvi, Umarpada based on personal interview of 20 beneficiaries of mango wadi. Mango survival rate is 91% and it is good survival rate due support of AKRSP (I) to farmers like replantation. Chart: 4.2.1 Mango Tree Survival

(Source: Survey)

4.3 Average per Tree production of mango-wadi:

Last eight year(2004-2012) data shows that, production per tree started as below: In Dediyapada cluster production started from 2007 and of mango production was very less in the first three years and every year slightly increasing but later in the fifth year, production increased up to thrice than the third year. The highest production of the Dediyapada cluster was 14 kg per Tree. In Sagbara cluster the production started from 2007 and in first year farmers got 10 Kg per tree production but next year the production reduced and then every year production increased. Last year 17 KG was the average per tree production In Mandvi cluster production started from 2008, productivity here was better compared to other clusters. In first year they got five KG average production tree. In second year production increased to the triple of the previous year. In the last year production was around 24

30 Kg per Tree. In this cluster many people have irrigation source that AKRSP (I) has provided group wells and canal irrigation facility. Also they got support from organization about infestation and diseases. Mandvi is largest producer of average per Tree in TSG. In Umarpada cluster production was started in 2009 and first year they got 10 KG per Tree production and then after every year production increased. Highest production of mangos in this cluster is 15 KG per Tree. One of the major problems of Umarpada cluster is unavailability of water. Due to lack of irrigation production didnt increase. Some farmers have Drip irrigation source but many of them are not using drip. In Umarpada cluster many farmers have not shown interest for making & caring wadi. They just have taken wadi but they didnt do any special operation like, cutting, post harvest management, on farm value addition and more. But still they are getting good production. In Netrang, Wadi project was started in 2002. Those who planted in 2002, they were start getting the production in 2007. And those who planted in 1998 they got production in 2004. It was to be found that overall production of mango is good in Netrang cluster among the entire cluster. Following diagram shows that the production of mango was fluctuating year by year. And in 2006 production was highest in Netrang. But in 2011 it was found that the production decreased to the lowest level due to infestation. Except last year the production in all the years was good. In the year when Mango wadi was cultivated, AKRSPI had provided inputs like fertilizers and pesticides, but later on except first year (when AKRSPI had provided fertilizers and pesticides) farmers did not applied any fertilizer and pesticide in all successive years, so it affected on healthy growth of the Wadi and ultimately on production or yield, farmers could not met the production level which a ideal Mango Wadi has.

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Graph: 4.3.1 Average per tree production in TSG

I N K G

(Source: Survey)

4.4 Mango-wadi average net returns:

The following graph shows the net return of farmers from year 2002-2010. In first year, net return observes to be negative. Thereafter production goes on increasing successively from 2003 to 2009 but in last year due to some pest attack and insect attack production goes down than previous year. Graph: 4.4.1 Average Net Returns:

(Source: Survey) Net return calculated as: Net return= Gross return- Total variable cost (expenses) 26

4.5 Breakeven point:

Following table shows the number of farmers and their initial money invested recovery years in mango wadi project. As per table, 6 farmers get back his initial money investment in mango wadi project in first year likewise 3 farmers gets in third year and so on as per below table.
Chart: 4.5.1 breakeven point Year 1 3rd 4th 5th 6 7th 8th
th st

No. of Farmers 6 3 3 2 2 1 1

(Source: Survey)

4.6 Post Harvest Management

After production of mango, farmers didnt go for sorting, grading and cleaning the produce in different category, because lack of awareness about grading and sorting and benefits after these process. They stored the mangos in home, due to unavailability of warehouse facility in the region. Some farmers are selling the produce in the nearest market of Shelamba, Mandvi, Dediyapada, Jankhavav, etc. some farmers are using Mango federation for selling the mangos, which was formed by AKRSPI in Gandevi. Also as per the convince some of them sale the Mangos in Surat, Ankaleshwar market.

4.7 Changes in Income:

Before the wadi intervention, people were migrated to other places for work like agri labor, construction field. And they were growing only in tradition way of farming. After intervention of wadi, people were practicing new intervention like intercropping, SRI, WADI, for taking cash crops it may includes vegetables like parwal, Brinjal, Tomato, Same beans, Onion, Ladies finger. Due to all these new intervention their income pattern also changed. Following two bars shows that how much of income has been increased after intervention. Almost 130% income increased as compared with 10 years ago. It was the incredible change due accepting new intervention.

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Graph: 4.7.1 Change in Income

(Source: Survey)

4.8 Migration Status:

As the income increases after intervention, the people stopped migrating. They used to migrate for more income but after intervention of wadi and all allied intervention to wadi, they are getting more money than they earned when they migrated. Following bar diagram shows, how much of migration is being reduced due to all intervention. More or less hundred percent of migration has been reduced. Graph: 4.8.1 Migration Status

(Source: Survey) 28

Chapter: 5 Conclusion & Recommendations:

5.1 Conclusion:
The Wadi programme is implemented in the area where the rainfall is above 1000 mm or in other areas having reliable source of water. A family with less than 1 ha land with reliable market outlet will earn Rs.10000-15000 per annum, after 4-5 years when the tree start to give yield. The gestation period is very critical. During this period, the participating families need some support in the form of employment to sustain their basic needs. However, activities such as vegetable cultivation and intensive use of the inter space for production of food, vegetables and cash crops are essential. With the establishment of wadi, the beneficiaries feel secure and do not migrate to urban areas with all the members of the families. Thus, they develop an inclination to maintain various species of livestock. This is an additional source of income for the family. Thus, by participating in tree-based farming with 0.2 to 1 ha land, a family is able to come out of poverty. At first beneficiaries did not show interest in making wadi but after 4-5 year getting horticulture yield they have shown interest in wadi. And many farmers got support for drip irrigation from AKRSP (I) but they dont use these technologies in horticulture. Many farmers have gone for only 0.5 & 1 acre wadi due to lack of irrigation facilities. Before horticulture intervention they used to follow traditional farming and were getting fewer yields. But now the condition of beneficiaries has changed and they grow vegetables and cash crops and have irrigation facility in their lands. Also, farmers are now showing interest in horti-marketing and AKRSP (I) is forming a federation for mango marketing in this area. Farmers income has also risen with this intervention. As it is the holistic approach of development it includes all the factors with an approach to sustainable livelihood and better quality of life. Wadi beneficiaries used inputs only when AKRSP (I) provided them in the initial period. Later they never used fertilisers and pesticides until the production started. Hence the yield is 40% lesser than the expected yield.

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5.2 Recommendations:
1. A storage facility should be made in this region for storage of fruits as the perishable & getting good price fruits. 2. Provide training programme & exposure visit on post harvest management as especially on farm value addition. 3. Provide suitable market for mango yield, that they have to sell in the market and get good value for their producing yield. 4. As the farmers do not prefer to use fertilisers and pesticides unless any external support is provided, monitoring of the beneficiaries and constant guidance and support is necessary so that the objective of the intervention is fulfilled.

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Chapter: 6 Case Studies

Case -6.1 Ajaybhai Hursimbhai Village: Kambodia Block: Netrang Dist.: Bharuch (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 10 acre Irrigated Land: 3 acre Age: 28 years Mob No. +91-9909238716 Education: 12th std.

Background: Ajaybhai has two sons, one is in primary school and another is in KG school. Ajays father died five year ago. His father was a Doctor. After his father death, he has to own the responsibility of his family. He has 10 acre of land in that 3 acre land is irrigated and 7 acre land is on rain fed. For irrigation source he have one open well as well as one bore well but both of them are not working throughout the year. He uses the electric motor for lifting water from well for that he pays 200-250 Rs monthly. Before, Wadi he was growing only paddy. That time he took single crop through the year. Also he dint get not much of yield from single crop. Then he thought we can change our cropping pattern and make some cash crops like, Soyabean, Red gram, Ground nut and some vegetable crops that he growing in this year. Support: In 2003, AKRSP (I) has conducted meeting in his village. He attended that meeting then he thought that can I take one acre wadi? He discussed with his family members but some people were not ready to take. Then he explained all benefits of mango wadi and finely he took wadi in his one acre land. First he did land leveling and then he dig open well and got an irrigation facility then he took wadi, he got 20 Keshar and 30 Rajapuri seedlings. He got interest to dig a well for making mango-wadi for better irrigation. Then he thought that I should go for organic farming in this wadi. first year he took Soyabean & Red gram 31

for intercropping in this wadi. He used to give a two trolley F.Y.M. fertilizer for every year in one acre wadi land; still his dint used any chemical fertilizer but his use chemical pesticides for mango and other crops. Also, in Kamodia village there is 15 farmerss got mango-wadi in 2003, people are showing their interest for mango-wadi and they conducted every meeting for every month and discuss some agriculture problems they are facing. Also previous year they sold mango to Gandevi market through AKRSP (I). They form one group for mango marketing. Before two year they sold mango to village market or Netrang local market but they didnt get that much of price, but now they formed group and sold mango to juice making factory. Graph: 6.1.1 Mango Production

Above table shows the increase in production of mango wadi production how to increase per plant production in year by year, last year he got 15 quintals production of wadi. Changes: When he has done H.S.C. that time he wanted to do agriculture and wants to work in his own farm but he didnt have that much of knowledge at that time. Then he did in tradition way of agriculture that time he grows only on rain fed agriculture. Then sometimes he used to think that I should do something for irrigation source? Then he took bore well & Open well and he got water in open well this time to still he growing two times crop in a year. After some days he got AKSRP(I) training in Netrnag, Dediapada and some village exposure visit, in this exposure visit, he have seen SRI method, mango-wadi and Bio-Gas plant in nearby places he had visited in last 10 years.

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Table 6.1.1 Income through animal Husbandry: Animal Husbandry Month in year Lit./Rs. Per day milk in Lit. Total gives milk in year Total amount in year 2008 10 18 5 1500 27000 2009 9 21 5 1350 28350 2010 10 23 6 1800 41400 2011 10 26 6 1800 46800

Also, he has one cow, four buffalo. He sells 7 lit/day milk to dairy. He is getting more support for his sustainable livelihood. AKRSP (I) has been provided finance for buying cow in 2010. Actually before giving loan he had buffalo but he didnt sold milk. Since from last two year he sold 7 lit. / Milk in a day. Also he is constructing a new home in his village. This year he planned to sell mango to Gandevi market that will give more profit and more prices. Also, he wants a fruits and vegetable COLD STORAGE facility, because AKRSP (I) gives in this area some vegetable mandap (stacking for creeper vegetable) and mango wadi but people not get that time price on right time when you provide us cold storage facility then that gives us much more profit.

Table 6.1.2. Intercropping cost & benefits analysis of mango-wadi:

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2003 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 2007 2007 2007 Soyabea Red Mang Mang Ground Mang Sorgh maka Mang Red Ground Mang Crop n gram o Bajari Makai o nut Maize o um i o gram nut o Yield(Qt/Acre) 8 1 0 2 0.8 3 1 5 1 2.5 2 2 Value of (Rs./Qt.) 1409 1288 0 571 590 1624 599 901 879 2423 1670 1500 Gross Return 11272 1288 0 1142 472 4872 599 4505 879 6057 3340 3000 Paid out cost of production Seedlings 2000 Equipments 1150 Seeds 450 100 200 100 1000 100 150 100 200 1200 Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) 600 1500 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 400 Pesticide 300 200 800 500 600 500 500 300 600 500 Water Charges 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 labor cost 500 300 900 300 240 300 1600 400 300 480 400 300 320 1200 600 Total paid out cost (TVC) (C) 2450 1200 6950 1500 1340 1800 4200 1500 1800 1630 1500 1800 1820 4000 2100 Net return (gross returnTC) 8822 88 -6950 -358 -868 -1800 672 -901 -1800 2875 -621 -1800 4237 -660 900 BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) 4.60 1.07 0.00 0.76 0.35 0.00 1.16 0.40 0.00 2.76 0.59 0.00 3.33 0.84 1.43 Total exp. 2003 10600 4640 7500 4930 7920 Total Income 12560 1614 5471 5384 12397

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing

2008

Crop Sorghum Yield(Kg/Acre) 4 value of (Rs./Kg) 692 Gross Return(A+B) 2768 Paid out cost of production Seeds 200 200 Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) 400 400 Pesticide 300 Transportation Water Charges 600 600 labor cost 400 400 Total paid out cost (TVC) (C) 1600 1900 Net return (gross returnTC) 1168 215 BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) 1.73 1.11 Total exp. 6000 Total Income 18383 Net Returns 12383

2008 2008 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 Red Red Same Red Same Red Same gram Mango gram beans Mango gram beans Mango gram beans Mango 1 9 2 8 11 2 10 13 2 5 15 2115 1500 2191 900 1800 2165 1000 2500 3211 1200 2000 2115 13500 4382 7200 19800 4330 10000 32500 6422 6000 30000 200 400 300 600 500 2000 2382 2.19 300 400 600 600 2500 4400 2800 1.64 9350 31382 22032 200 400 300 600 500 2000 2330 2.17 300 400 1000 600 2500 4800 5200 2.08 9750 46830 37080 200 400 300 600 500 2000 4422 3.21 300 400 1000 600 1500 3800 2200 1.58 9050 42422 33372

400 500 600 1000 2500 11000 5.40

400 500 200 600 1250 2950 16850 6.71

400 500 200 600 1250 2950 29550 11.02

400 1000 600 1250 3250 26750 9.23

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Graph: 6.1.2 Wadi Net Returns:

Initial four years, there has been no notable income through agriculture. Initially in first year the farmer started growing cash crop but there as not so good production. In second year framer has tried to grow fodder for animals. Then farmer has made comparison between these crops seeing which one gives more net return. From fifth year onwards, when horticulture crops started producing income, gave considerable change in income through the agricultural practices and has supplemented overall income through agriculture. Even after getting

income through horticulture, there has been good progress in income through other crops like same beans (Dolichas lablab), as the horticulture crops provides secured income and has given confidence for change over the corps. Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table 1.7

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Case-6.2 Balwant Umaid Vasava Village: Kalijaman Block: Umarpada Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 7 acre Irrigated Land: 2 acre Age: 40 years Mob No. +91-9925089914 Education: 7th std. Balawant has two sons named as Pradip studying in 10th and Prakash studied in 12th std. all together there are seven members in the family. Agriculture is the main source of his family. Also, he has three sisters they all are married. He has 7 acre land; out of only two acre land is under irrigation, remaining 5 acre is rain fed. As irrigation source, he has one open well and it is working out for 10 month in a year. He uses the diesel engine for lifting the water from well. Also, before intervention the land was sloppy due to which water could not stay in his field. So it was hard to grow any crops. But later on in 1995, Dinesh Patel AKRSP (I) employee came to his village and conducted meeting about land leveling also he got support and land was well leveled up and now he can do cultivation in better way. And also, he has done banding to his farm. Balawant is well known person in his village, in his village he is president of GRAM VIKAS MANDALI there is 11 committee members. And this committee is formed before 15 year. Kalijaman is 3 km far from kevdi local market, 16 km far from jankhavav local market and 90 km farm from Surat city market. In Kalijaman, AKRSP (I) has done lot of work and people got benefited to services like, Biogas 12 plant, vermicompost, Bugger pata, Animal Husbandry-45, group open well, mobile engine, Gabion, Equipment, Hybrid seeds, SRI, Wadi, Banding, Land leveling, Ground nut harvester machine and some other. Kalijaman is comes under hilly area there is lot of waste land available in before intervention. Now many people have grown minimum on time in a year due to land leveling and banding has been done. 37

From 1995, to till now AKRSP (I) working in this village but in 2003, they came on the mango-wadi project. And they conducted meeting that time he has attended this meeting. Then 14 people have agreed to take mango-wadi in own land. In his village main problem is irrigation facility is not well because people think no water. Because they can grow only in rainy season they think after December water level to goes to low level and where to get water to mango plant. In 2003, he took half acre wadi in his own farm that time he got 11 keshar and 11 Rajapuri seedlings but after some time 1 Keshar plants are dead. Now he has 21 mango plants in his mango wadi. He also got some fertilizer, equipments & pesticides i.e. (Vermicompost, Lim Powder, pesticides, spade, hoe and sickle) and he has done all work of wadi from labor. He gives some F.Y.M. and pesticides. Before one year he buys one spay for pest attack on mango. In intercropping he took first year paddy and Red gram he get good yield and next four year he grow only fodder then from 2008 he grows only paddy and pearl millet that is last five year taken this crops. Mango-wadi production chart: Last 3 year he gives mango production every year his production has been increase and he get money. In first year he give only 50KG production from some plant then production was increase he got 2, 5 quintal respectively production, last year he got more production because he has done on pest attack practices. Graph 6.2.1 Average per Tree production of mango

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Table: 6.2.1 Animal Husbandry: Animal Husbandry Month in year Average Lit./Rs. Per day milk in Lit. Total milk in year Total amount in year 15750 15750 22680 25200 27720 36750 29400 47040 2004 7 15 5 1050 2005 7 15 5 1050 2006 7 18 6 1260 2007 7 20 6 1260 2008 7 22 6 1260 2009 7 25 7 1470 2010 7 28 5 1050 2011 7 32 7 1470

He has 1 cow and 1 buffalo that is support to his livelihood and he sustain in his life. That every day he sell 6 lit/day milk and he got average price 30-35 Rs. /lit. Mango-wadi Net Returns: In year 2003, Paddy and Red gram was cultivated as intercrops, applied fertilizers and pesticides and provided other inputs. But did not even get amount he spent for growing these crops, for next four year he focused on fodder crops only for livestock that he had. From fifth year onwards, when horticulture crops started producing income, shown considerable change in income level through the agricultural practices and has supplemented overall income through agriculture. Even after getting income through horticulture, there has been good progress in income through other crops like Paddy and Water melon, as the horticulture crops provides secured income and has given confidence for change over the corps. Now there life has been improved then before. Breakeven point in 7th year see annexure table 1.7 Graph: 6.2.2 Mango-wadi net returns

Table: 6.2.2 intercropping of mango wadi

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Kg/Acre) value of (Rs./Kg) Value of Crop (A) Gross Return(A+B) Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) Pesticide Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Net return (gross return-TC) 90 450 980 1516 200 240 100 240 200 90 240 870 418 1.480 8930 3784 -5146 0.423 1550 7080 -7080 0 3600 300 180 800 1580 5252 4.32 400 3400 -3400 0 4980 6832 1852 1.37 180 800 1580 3308 3.093 320 320 580 2.81 1900 5788 3888 3.04 180 1000 1780 5942 4.33 750 2850 1150 1.403 4630 11722 7092 2.53 880 750 200 400 3000 200 400 200 400 900 225 1000 1915 2800 2.46 750 1950 8050 5.12 3865 14715 10850 3.80 1200 240 450 1200 2003 2003 2003 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011

Paddy Red gram Mango 4 624 2496 2496 1 1288 1288 1288 0 0 0 0

pearl millet Mango 7 976 6832 6832 0 0 0

pearl millet Mango 4 1222 4888 4888 0.5 1800 900 900

pearl millet Mango Paddy Mango 6 1287 7722 7722 2 2000 4000 4000 5 943 4715 4715 5 2000 10000 10000

BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) 2.546 Total exp. Total Income Net Returns BCR

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Case- 6.3: Bachubhai Gimia Village: Ghanekut Block: Netrang Dist.: Bharuch (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 1 acre Irrigated Land: 0.75 Acre Age: 45 years Mob No. +91-9586645116 Education: 4th std.

Background: Bachubhai has two son, both are working in the hotel (Ankleshwar). He is not well in educated. He didnt study only because of lack of money and support. Further same things happened with his childrens Ajay and Chickpea, both of them studied only 7th standard. Before wadi he had migrated to other place and generated income for livelihood. He got married at the age of 21. He have 1 acre land in 3differents parts, out of that only 0.75 acreland is under irrigated by canal water. Ghanekhut is 12km from Dediapada and 13 km from Netrang local market. Mohan bhai is a head of village Ghanekhut, when he went to Karjan in 1994; he saw mandli of canal irrigation. Then he thought this type of mandali we formed in our village that gives more sustainable livelihood for village community. He met to collector and discussed all these issues and collector had visited his village and saw what type of condition is going on in his village. Collector gave this project of making mandali to Aga khan foundation. That time villagers came to know to Aga khan, which made 52 members in a piyat mandali (water user association). Bachubhai have seven brothers, three of them have wadi and two are doing Agri-labor in Movi village and rest of them are doing agriculture. In Ghanekhut there is a Dam for irrigation. In Ghanekhut, there is check dam named as Karajan check dam having 52 member of his village. In 1994, these 52 members had collected 500 Rs. each for making Karjan check dam. There were two installed of this collected amount, 15H.P. motor which provide irrigation water to whole area. Name of this committee is SHIV PIYAT MANDALI (water user association) and there are nine committee members of this project. He and his three sons have 1.5 acres of land each. Before Wadi he went to other villages for income that he 41

can repay the loan. Before the wadi project he was growing cotton, Sorghum, kang (local name) in his field. Due to wadi project he was able to grow vegetables for his daily food consumption, he said that hame pahle khane me Javari, kang khate the aur aab rice, wheat, baingan, brinjal, some vegetables milte hai. He complained about, that he was not getting good price for cotton and the yield was also less, about 1 Quintal per acre. As the income from cotton was less, he had to take loan and then had to migrate in search of work for repaying the loan.

Support: In 1995 Aga khan has conducted meeting for making piyat mandali (water user association) (Water User Association), that time he has attended this meeting and he got more interest in making piyat mandali (water user association) (Water User Association) in that year. When mandali was formed in his village then water gets available to people for irrigation. After one year Aga khan has sell mango seedlings, that time he had buy 3 seedlings in 45 Rs. That time this was too much amount, and then he planted these seedlings in waste land border. (Mere pass uss time pe paise the aur aam ke poudhe mil raha tha isse liye lagaya). Then he took care of these three plants. And after some years in 2004 he got mango production 30kg then he realize we have to plant more seedlings in our farm. In 2004 he realize from mango plant, he thought that, I can make one wadi in 0.25 acre in our waste land there is sloppy land which was pasture land then he received one wadi, that year he got 20 seedlings of mango and now that survival Trees are only 14 (keshar is 8 and Rajapuri is 6) mango trees Actually he has done digging for mango plant at own and till now he gives on half trolley F.Y.M. fertilizers to mango trees. He spend 250 Rs. for pesticide in last 4 years and also he irrigate these plants 8 months in a year and every 15 days gives to tree .Also he get hybrid seeds to growing on other land and he gets more production from these hybrid seeds also.

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Graph: 6.3.1 Average per Tree production

As shown in above graph, in year 2004-08 he got production of only three Trees and in 2009 he got production from 14 Trees of mango plants. As he took wadi he gets benefited in production as well as in his income. Again in year 2009 production reduces to some extent because more Trees give production. But again his average Trees production is good and last year his production is decrease due pest attack.

Changes: He share his experienced of 2007, he said aam kaise pakate hai pata nahi tha isse liye mera near about 3 quintal waste ho gaye. after the loss in income. He came to know about mango wadi exposure and he visited to Junagadh, Bhopal and Nearby places, in 2011 he got training in Bhopal for after caring of mango, Also he get SRI exposure visit Because of karjan dam and wadi our village people are satisfied and more happy now. He said that Isske pahle goan ke bahot sare log majuri karne ke liye bahar jate the abhi bahot kam log jate hai. He has take lease land on paying money to these farmers and generate livelihood. Also he grow in farm Maize, cotton, Sorghum and other that gives more production and high price in market. Also he grows paddy in leased land and he used SRI method to grow Paddy. He grows fodder for animal I Mango wadi. He has 2 cows and gets 8 months milk in every year from 2008 to till. When he buys this cows and 1st year his sell 10 lit. Milk/day and then 2nd year 6 lit. /day then 3rd year he sell 9 lit./day. Thats why he got more sustainable livelihood. Now mango-wadi as my summer business for me because his sells mango in his village and in nearby villages & on highway road.

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Table: 6.3.1 Mango- Cost benefits analysis: Village Year of Wadi Ghanekhut 1997 three Trees in boundary 2004 0.25 Area of Wadi Variet y Seedlings Keshar Rajapuri 2 1 0.25 0.25 8 6 Average Per Tree Production in KG Yield(Quintal/Acre) 1st Year-2004 2nd 2005 3 rd Year1.5 4 5 6 8 2 27.6 Price in KG Value of mango 2004 2005 2006 Break Even Point 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gross Return (In RS.) Paid out cost of production Equipment (pawed, Kodaly, Parlay, Talcum, water tank) 2200 44 8 10 15 15 17 20 20 25 240 800 2250 6000 8500 12000 16000 5000 50790 50 133.33 166.67 42.86 57.14 14.28 Year0.8 26.66 0.3 10 acre Survival Trees is 34.78 % Waste Land

2006 4th Year- 2007 5th Year- 2008 6th Year-2009 7th Year-2010 Pest attack Total Production (Quintal) 8th Year- 2011

Seedlings Fertilizer Pesticides Labor cost (Own) Transportation (use Bicycle) Water charges Total paid out cost (A) (TVC) Return over paid out cost (gross return-A) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC)

825 300 1000 1500 0 2400 8225 42565 6.17

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Case- 6.4 Bhikubhai Varanashibhai Tadvi He is living in Shimamli Village. In block Sagbara, Dist. Narmada (GJ). His Occupation is Agriculture Own Land 1.5 acre, Irrigated Land 1.5 acre. Bhikubhai No. is 7878748210 and Education is 2nd STD. Age 85 years. Mobile

BackgroundBhikubhai has 4 children, 3 boys & a girl who all are married. He stays with his youngest son. He and his three sons own 1.5 acres of land each. Shimamli is 5 km from sagbara and 10 km from shelamba local market. In Shimamli there is a canal for irrigation 600 users of the canal have formed an association and Bhikubhai is a committee member of this association before Wadi .His son used to migrate for his livelihood & reply loan before intervention he was growing cotton, Javari, kang (local name) in his farm Also, his daily (hame pahle khane me, Javari, kang khate the aur aab rice, wheat, baingan, brinjal, some vegetables milte hai). He complains that he was not getting good price for cotton and the yield was also less, about 1 Quintal per acre. As the income from cotton was less, he had to take loan and then had to migrate in search of work for replying the loan.

46

Support: In 2003-04 Ajaybhai & Naval singh were visiting Shimamli village and organizing meeting, regarding wadi and new interventions implemented like SRI. Bhikubhai got good support in this operation, and he was also a leader in his own village .In the meetings they gave more information about this project and in shimamli 30 farmers got ready to take wadi in their own farm. Also, Bhukubhai decided to take mango-wadi in his farm and then they formed wadi vikas zut for wadi project and Bhikubhai is a member of this zut, meeting is conducted twice a year. First, they arranged training in Sagbara, Netrang, Rajpipala, Navsari and some exposure visits on wadi farm. Bhikubhai got more practical knowledge about mango-wadi in his wadi project. He was in regular touch with AKRSP (I) Para workers and Sagbara office, he attended monthly meetings too. Also, he got timely operation information from the Sagbara office (Which fertilizer to be used? Where to buy in cheap price and good quality? Pest attack etc) .When he got canal water in his farm, he made some changes in agriculture pattern which results in less input cost and more yield. Impact and process: In 2003, he undertook 1 acre land, which he took another 2 acre and later handed over the 2 acre land to his son. When he undertook wadi project, he received 40 mango seedlings from AKRSP (I) and also some equipment, fertilizers, pesticides, training and agricultural information. He carried out the whole process mango plantation in his farm. Also, he had provided with F.Y.M. (farm yard manure) 10 tractor because to grow more mango production. According to him he gets more of rainfall in his area annually. For heavy rainfall, farmers dont give more water to field. Also, he has undertaken cultivation of paddy and Red gram in an intercropping pattern and gets 15 quintal paddy and 5 quintal tuber and it regarded as a good production in 1 acre land. He told (abhi tak mere jindgi me itna jyada production kabhi nahi mila tha).In this year he gives to water to plant on his hard work and without hiring labor. Then next three year he cultivates chili, Brinjal and tomato had a good production. Then last five year he did only fodder making for his animal husbandry that gives more money. He get 6 lit milk in 10 month in one year from buffalo and sell to village dairy and get 23-27 Rs. /lit. Price and that gives more support to his livelihood. He takes more care of mango-wadi like mulching, regular cutting and other related activity. In 2007 receives mango but this year he was not so much satisfied with the production. 47

Graph: 6.4.1 Average per graph production

He takes production in 2008 1 quintal for HH utility. Then next three year he take 4, 5, 7 quintal respectively. He didnt hire labor for any operation of mango till now and take care own. He harvest 3-4 times in mango plantation and store in his home, his sell agriculture yield in Shelamba local market 10 km far from his village. He sell own in shelamba it gives him more money and good price for mango which reflects in his satisfaction. Many people buy for pickle preparation and some people are also booked to prepare pickle. Mango production finally profiteer the farmer in month of June that help in kharif in that money they can buy seeds, fertilizers, herbicides. Main thing is agricultural production provides financial support to them because previous they cultivate cotton and Javari, kang this crop cannot generate more income for the family and cotton benefits a lot but not up to the mark. Mr. suresh bhai went 3 days tour to in Maharashtra as (Shirdi sai baba, Ralegand, Ridhi Sidhi, Nashik and some other places) in this period he get exposure visit to good intervention applied in Ralegand .Now he is satisfied with his production. He has bank balance and he can suffer one year. And he stored food grain for 1 yr to get food sufficient. Also he visited some places of AKRSP (I) and gets much more of experience of mango wadi.

48

Graph: 6.4.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns:

In above graph, first year gives lots of input cost like, fertilizer, pesticides that it get good returns and after three year he took some vegetable like, chili, Brinjal and Tomato but in return he couldnt get any profit. So in 2008 he changed the crop and started growing fodder for animals as well as he adopted mango wadi. Started to mango yield but first year he has not recover input cost and after three year his income increase every year. Now he grows only fodder for his animal husbandry in intercropping and his life to become change in to sustainable livelihood. Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.4.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis

49

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2004 Paddy Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return(A+B) Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges Transportation labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total Exp in a year Total Income Recover amount 4220 4.05 3950 4.76 8000 10600 2600 -5570 913 1.39 2437 3250 813 -100 900 1.20 4450 5250 800 -100 850 1.23 3750 4500 750 -100 -550 0.62 1450 900 -550 4750 4.06 1550 6300 4750 7420 5.69 1580 9000 7420 11160 7.06 1840 13000 11160 450 1380 150 1050 360 5570 900 2337 100 100 1500 4350 100 100 1200 3650 100 100 250 1450 100 400 430 100 300 300 200 2050 600 1560 1000 200 437 400 400 300 800 1150 600 600 950 500 400 100 250 1550 100 280 1580 180 260 1840 1200 1200 1200 1200 200 (SRI) 8 700 5600 2004 Red gram 2.5 200 5000 Mango Chili 0.65 500 3250 2004 2005 2005 Mang o 2006 Brinja l 10 525 5250 2006 Mang o 2007 Tomat o 9 500 4500 2007 Mang o 2008 Mang o 0.5 1800 900 2009 Mang o 3.5 1800 6300 2010 Mang o 4.5 2000 9000 Mango 6.5 2000 13000 2011

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Case - 6. 5 Dhana bhai Dunger singh Village: Kavangai Block: umarpada Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 3 acre Irrigated Land: 3 acre Age: 42 years Mob No. +91-999752657 Education: 6th std.

Background: Dhana has one son he is in 10th std in Chokhwada village. It is 3 km away from his village. And he has two daughter both are married. Also, he has two brothers both are working in agriculture sector, but his family divided before 8 year ago and he stays with father. Agriculture is the main source of the family. But due to lack of land and less yield from that his whole family used to migrate for labor work in nearby places. He has three acre of land that is divided in three different places, and all three acre is irrigated land. For irrigation source he has one open well but its not working throughout the year. He uses the Diesel engine for lifting water from well to farm. And before intervention he grows paddy, Red gram, Sorghum, pearl millet, Chickpea and some other crops due to unavailability of hybrid seeds. But till now he grow paddy in kharif season and in Rabi season he takes vegetables and Ground Nut in his farm to generate income. In 1998 he dig open well and got an irrigation facility to his farm but he didnt have sufficient balance to buy diesel engine then he migrated every year and saved some money to buy one mobile engine. In 2001, he buys one mobile engine and that year he gives water to his farm. From 2001, he has growing crops in two times in year. Before that he was taking only one crop by using rain fed. Now he takes took some vegetable and cash crops like Cotton, Soybean, Red gram, Paddy, Tomato, Brinjal, onion and others. In 2005, AKRSP (I) comes in Mango-wadi project in this area. Ram bhai and Sumitra bahen went to his village and conducted meetings but people were not ready to take wadi then they gave some examples of wadi project. And also they conducted 4-5 times meetings then 51

finally only four people were ready to take wadi. He is one of them. These guys have explained all benefit of mango-wade and how to change our agriculture pattern? Because people are not ready to change agriculture pattern. He got 40 mango seedlings (37 keshar and 3 Rajapuri seedlings) after getting wadi he prepared the land for wadi. He got the supports of equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (hoe, sickle, spade, vermin compost, pesticides and Drip irrigation) from the organization. Plant spacing in between each tree is 10X10 meter; finally he saw the benefits of wadi project. Since from three year he is getting yield from mango-wadi, and he is selling these mangos in Umarpada market & Jankhava Local market. Also, his mango yield increase by every year. He gives some fertilizers and pesticides for increase in yield. Before some year ago he got AKRSP (I) training in Pathadi, Kabri Pathar and Netrang and also he got exposure visit in these places he got Jut Training, SRI Training and visit exposure of mango-wadi in nearby places. Graph : 6.5.1 Average per graph production

In above graph he horticulture yield has increase every year and he gives water to this land and gets production increase. And he got 4 kg per Tree production in first year and next two year he got 7, 9 kg respectively per Tree in two year. He said that, first I didnt take interest to making-wadi but when he got some production from this wadi then he realized that because of wadi his life become more sustainable. Also, he got Bio-Gas plant and sanitation from AKRSP (I) that is helping him for cooking food. And he has one cow that he is doing milk business. Every day he sell 10 litter milk. He sells milk to dairy.

52

Graph : 6.5.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

In year 2005 he grown Wadi and implemented drip irrigation system and given other inputs and cultivated Ground nut and Paddy as inter crops, But did not earn even the input cost. In next three year he started growing vegetable crops in rotation with Paddy and Ground nut, onion, tomato and brinjal etc. so his per annum income was fluctuating in all these three year. In 2009 he started getting yield and thereby returns from Wadi so his income per year started increasing every year. Breakeven point in 4 th year see annexure table:1.7

53

Table: 6.5.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis

year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt./Acre) Value of (Rs./Qt.) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) total cost total income recover income 2005 2005 2006 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 Ground Paddy Nut Mango Paddy Ground Nut Paddy Onion Paddy Tomato Brinjal 5 1 6 1 6 8 5 2 2 587 1624 610 2155 681 520 921 700 900 2935 1624 0 3660 2155 4086 4160 4605 1400 1800 2005

1600 8750 100 600 500 600 300 240 450 600 1190 11850 434 -11850 1.36 0.00 100 600 500 100 600 0 900 1600 2486 2.55 20 200 240 600 1060 3100 3.92 2660 8246 5586 150 700 0 1200 2050 2555 2.25 3330 7805 4475 20 100 120 400 640 760 2.19 20 100 120 400 640 1160 2.81

900 1600 1335 1.83 14640 4559 -10081

900 1600 2060 2.29 2790 5815 3025

240 450 1190 965 1.81

54

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt./Acre) Value of (Rs./Qt.) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) total cost total income recover income

2009 2009 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 2010 2010 2011 2011 Paddy Tomato Onion Mango Paddy Brinjal Tomato onion Mango Paddy Mango 5 1 5 4 7 1 1 3 7 7 9 1001 1000 1306 2000 920 800 500 639 2000 943 2000 5005 1000 6530 8000 6440 800 500 1917 14000 6601 18000

240 700

200 100 200 400 900 100 1.11

20 100 200 400 720 5810 9.07 4160 20535 16375

240 850 0

20 100 200 500 820 -20 0.98

20 100 200 500 820 -320 0.61

20 100 200 500 820 1097 2.34 300 150 500 950 13050 14.74 6000 23657 17657

240 1000 300 150 1500 2740 3861 2.41 500 950 17050 18.95 3690 24601 20911

1200 2140 2865 2.34

400 400 7600 20.00

1500 2590 3850 2.49

55

Case- 6.6 Dhanji bhai Kotania Village: Boridabra Block: Dediapada Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 6.5 acre Irrigated Land: 5.5 acre Age: 54 years Mob No. +91-9586915846 Education: 4 rd std.

Background: Dhanji is a small farmer living in Boridabra village in state of Gujarat. He has one son is doing in agriculture, two grandsons and two granddaughters living together. All of them are studding in primary school. His main occupation is agriculture. Dhanji has 6.5 acre land and all are irrigated land. Before intervention land was sloppy and undulating land run of water occurs in that land. So it was hard to grow any crops. But later support provided by AKRSP (I) land was leveled up. And now Dhanji can do cultivation in his land. Now his life has become much better than before. Also, he has one dig a well but this was damaged and not working. But at the same time one project was running for repairing well. This gave him a hope to get repaired his well. And in the year, 2007 he joined a group of farmers and dig a big well which could give him sufficient water for irrigation. In 1995, AKRSP (I) employee Thakur has came to my village and conducted meeting for watershed management work for Pathadi and Boridabra villages but this was the NABARD project. Also, AKRSP (I) has done work for land leveling part in this area that people got benefits from this service. Before intervention he grows like, Sorghumi, kang, kadra, Banti and more (Local names) every year he has growing these crops. This crop does not provide any income because production was not much. And whatever is being produced was used for household consumption, where mango-wadi could give more output with less input cost. Now, Dhanji is a well known person in this area because he has done some new intervention in the process in his farm and knowing this other people visited to see that intervention like, 56

SRI farming procedure. Also, asked people of SRI to adopt this method that could get more benefit in less input. Boridabra is 15 km away from Dediapada local market. People used auto rickshaw and jeep for transportation purpose. In 2004, again AKRSP (I) brought up new project that is Mango-Wadi project; first they conducted meetings and explain them what are the benefit from this project. Only three farmers were ready to take mango-wadi. He bought 40 seedlings of mango (Keshar is 37 and Rajapuri is 3). He has planted in only 0.75 acre land. Plant spacing in between each tree is 6X6 meter, due to less availability of land. He did cutting for every three year in mangowadi. For adopting this method Dhanji did not bearded any expenses only he did labor work in wadi. All the input cost was given by AKRSP (I). And since, from last four year he is getting yield from mango-wadi. Last three year he sold mango to trader in farm. The plan of wadi was becoming fruitful, seeing this progress he thought to take one more in 2008. In this wadi he could adopt 96 Trees. And this way he continued and today he is very well known person in his village. Graph: 6.6.1 Mango-wadi per Tree production:

In above table, he getting mango production from 2008 and every year his average production of per Tree has been increased. And last three year he got 2.5, 10, 15 quintals respectively. Dhanji has got some training programme in Netrang, Dediapada and some field visit of mango-wadi in nearby his village.

57

Also, he is doing intercropping in this wadi he took only same beans and Red gram this is to support to income generation and mango-wadi give him to water in this plant. Now he has one buffalo that support to his livelihood and he can sustain in his life. Every day he sells 4 lit/day milk and he got average price 25-28 Rs. Graph 6.6.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

As per the above graph, the farmer had got low net return from wadi as he preferred to take intercrop as Red gram up to the year 2006; this shows that he couldnt recover his initial investment in mango wadi. Year 2006 onward up to 2008 he changed the intercrop as vegetables because he received irrigation water from AKRSP (I) source group well and this resulted in considerable high net return from mango wadi. In year 2009, production from mango wadi gets started and net return from wadi gets increased as he takes again Red gram as intercrop. Breakeven point in 4th year see annexure table 1.7

Table 6.6.1 Intercropping cost & benefit analysis: 58

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2004 Red Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost BCR - TC basis total cost total income recover income 450 720 -112 0.844 4870 608 -4262 600 4150 -4150 0 450 720 168 1.233 720 888 168 450 720 430 1.597 720 1150 430 50 120 100 1000 200 1600 750 50 120 100 50 120 100 100 200 500 1200 560 1050 3610 8390 3.3241 3610 12000 8390 100 200 500 1200 560 1400 3960 8640 3.1818 320 320 430 2.3437 4280 13350 9070 140 600 1210 191.6 1.1583 320 320 1480 5.625 1530 3201.6 1671.6 140 750 1360 805 1.591 400 400 7600 20 1760 10165 8405 220 750 1440 1771 2.229861 400 400 11600 30 1840 15211 13371 100 170 200 100 170 200 100 170 200 gram 0.4 1520 608 0 Mango 2004 2005 Red gram 0.5 1776 888 2006 Red gram 0.4 2875 1150 2007 Same beans 8 1500 12000 2008 Same beans 9 1400 12600 Mango 0.5 1500 750 2008 2009 Red gram 0.8 1752 1401.6 Mango 1 1800 1800 2009 2010 Red gram 1 2165 2165 Mango 4 2000 8000 Red gram 1 3211 3211 Mango 6 2000 12000 2010 2011 2011

59

Case-6.7 Dinesh bhai Navalbhai Village: Motakakadi Amba Block: Sagbara Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 0.85 Acre Leased land: 10 acre Irrigated Land: 2.5 acre Age: 38 year D.O.B. 6th April, 1974. Education: B.A. Contact no. 9099821135 Background: Dinesh bhai got married in 1998, he has two sons and one daughter, one is in primary school and other is in 6 th class. Dinesh bhai stays with his mother, he has 0.85 acre of land but he took 10 acre land on lease for generate sustainable livelihood. In 1996, he did B.A. in Rajpipala village. It is 80 km away from his village. He well is educated person in his village. His wife is working for a KG school as helper (making some foods in KG school). That gives support to her family. Also he has one brother; sometimes his brother helped to in agriculture. After completing his of graduation he worked for 5 year in Oklas luggage making company Bhoisor (MH). He did hard work in that five years. Also, he got married in those days. But the salary he got over there was not sufficient for his family and his needs. Then he returned to his village. He didnt have any option to generate income for his livelihood. Then he decided to do work in agriculture while he is well educated. Also he got well respect in village due he is well educated. After sometimes his wife got job in KG school as a helper in same village, he got 500 p.m. salary. First year he has taken only four acre land on lease, after getting some benefit from that. Again he took more land on lease And side by side he is working as post of EV in AKRSP (I). He gives information about Govt. schemes & what type of work AKRSP (I) doing these villages for people.

60

Support: In 2003, Naina bahen and Ghanshyam bhai has conducted meeting in his village. That time only five people were ready to take wadi. And he is one of them. He took wadi in his land. He got 60 seedlings of mango (Keshar is 35 and Rajapuri is 25) but after sometime he faced the shortage of water for wadi. Out off total seedling he could survive only keshar 35 and 15 Rajapuri till today. Plant spacing in between each tree is 5X5 meter, due to less availability of land. He did cutting for every three year in mango-wadi. Still yet he didnt invest any money for wadi. All the input cost is given by AKRSP (I). paid of labor work done in wadi. And since, from last four year he is getting yield from mangowadi. From last two year he is selling mangos in Surat market, but there only problem he is facing selling of mangos in surat market is he have to sell his mangos through traders for that he should give the commission to traders. Changes: Dineshbahai has got some training programme in Netrang, Sagbara and some field visit of mango-wadi in nearby his village. Graph: 6.7.1 Average per Tree production

In above graph, last 4 year he gives mango production every year his production has been increase and he got money. In first year he gives only 4 KG per Trees production from plant then production was increase he got 5, 10, 14 per Tree production respectively, last year he got more production because he has done on pest attack practices. Last two year he sells to Surat market and gets more rates of yield mango. Also, he is doing intercropping in this wadi. He grows paddy, onion and chili. That he can sell in nearest market. Chili and onion are the vegetable are being used in KG school. 61

Still now he stays in Kuccha house now he makes a plan of making pucca house. Last year he got 18000 Rs. from mango-wadi. He said that mango wadi is like a Pension Plan for me. Graph: 5.7.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns:

As per above graph, farmer gets considerable fluctuate net return from mango wadi from 2003-2007 period as he took intercrop as vegetables due to availability of water. He got mango production in 2008 and this resulted in increase in net return three to four times more than previous year net return. But in year 2011, due to loss in production from intercrop his net return from wadi gets reduced. Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table:1.7

62

Table: 6.7.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Net return (gross return-TC) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns Paddy 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Onion Mango Paddy Onion Paddy Onion Paddy Onion Mango Paddy Onion Paddy Onion Chili Mango 7 8 0 6 8 6 9 7 8 0 6 8 7 5 1 2 624 699 0 501 338 587 584 610 604 0 681 520 921 1094 4500 1500 4368 5592 0 3006 2704 3522 5256 4270 4832 0 4086 4160 6447 5470 4500 3000

240 750 150 600 20 100 800 300 150 600 20 100 150 600 20 100 150 600 20 100 180 750 20 140 180 750 20 70 75 800 400 1365 4105 4.01 20 70 75 800 400 1365 3135 3.30 4930 19417 14487

100 600 1450 2918 3.01 2003

640 600 1360 4232 4.11

450 2540 -2540 0.00 5350 9960 4610

100 600 1450 1556 2.07

640 600 1360 1344 1.99 2810 5710 2900

100 600 1450 2072 2.43

640 600 1360 3896 3.86 2810 8778 5968

100 600 1450 2820 2.94

640 600 1360 3472 3.55 2930 9102 6172

120 120 -120 0.00

150 800 1880 2206 2.17

960 800 1920 2240 2.17 3800 8246 4446

150 800 1880 4567 3.43

320 320 2680 9.38

63

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return(A+B) Paid out cost of production Seeds Fertilizer (F.Y.M.) Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C) Net return (gross returnTC) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns

Paddy 7 1001 7007

2009 2010 2011 Onion Chili Mango Paddy Onion Chili Mango Paddy Onion Chili Mango 4 1 2.5 7 5 0.8 5 8 0 0 7 1306 5000 1800 920 2337 5000 2000 943 0 0 2000 5224 5000 4500 6440 11685 4000 10000 7544 0 0 14000

180 800

20 100 100 800 400 1420 3804 3.68

20 100 100 800 400 1420 3580 3.52 5190 21731 16541

240 900

20 100 100 800 400 1420

20 100 100 250 800 400 1420 2580 2.82 5880 32125 26245

240 1000

20 100 100 800 500 1520 -1520 0.00 6780 21544 14764

20 100 100 800 500 1520 1520 0.00

450 300 500 1250 12750 11.20

250 800 2030 4977 3.45

320 320 4180 14.06

250 1000 2390

400 650 9350 15.38

250 1000 2490 5054 3.03

4050 10265 2.69 8.23

64

Case 6. 8 Karansingh Damniya Village: Chimipatal Block: umarpada Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 14 acre Irrigated Land: 4 acre Age: 40 years Mob No. +91-9925670521 Education: 7th std.

Background: Karan singh has four sons, Nilesh is doing working in Daga Line Company in Wapi, Rahul has completed 12th std and now he is working in diamond store in Surat, Nipin and chetan are studying in school. Also, he has two brother and they are doing agriculture. He has 14 acre land. Out of that 4 acre land is under irrigation, remaining 10 acre is depends upon rain. As irrigation source he has one open well and it work only six month throughout the year. He uses the diesel engine for lifting the water from well. Due to less water availability he grow only one time crop in a year, before intervention he grow only paddy, Red gram, pearl millet cotton, Kang and some other crop. In his village irrigation is main problem and people grow only one time crop in a year. They are not satisfied doing in agriculture. Karan singh is a well known person in his village; in 2002-07 he was a Gram Panchayat Member. Then he switched there and he joins in watershed project in Taluka Panchayat projects, also he is SHG group head in his village. Also, his social work has to do in village, when they face any problem about institutional, Government, and more when they need? Support: In 2005, AKRSP (I) came in this village to help people, Members of AKRSP (I) brought new concept to develop the village and to improve the living condition of the villagers. when they comes in wadi project, AKRSP (I) employee Paras and Ramsingh has conducted meeting in his village, and also karan has attended this meeting he get information about wadi project. Then Karan singh thought of trying this new concept in 1one acre wadi. As all source of irrigation is available. In this meeting many people were present but many of them told I 65

dont have water source. How to get water to mango plant? Then only ten people are ready to take wadi in own farm. In 2005, he took one acre wadi in his own farm that time he got 38 keshar and 2 Rajapuri seedlings but after some time 14 Keshar plants were dead due to less availability of water. Now he has 26 mango plants in his mango wadi. He also got some fertilizer, equipments & pesticides i.e. (Vermicompost, Lim Powder, pesticides, spade, hoe and sickle) and he got Drip irrigation but he dont sufficient water to gives drip to mango. And he didnt take labor for mango till now for any operation he cares himself. In 2009 he has done pest attack but that year he is not getting mango then next two year he got flowering but there was no production till now every year he has suffer from various problems like pest attack, didnt make boundary to wadi that why people goes in wadi and do something wrong? Changes: Now Karan singh grows ground nut, Red gram, Maize and some other crops in intercropping pattern. Before wadi he didnt take any crop in this farm he just use for animal fodder then after he took wadi and he grow something and he get yield from this intercropping pattern. He has 1 cow and 1 buffalo that is support to his livelihood and he sustain in his life. That every day he sells 6 lit/day milk and he got average price 20-25 Rs. Before intervention he grows something like, paddy, Sorghum, Red gram and cotton but he didnt get that much yield but now he do SRI Farming procedure and he use Hybrid seeds that gives more yield. Before some years ago he got AKSRP (I) training in Chatpada in Dang and got an exposure to visit the palaces like mango-wadi and Bio-Gas plant in Gangapur in mandvi. In this training he got much more knowledge that he want.

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Graph: 6.8.1 Mango-wadi Net Income:

As per the above graph, till now from year 2005, farmer hasnt get production of mango from wadi. He made investment in drip irrigation in year 2005 resulted in more expenses than income and net return got decreased in that year. Then onward his net return came down in negative side as he took this wadi in waste land where there is no more water for irrigation. In year 2008, 2009 and 2011, net return comes in positive side because there considerable return from intercrop that he has taken in wadi.

67

Table: 6.8.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis:

year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt./Acre) Value of (Rs./Qt.) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross returnC) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) total cost total income recover income 2005 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 Ground Red Red Red Nut Mango gram gram Maize Maize Mango gram Mango Maize 2 0.8 0.6 3 4 0.8 3 1624 610 681 921 1001 920 943 3248 0 488 408.6 2763 4004 0 736 0 2829

1600 8750 750 500 300 300 600 1650 450 11600 150 150 150 240 690 150 200 150 240 740 100 0 225 400 725 100 300 225 400 725 240 540 200 200 200 320 920 100

250 250

250 500 850

1598 1.97

-11600 0.00 13250 3248 -10002

-202 0.71 690 488 -202

-331.4 0.55 740 408.6 -331.4

2038 3.81 725 2763 2038

3279 5.52

-540 0.00 1265 4004 2739

-184 0.80

-250 0.00 1170 736 -434

1979 3.33 850 2829 1979

68

Case- 6.9 Dhanji bhai bhai Bondabhai Village: Khopi Block: Sagbara Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 1 acre Irrigated Land: 1 acre Age: 38 years

Background: Dhanji bhai and his four brothers is a farmer. Five year ago his family has been divided and all of them used to stay separately in different houses. But they used to work together in same field. Dhanji bhai is younger brother among his family. Dhanji bhai has one daughter. She is studying in primary school. Dhanji bhai have 1 acre irrigated land. Source of irrigation is group well. But during summer season water level goes down. Well is constructed by AKRSP (I) for group of 8 farmers. And there are also group of 8 people for mobile engine. Dhanji bhai things due to more consumption of water lead to decrease in the level of water during summer. During summer season he can fetch water for 2hrs only in 2 days for each person. Before intervention he has migrated to other place Surat, Valsad and Bardoli for income generation of livelihood. There he got work of sugar cutting in 6-8 months in every year and he got only 20-30 Rs. /day. This amount is not sufficient for him to sustain livelihood. After some time he came back to his village and started doing Agri-labor work because he have only one acre land that is not sufficient for him. During that time it was joint family, his eldest brother manage all these things of livelihood. Khopi is 20 km far from Shelamba local market. Five year ago there was no transportation facility are available, people used bullock cart for transportation purpose. Also, due to sloppy and undulating land run of water occurs in that land before intervention. So it was hard to grow any crops. But later support provided by AKRSP (I) land was leveled up. And now Dhanji bhai can do cultivation on his own land. Now his life has changed then before.

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Support: When AKRSP (I) come in this village, they conducted meeting and provided us information about what they wont to do for us? At that time people was not having faith on those guys. Only six people have supported them. Taking those six people AKRSP (I) started to work on mango-wadi of those farmers. During that time people says (Ye Aga khan wale bad me apane upper karja dalenge mat jao unke sath then fir bhi humne wadi liya aaj vo wahi ke wahi hai hum unse age nikal Gaye) thats why I took border plantation in my farm. In 2005, Dhanji bhai took border plantation of mango-wadi in his one acre farm and he got 15 keshar and 20 Rajapuri seedlings but after some time 5 Rajapuri plants are dead. Now he has 30 mango plants in his mango wadi. He also got some fertilizer, equipments & pesticides i.e. (Vermicompost, pesticides, spade, hoe and ticum) and he didnt take labor for mango till now for any operation he cares his own family. Last 3 year he is getting yield of mango. Also, he grows cash crop, fodder and vegetable crops in his wadi. In border plantation of wadi he gives water from his group well. In intercropping he took vegetables like Brinjal and Ladies finger also he grows Bajari, paddy and fodder that is useful for his animal husbandry. Actually he took all these cash crops when he got group well water. Before group well he do only paddy in this farm. Changes: Before wadi, Dhanji bhai has done land leveling part and then he took only paddy on that farm land but could not get much more yield. Then he got group well in eight people that are helps to farm. He grown some vegetables and sold to village market and nearby villages. Graph : 6.9.1 Average per Tree production

70

In above graph, last 3 year he is getting good production of mango every year his production has been increase and he get money. In first year he give only 50KG production from some plant then production was increase he got 0.5, 3, 4 quintal respectively production, last two year has sell in Shelamba market. Now he has 2 buffalo that support to his livelihood and he can sustain in his life. Every day he sells 10 lit/day milk and he got average price 20-24 Rs. Before intervention he had done much more hard work, because he is uneducated person. Also, he does only traditional way of farming, now he has changes his thoughts and took wadi and also he doing SRI Farming procedure in paddy. Also, he says, Hamare liye Aga Khan Bhagwan hai (AKRSP (I) is god for us) Graph: 6.9.2 Mango-Wadi Net Returns:

As per above graph, due to intensive investment and low production in year 2005, the net return came down. Then onward his net return gets increased from year 2006-2011 from wadi because intercrop supports more in net return and in 2009 he got production of mango from wadi. This resulted in more net return from wadi then onwards. Breakeven point in 3rd year see annexure table:1.7 Table: 6.9.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis:

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2005 Brinja Crop Yield(Qt./Acre) Value of (Rs./Qt.) Gross Return(A) Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges Transportation labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis Total cost in a year Total income in year Recover Income -225 0.81 -425 0.65 6700 1800 -4900 300 1225 300 1225 600 4250 4250 0 3160 3.34 -240 0 1590 4510 2920 2848 2.83 -240 0 1790 4398 2608 4207 2.87 -320 0 2560 6447 3887 2755 2.2 1480 5.6 2570 6805 4235 3794 2.4 3450 4.28 3696 10940 7244 3905 2.44 4900 5.45 3796 12601 8805 450 1350 240 240 450 1550 240 240 1000 2240 320 320 1000 2250 320 320 1250 2646 200 375 200 150 200 375 200 150 1200 600 300 300 150 150 156 150 400 1050 1250 2696 1100 750 100 500 100 700 240 850 200 900 240 1000 500 156 200 400 1100 240 1050 500 l 2 500 1000 2005 Ladies finger 1 800 800 0 2005 Man go 2006 pearl mille 5 902 4510 0 2006 Man go 2007 pearl mille 6 733 4398 0 2007 Man go 2008 Padd y 7 921 6447 0 2008 Man go 2009 Padd y 5 1001 5005 2009 Man go 1 1800 1800 2010 Padd y 7 920 6440 2010 Mang o 3 1500 4500 Paddy 7 943 6601 Mango 4 1500 6000 2011 2011

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Case-6.10 Kiranbhai Ganpatbhai Vasava Village: Chandravan Block: Valia Dist.: Bharuch (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 9 acre Irrigated Land: 3 acre Age: 38 years Mob No. +91-9979043837 Education: B.A.sy. Background: Kiran bhai has 3 children, 2 boys & a girl who all are going to school, and also he has three sisters they all are married. Now he stays with his father, he have 9 acre of land. In 1994 he done B.A.sy in Rajpipala village, he has educated person in his village. In this time his father is cultivating all own agriculture work and he make marriage in 26th year. Also, he have work in local NGOs & Govt. projects like first he works in MANAV JIVAN VIKAS for one year he works on vermin compost then he thought can I work for children education? Then he join in SARVA SHIKSHA ABHIYAN for three year and he got some experience and when he works that time he got knowledge about new agriculture intervention that was helps to his own farm and last 5 year he spends all time in his own farm. Actually, he has 9 acre land in he gives to water only 3 acre of land. For irrigation source he has one open well that works in only June to till December in every year and one bore well works in whole year but in summer he gives less quantity of water. Kiran bhai is well known person in his village, in his village one Piyat mandali (Water User Association) has formed by AKRSP (I) named as DI JAI ADIWASHI PIYAT SAHKARI MANDALI In this piyat mandali (Water User Association) there is 13 farmers. Also his social work has to do in village something helps to people, when they face any problem about institutional, Government and more when they need? Support: When AKRSP (I) comes in this area they work do well, and when they comes in wadi project that time they conducted meeting in my village and also Im attended that meeting and that people told, what is this? Only 3 farmers got ready to take wadi in their own land.

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In his village main problem is irrigation facility is not well because people think no water no special. Because they on grow on in rainy season they think after December where to get water to mango plant. In 2002, he took half acre wadi in his own farm that time he got 18 keshar and 7 Rajapuri seedlings but after some time 2 Rajapuri plants are dead. Now he has 23 mango plants in his mango wadi. He also got some fertilizer, equipments & pesticides i.e. (Vermicompost, Lim Powder, pesticides, spade, hoe and sickle) and after 1 year he got Drip irrigation in only 1500 Rs. Cost. And he didnt take labor for mango till now for any operation he cares his own family. After some days he is getting yield of mango then in AKRSP (I) still there running this project then he thought also I can take half acre wadi then he took in 2008 half acre wadi now he have total 1 acre wadi. He do intercropping in wadi because thats why also water gives to mango plant he only 2 year use drip irrigation system. In wadi he gives water from his bore well and every month he got 200-250 electricity bills. In intercropping he took first year Brinjal he get 15 quintal yield and every year he took Paddy, fodder, water melon, chili that is first five year taken this crops then Till now every year he took paddy in this intercropping pattern. Actually he got much more yield in first 5 year then after 5 year he taken only paddy.

Changes: Before wadi he took only paddy on that farm and dont get much more yield. In 2002 he dig bore well and that time he took some vegetables and sell to local market Netrang is 4 km from Chandravan village, also his sell on highway road.

74

Graph: 6.10 average per tree production

Last 4 year he gives mango production every year his production has been increase and he get money. In first year he give only 50KG production from some plant then production was increase he got 1.7, 5.5, 39 quintal respectively production, last year he got more production because he has done on pest attack practices. Last year he sell to Ganadevi market by AKRSP (I) support and get more rates of yield mango. Also, he has mandi member of FRUIT & VEGETABLE HARIT SANG VICHAN. Now he wants to fruits and vegetables COLD STORAGE facility, because AKRSP (I) gives in this area some vegetable mandap (stacking for creeper vegetable) and mango wadi but people not get that time price on right time when you provide us cold storage facility then that gives us much more profit. Table : 6.10.1 Animal Husbandry:
Animal Husbandry Month in year Lit./Rs. Per day milk in Lit. year Total amount in year 12600 43200 47520 51840 2004 7 15 4 2009 12 20 6 2160 2010 12 22 6 2160 2011 12 24 6 2160

Total gives milk in 840

He has 3 cows and 1 buffalo that is support to his livelihood and he sustain in his life. That every day he sell 6 lit/day milk and he got average price 22-27 Rs. in 2004, he buy one cow and that he grow only fodder in wadi area it useful for his cow. 75

Graph: 6.10.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

In above chart, as the farmer changes intercrop year to year, net return also gets varies. In year 2002 he took brinjal as intercrop so that he could possible to overcome investment and got good net return. In year 2005,as he took watermelon as intercrop, net return rose considerably. Then onward net return gets fluctuated on negative as well as positive side. Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.10.2 intercropping cost & benefits analysis:

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Intercropping cost & Benefit year of sowing 2002 2002 Mang Crop Yield(Qt./Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges Transportation labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis total cost total income recover income 12310 4.85 -8580 0 11770 15500 3730 1196 1.92 -1740 0 3040 2496 -544 0 -1000 0 -2620 0 3620 0 -3620 43500 12.6 3750 47250 43500 3950 2.49 -1160 0 3810 6600 2790 -157 0.92 2200 2043 -157 563 1.2 -400 0.71 3600 3763 163 573 1.23 -210 0.85 3830 4193 363 -910 0.66 13000 7.5 4750 16840 12090 -884 0.68 7875 4.75 4870 11861 6991 1250 3190 450 8580 300 1300 240 1740 200 1000 120 2620 600 3750 800 2650 160 1160 1200 2200 1200 2200 400 1400 1200 2430 400 1400 1500 2750 500 2000 1500 2770 500 2100 300 240 400 1000 2700 700 1500 250 1500 500 1500 980 2250 500 250 200 100 1000 1000 750 500 900 500 300 300 750 500 500 500 500 500 1000 200 300 200 300 1000 250 480 1000 250 500 1000 500 250 520 1000 600 Brinjal 15.5 1000 15500 0 o Paddy 4 624 2496 0 0 0 2003 2003 Mang o 2004 Fodde r Mango 2004 2005 Water melon 31.5 1500 47250 Chili 6.6 1000 6600 0 2006 2006 Mang o Paddy 3 681 2043 2007 2008 Padd y 3 921 2763 2008 Man go 50 20 1000 2009 Padd y 3 1001 3003 2009 Man go 1.7 700 1190 2010 Padd y 2 920 1840 2010 Mang o 7.5 2000 15000 2011 Padd y 2 943 1886 2011 Mang o 5.7 1750 9975

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Case -6.11 Lalubhai Jaisinghbhai Tade

Village: Ghondadevi Block: Sagbara Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 1 acre Irrigated Land: 1 acre Age: 50 years Mob No. +91-9426771633 Education: 3 rd std.

Background: Lalu bhai has 2 sons. Both sons are well settling in their life. Elder son is working under building construction work and younger one is doing the work of lapidary (person who cuts gemstones) in Gujarat. Within a couple of days they will be back to Ghondadevi for agriculture purpose. Grandson and daughter of Lalu bhai are still studying in school. Lalu bhai has 1.5 acre of land and all are irrigated land, he is a farmer. Before mango- wadi intervention he had been migrated to other places like, Ankleshwar, Surat and nearby places. Lalu bhai use to migrate for to sustain livelihood for four month during dry season. While he migrates he used to work as a labor in construction of building. In 2002, Dam was constructed for source of irrigation. After construction of this Dam water was available till 6 months. And other 6 months was dry land. Being this facility available very few farmers were benefitted through this source of irrigation. Also, he have one open well which is used for horticulture. As Lalu is a laborious person. After long journey of hard work, now he has own wadi (agricultural Land). Both the sons are also self dependent i.e. now they do not take money from his father. Lalu and his family are now living happily. Ghondadevi is 7 km away from Shelamba local market and 2 km far from Sagbara market. He goes nearby market to sell all agriculture yield vegetable and fruits.

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Support: During the time of construction of Dam (2002), AKRSP (I) also provided full support in constructing of Dam. In 2002, Jairam bhai, Manisha bahen and Sursh patel these AKRSP (I) employees come to my village and conducted a meeting about mango-wadi which can provide sustainable life. Villagers attended this meeting and some farmers liked it the plan mango (wadi) and willing to adopt this plan on their farm. But Lalu bhai is not ready to take wadi in his farm then Manisha bahen had told him why cant you adopt wadi in your kitchen garden? Use kitchen garden for the purpose of wadi. Lalu bhai agree to use his kitchen garden. And in first year he bought 10 mango seedlings and planted it. After one year he got 15 kg mangos from this plant. Then he came to know the benefit he may get from mango-wadi. And then in 2003, he was ready to use his 1 acre of land and 70 mangos seeds he bought it (30 keshar and 40 Rajapuri seedlings) after some time due to irrigation problem occurred. Now Lalu bhai is left with only 51 (18 keshar and 31 Rajapuri Trees). When Lalu took wadi during that time he had done all work in wadi alone, and didnt hire any labor for operation of mango- wadi. Even AKRSP (I) has also given all input like seedlings, some equipments, fertilizers and pesticides. Still he gives only 2 trolleys F.Y.M. And 1 lit. Pesticides in his own cost. And any other support required AKRP (I) provide him.

Impact: Also, he does intercropping in paddy crops i.e. wheat, maize, same beans which he got more yield, now he is doing SRI Farming procedure in paddy and wheat that he got more yield in less input. Before intervention he does only traditional way of farming in his land. Last four years he got yield of mango. For two year he has been sold mangoes in Surat market. He got more prices but he has pay commission to trader in Surat.

79

Graph: 6.11.1 Mango-wadi Production chart:

Last four he got mango yield and first three year his production has been increased last year production has decrease by 4 kg per Tree because he has not done any pest attack. Thats why mango yield has reduces. He have two cows and one buffalo that give 5 lit./day milk, 7 month in a year, that will help us for sustainable livelihood. Also he made pucca house last year. Every year he thinks I will buy new asset from mango-wadi. Also, he got training in Netrang, Junagadh and he visit in Aga Khan University. He got exposure visit in nearby places. He got training on SRI Farming procedure, Mango-wadi & some other interventions based on agriculture.

Table: 6.11.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2004 Padd Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) Value of (Rs./Qt.) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipment Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) total cost total Income Recover amount 0.88 1.59 13960 6946 -7014 0 0.76 0.80 5400 4245 -1155 1.74 5.86 3950 13060 9110 1.45 2800 4086 1286 1.80 9.37 5870 13000 7130 1.21 42.18 3620 17504 13884 0.74 27.2 4450 23160 18710 0.72 22.85 4550 18802 14252 -256 1842 -8600 -539 -616 1820 7290 1286 4450 2680 704 13180 -940 19650 -1048 15300 100 750 2260 400 600 3100 0 600 8600 100 750 2300 400 600 3100 100 750 2450 200 300 1500 150 1000 2800 750 1600 5550 320 320 150 1000 3300 320 320 250 1250 3700 400 750 560 850 0 1200 600 300 2800 1000 0 3600 600 600 850 1200 600 300 600 1000 400 600 0 650 1000 250 950 2000 350 250 1250 3850 400 700 300 900 1250 900 1300 900 1450 y 4 501 2004 Wheat 7 706 4942 0 2004 2004 Mang o 0 Paddy 3 587 1761 2005 2005 Whea t 3 828 2484 Paddy 7 610 4270 Maize 10 879 8790 Paddy 6 681 4086 2006 2006 2007 2008 Same beans 10 1000 10000 Mango 2 1500 3000 Paddy 4 1001 4004 Mango 7.5 1800 13500 Paddy 3 920 2760 Mango 10 2040 20400 Paddy 3 934 2802 Mango 8 2000 16000 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011

81

Graph: 6.11.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns Table:

The input cost in the first year (2004) was high which included cost of drip set, pesticides, fertilizers etc. In the second year (2005) he also cultivated paddy and wheat in kharif and rabi seasons respectively as intercrops. In 2006 he cultivated maize for cattle along with paddy whereas in 2007 he grew only paddy. But due to scarcity of irrigation water, the yield of paddy was less. From 2008 he started harvesting mangoes and the yield has been increasing since then except in 2011 due to pest attack. Breakeven point in 3rd year see annexure table:1.7

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Case -6.12 Laxman Padvi Village: Umarda Block: umarpada Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 3 acre Irrigated Land: 3 acre Age: 31 years Mob No. +91-9537457757 Education: 10th std.

Background :( Background) Laxman has one son and two daughters. His father has three brothers, they all doing agriculture. He has two sisters both are married. Laxman is doing agriculture with his father. Agriculture is main occupation of his family. He studied up to 10th std. then he has done ITI in electrician in 1998, but he could not get job, because he was not having interest in studying. Then he wanted to help his father in his occupation of agriculture, but his father told him we dont have that much land why you want to do agriculture? Then he decides to migrate in Ankleswar and got job in packaging company. He works five year in this company. And he did hard work in that five years. Also, he got married in those days. But the salary he got over there was not sufficient for his family and his needs. Then he returned to his village. He didnt have any option to generate income for his livelihood. Then he decided to do work in agriculture He has 3 acre land all are irrigated land. For irrigation source he has one open well that works throughout the year in summer water level goes down. In Umarda there is only six people has bore well facility and eight people have open well. In this area water facility is too low. He is member of SMC committee member it works in improve child education (Literacy). In 2005 he is married and he joins in agriculture. In 2005, AKRSP (I) working in this area on wadi project and they also came to my village and conducted meeting. That time only eight people were ready to take wadi plan. And among those members he is one of them. He took wadi in his land. He got 50 seedlings of mango (Keshar is 35 and Rajapuri is 15) and all Trees has survivals, Plant spacing in between each tree is 10X10 meter. He did digging for planting mango, as well as he got equipments, 83

fertilizers and pesticides (Ticum, Pavda, parayi, vermicompost, pesticides) from AKRSPI. And last two year he did pest attack. Graph: 6.12.1 mango production average

In above graph, from last two year he is getting yield from mango-wadi. but in first year he got on average 3 KG production of per Tree then next year he has done some pest attack and gives two trolley F.Y.M. that gives support to plant operation and next year his production was increased then he got 17 KG per Tree production. From last year he is selling mangos

in own village. Because in his village people are mango booked for making pickle. Before wadi he took only paddy on that farm and dont get much more yield. In 2005 he took wadi in this land and he grows some vegetables and getting good yield he sell to local market Bedwan is 1 km from Umarda village, and transportation purpose he use Bullock cart and Cycle. He has 2 cows and 1 buffalo that is support to his livelihood and he sustain in his life. That every day he sell 4 lit/day milk and he got average price 25-30 Rs. / lit. Still now he stays in cache home, now he makes a plan of making puce house. Last year he got 20000 Rs. from mango-wade. He said that mango wade is like a Pension Plan for me.

84

Graph: 6.12.2 Mango-wade Net Returns:

In year 2005, due to intensive investment and low productivity, net return came down. Then onwards due to intercropping he got some return from wadi and these results in positive net return. In year 2009, due to onion as intercrop he got good net return from wadi. As mango production started from 2010, he makes considerable net return from wadi in year 2011. Breakeven point in 5th year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.12.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

85

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2005 2005 2006 2007 2007 Maiz Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR TC basis (gross 1.23 16000 3522 -12478 0 2.5 1650 4270 2620 2.88 1.5 2500 6099 3599 1.70 3250 5526 2276 2.80 7.24 4210 21006 16796 2.37 2.3 2.56 5210 12520 7310 5.39 3.28 3.77 14.04 8170 49277 41107 672 -13150 2620 3117 482 2276 3866 12930 3200 2280 1830 18307 3480 3530 15790 100 750 2850 600 13150 200 1800 1500 300 100 750 1650 2000 8750 200 600 200 600 0 100 750 1650 200 300 850 100 250 200 1900 0 150 1000 3250 150 1000 2140 240 750 20 350 300 600 800 2070 240 900 0 180 1000 2320 20 200 300 600 600 1720 500 1170 670 180 1250 4170 250 750 1520 240 2500 20 500 20 200 250 300 500 1270 500 1210 710 Paddy 6 587 3522 0 Mango Paddy 7 610 4270 Paddy 7 681 4767 e 2 666 1332 Paddy 6 921 5526 Paddy 6 1001 6006 Onion 30 500 15000 Paddy 6 920 5520 Chili 0.8 5000 4000 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2010 Mang o 1.5 2000 3000 Paddy 7 3211 22477 Brinjal 5 1000 5000 Onion 8 600 4800 Mango 8.5 2000 17000 2011 2011 2011 2011

return/TC) total cost total income recover income

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Case - 6.13 Murji Kathodia Village: Satvan (Kavangai) Block: umarpada Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 0.75 acre Irrigated Land: 0.75 acre Age: 61 years Mob No. +91-9725576411 Education: 8th std.

Murji has two sons, they are doing agriculture and both are married. But before five year his family was divided and he stays alone with his wife due to misunderstanding of family members. But he is happy now. He has one daughter, also he has one brother, he is doing agriculture and he has three sisters they all are married & they all are happy. His family occupation is agriculture. But he is not having sufficient land, when he started doing agriculture, he took land on leased for generate income for livelihood. He has two acre of land but now he has only 0.75 acre land. And they all have taken leased land one son has taken 15 acre and other one 12 acre land and he took 10 acre land this year. Every year he does this way to generate income; by the time he did not migrated to other places he was doing only agriculture. All his land is irrigated land. For irrigation source he has one open well but it does not work throughout the year. He uses the Diesel engine for lifting water from well to farm. Before one year ago he digs one bore well and he could find water below 264 ft. But now he has no electric connection and even he has no sufficient money to pick up water through diesel engine. Before intervention he grows only paddy in his own land but later on he started getting irrigation source and he grow twice in a year. Now he took some vegetable in his farm Also, before intervention of land leveling of land is too sloppy and undulating land which leads to run of water. So it was hard to grow any crops. But later on land was leveled up and now he can do cultivation in better way. He has done land leveling in his own budget. In 2005, AKRSP (I) comes in Mango-wadi project in this area. Member of AKRSP (I) named Ram bhai and Sumitra bahen came in my village and conducted meetings but people are not ready to take wadi. Then they give some examples of wadi project. Then finally only 87

six people were ready to take wadi during that time, among them Satvan was one of them. These guys have explained all benefit of mango-wadi and how to change our agriculture pattern? Because they dont have irrigation source, people think how to get water to mango plant. Finally he is ready to take wadi in his farm. He got 25 mango seedlings (22 keshar and 3 Rajapuri seedlings) after getting wadi he prepared the land for wadi. He got the supports of equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (Ticum, Pavda, parayi, vermicompost, pesticides, Drip irrigation) from the organization. Plant spacing in between each tree is 10X10 meter; finally he saw the benefits of wadi project. Since from one year he is getting yield from mango-wadi, and he is selling these mangos in his own village. Also, now he is satisfied for taking wadi in his farm. He gives some fertilizers for getting more income. Before few year ago he has got exposure visit in this places he got SHG Training, visit to mango-wadi in nearby places. Also, he told first I dont has interest to making-wadi but when he got some production from this wadi then he changed his mind and he is sustain in his life because in wadi he does not have to invest more money, he need to look every time and provide source of water regularly. And in return he gets sufficient output. He has 1 buffalo that support to his livelihood and he is able to sustain in his life. His sell 6 lit/day milk and he got average price 23-25 Rs. /lit. Now he grows intercropping like some vegetables and sells in his village and generates some income to sustain livelihood. Till he has done lots of hard work in his life but upcoming his life is going on secure and sustainable. The wadi is pension plan for him today onwards dont have to invest money and get some money from this.

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Graph: 6.13.1 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

In above graph, farmer invested more amount of money in year 2005 resulted in low net return. After that his net return goes on increasing as he took intercrop paddy, onion, ladies finger in year 2006,2007,2008,2009.2010 respectively. Mango production started in year 2011 and this also support him to gain more net return in year 2011. Breakeven point in 5th year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.13.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) total cost total income recover income

2005 Paddy 4 587 2348

2005

2006

2007

2008

Mango Paddy Paddy Paddy 5 4 4 610 681 921 0 3050 2724 3684 1000 8750

2008 2008 2009 2009 2009 Ladies Brinjal finger Tomato Paddy Onion Brinjal 1 1 1 5 1 1.5 1000 1000 1000 1001 1306 1200 1000 1000 1000 5005 1306 1800

2008

180 300

600 300

180 300 180 900 1560 1490 1.96 1560 3050 1490

180 900 750 1560 11400 788 -11400 1.51 0.00 12960 2348 -10612

180 300 0 180 900 1560 1164 1.75 1560 2724 1164

180 325 0 180 900 1585 2099 2.32

20 60 120 450 650 350 1.54

20 60 120 400 600 400 1.67

20 60 120 400 600 400 1.67 3435 6684 3249

240 350 180 1200 1970 3035 2.54

20 75 180 400 675 631 1.93

20 75 180 400 675 1125 2.67 3320 8111 4791

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return(A+B) Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) total cost total income recover income

2010

2010

Paddy Onion 4 2 920 2337 3680 4674

2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 2011 Ground Ground Nut Mango Paddy Onion Nut Mango 0.6 6 2 0.6 1 3117 943 639 3684 3000 1870.2 0 5658 1278 2210.4 3000

240 400 0 240 1200 2080 1600 1.77

20 100 500 500 1120 3554 4.17

20 100 750 750 1620 250.2 1.15

240 500 180 1500 2420 3238 2.34

20 500 240 1500 2260 -982 0.57

150 160 240 750 1300 910.4 1.70

400 400 -400 0.00 5220 10224.2 5004.2

500 500 2500 6.00 6480 12146.4 5666.4

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Case- 6.14 Rajesh Murji Vasava Village: Amali Block: Mandvi Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 3 acre Irrigated Land: 3 acre Age: 32 year Education: 12th std. Contact no. 09979648348

Background: Rajesh has one son. He is studied in primary school. He has three brothers and all are doing in agriculture. He is an eldest brother in his family and he is responsible person, he got married before seven year ago. Before intervention he migrates to other places like Surat, Bardoli due to lack of irrigation sources and also to generate more income for sustainable livelihood. He worked on construction sector. He has 3 acre of land and all the land is well irrigated. Before wadi intervention some part of land was came under kind of pasture land and left over land used to grow paddy, Sorghum. He took single crop through the year. In 1992, AKRSP (I) came to village that time organization was working on water shed management project and they created one piyat mandali (Water User Association) in 1993, they form group in village named as (DI AMLI SAHAKARI KHETI PIYAT MANDALI (WATER USER ASSOCIATION) LTD. AMLI) Also they have established committee of 11 people for taking care of the project. That time 137 people were registered to this mandali. Then in 1994 the work has been started and it getting water from in 1997, the lifting water availed to entire village who wants water then now he has to pay 20 Rs. for 1/hr. Before intervention of land leveling his land was too sloppy and undulating land which leads to run of water. So it was hard to grow any crops. But later on in 1998, AKRSP (I) provided a support and land was leveled up and now he can do cultivation in better way. Again in 2003 organization came with MANGO WADI project. For the mango wadi project they conducted meeting. That time near about 7 people were ready to take the project and he 92

was one of them. In 2003, He took wadi, from AKRSP (I) in one acre land and he got 36 mango seedlings (18 keshar and 18 Rajapuri seedlings) after getting wadi he prepared the land for wadi. He got the supports of equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (Ticum, Pavda, parayi, vermicompost, pesticides, Drip irrigation) from the organization. Plant spacing in between each tree is 8X8 meter; finally he saw the benefits of wadi project. He is doing intercropping in this wadi, in first five year he took only Ground Nut in that land. Now he is taking only fodder for animal husbandry that is giving him an additional income for sustainable livelihood. Table: 6.14.1 Animal Husbandry:
Animal Husbandry Month in year Lit./Rs. Per day milk in Lit. year Total amount in year 36000 45000 60480 64800 2008 12 25 4 2009 12 25 5 1800 2010 12 28 6 2160 2011 12 30 6 2160

Total gives milk in 1440

Also, he has two cow and two buffaloes. He sells 6 lit. Milk per day to dairy. He is getting more support for his sustainable livelihood by selling milk. AKRSP (I) has been provided finance for buying cow in 2008.

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Graph: 6.14.2 Average per Tree production

Since 3 year he is taking mango production. Production of wadi is increasing every year. In first year he got 4 Quintals production. Then production was increased in next year, he got 8 and 11 quintal production respectively. He is selling these mangos in Surat market (Sardar patel market). But he is not getting price in this market because he sells to trader and they gives less price for mangos. Before some years ago he got AKSRP (I) training in Netrnag, Mandvi and got an exposure to visit the palaces like SRI Farming procedure, mango-wadi and Bio-Gas plant in nearby. This is my pension plan; he gives money in my whole life. And every year increase but not decrease.

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Graph 6.14.1 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

In above graph, in first five year he got good income, and he had recovered input cost of mango wadi in first five year and he grow only ground nut in intercropping. From 2008 he grows only fodder as intercrop in wadi. It support to his agriculture and to generate income from animal husbandry. It changes in to sustainable livelihood. Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.14.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2003 Ground Crop Yield(Qt./Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR TC basis (gross 3.31 6000 6200 200 0 4.754 1870 8890 7020 3.29 1970 6496 4526 3.79 2270 8620 6350 4.68 2070 9692 7622 0 950 0 -950 0 9.67 1470 6000 4530 0 12 2050 14400 12350 0 16.5 2050 19800 17750 4330 -4130 7020 4526 6350 7622 -950 -850 5380 -850 13200 -850 18600 320 450 1870 600 4130 320 450 1870 320 450 1970 320 450 2270 320 450 2070 950 850 500 500 320 620 850 500 600 600 300 1480 1150 500 600 600 600 0 600 700 200 600 700 0 350 100 300 500 400 1200 850 350 350 0 300 500 500 500 1200 700 350 Nut 4 1550 6200 0 Mango 2003 2004 Groun d Nut 5 1778 8890 2005 Ground Nut 4 1624 6496 2006 Ground Nut 4 2155 8620 2007 Ground Nut 4 2423 9692 0 0 2008 Fodde r 0 2009 Fodde r 0 Mango 4 1500 6000 0 Fodder 0 2009 2010 2010 Mang o 8 1800 14400 0 Fodder 0 2011 2011 Mang o 11 1800 19800

return/TC) total cost total income recover income

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Case: 6. 15 Govind Surajibhai Village: Almawadi Block: Dediapada Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 4.5 acre Irrigated Land: 2.5 acre Age: 70 years Education: 12th std. Service: Post Master

Background: Govind has two daughters, Madhu is in 12th class and Nilu has done B.A. and they all are staying in Bharuch. Govind died two year ago. He has done 35 year service of post master; he is a notorious person in his village. He has 7 brothers and 3 sisters they all are married, but one younger brother Ramesh has to see his agriculture last ten year. Suraji has two sons and one girl all is going to school. In 1994, he has done B.A. in economics then he has done 7 year service in university of Gujarat as post on training department. Then he came to his village and his family was divided that year and he is doing in agriculture now. Also, he has taken leased land from his brother but Govind has paid him some money. In Almawadi, many people are well educated and people called as Almawadi educated village. For education purpose students go outside the village. He has 4.5 acre of land, but only 2.5 acre land are irrigated and 2 acre land is on rain fed. For irrigation source he has bore well it working throughout the year. He uses the electric motor for lifting water from well for that he pays 200-250 Rs for 2-month. Before, Wadi he was growing paddy, Sorghum and some crops. During that time he took single crop throughout the year. Also he didnt get not much of yield from single crop. Then he thought we can change our cropping pattern and make some cash crops like, Cotton, Red gram and some vegetable crops that he growing in this year. AKRSP (I) support with irrigation facility to Almawadi village there is one open well which is much more water available in that open well. From open well farmer use it as source irrigation. Because he has lifting water pipeline is available in whole village area. Those time

97

farmers are satisfied from getting yield from his farm. Then after some time due to lack of maintenance by well committee well has been dry. Also in 2003, AKRSP (I) came with Mango-Wadi Project, for the mango-wadi project they conducted meeting. At that time near about 15 people were ready to take the project and he was one of them but he knows almost services of organization. In 2003, He took wadi, from AKRSP (I) in 2.5 acre land and he got 150 mango seedlings (75 keshar and 75 Rajapuri seedlings) and his own contribution he bought 100 more mango seedlings of Keshar. After getting wadi he prepared the land for wadi. He got the supports of equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (Ticum, Pavda, parayi, vermicompost, pesticides, Drip irrigation) from the organization and also buy own contribution which he wants extra. Also, he gives F.Y.M. and last three year he has done pest attack. Plant spacing in between each tree is 8X8 meter; he is cutting trees from last three year. Finally he saw the benefits of wadi project.
Chart : 6.15.1 Mango-wadi paid out cost:

In above graph, he has 35% spent money on fertilizer and 21% labor cost is the second highest cost because he has done lot of work in wadi. He is doing intercropping in this wadi; he is taking paddy, cotton and Red gram in that land. Last three year he has not taken any crop he grows only fodder and gets some income from these. That is giving him an additional income for sustainable livelihood. In below graph, we have seen From Last 4 year mango production has been increasing and he gets money. In first year he give only 5 quintals production from some plant then

production was increase he got 10, 15, 22 quintal respectively production, last year he got 98

more production because he has done on pest attack practices. Last year he sell to Ganadevi market by AKRSP (I) support and get more rates of yield mango. Graph: 6.15.1 Average per Tree production

Graph 6.15.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

In above graph, due to some intensive investment in wadi, he couldnt possible to generate more income in year 2003 and thus net return goes down. Then after, he took intercrop as paddy, Red gram and this supported him to get good income and net return. Mango production started in year 2009 and this helps him to increase his net return from year 2009 to 99

2011. Before some years ago he got AKSRP (I) training in Netrnag, Dediapada and got an exposure to visit the palaces like mango-wadi and SRI Farming procedure. Now he wants to have fruits and vegetables COLD STORAGE facility, because AKRSP (I) gives in this area some vegetable mandap (staking for creeper vegetable) and mango wadi but people not get that time price on right time when you provide us cold storage facility then that gives us much more profit. Breakeven point in 4th year see annexure table:1.7

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Table: 6.15.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return(A+B) Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Net return (gross return-TC) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns 2003 Paddy 20 624 12480 2003 2003 2004 2004 2004 2005 2005 2005 2006 2006 2006 Red Red Red Red gram Mango Paddy gram Mango Paddy gram Mango Cotton gram Mango 3 0 18 3 20 2 8 2 1288 0 501 1540 587 1776 1935 2875 3864 0 9018 4620 11740 3552 15480 5750 10000 1500 1000 850 250 2400 4500 7980 2.77 300 425 19500 300 600 250 250 600 6400 1875 38250 1989 -38250 2.06 0.00 44625 16344 -28281 1000 850 250 2400 4500 4518 2.00 300 425 300 250 600 1875 2745 2.46 6625 13638 7013 1000 850 250 250 -250 0.00 250 2400 4500 7240 2.61 300 425 300 250 600 1875 1677 1.89 6625 15292 8667 1000 1000 1000 250 3000 6250 9230 2.48 300 450 250 600 1600 4150 3.59 8100 21230 13130 250 250 -250 0.00

250 250 -250 0.00

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Net return (gross return-TC) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns

2007 Cotton 10 2281 22810 1000 1000 1000 250 4000 7250 15560 3.15

2007 2007 2008 2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 Red Red gram Mango Cotton gram Mango Fodder Mango Fodder Mango Fodder Mango 2 2 10 3 5 1 10 1 15 1 22 1670 1500 2644 2115 1800 5000 1800 5000 2200 6000 2000 3340 3000 26440 6345 9000 5000 18000 5000 33000 6000 44000 500 500 300 250 800 2350 990 1.42 9850 29150 19300 250 250 2750 12.00 200 400 500 550 300 250 800 2400 3945 2.64 9700 41785 32085 1000 250 1200 2450 6550 3.67

250 4000 4850 21590 5.45

0 5000

500 1200 1000 1200 3900 14100 4.62 3900 23000 19100

0 5000

700 1500 1000 1500 4700 28300 7.02 4700 38000 38000

1000 1000 1500 3500 40500 12.57 3500 50000 46500

0 6000

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Case 6. 16 Ramsingh Bablia Village: Kalijaman Block: Umarpada Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 3.5 acre Irrigated Land: 2.5 acre Age: 60 year Education: 9th std. Ramsingh has 2 sons & 2 daughters they all are married. One is Mahesh who studied only 7 th class and Bharatbhai is 10 th pass. Both are working in agriculture. He has three brothers, one is died and two are doing agriculture. He have 3.5 acre of land. Out of that 2.5 acre land is irrigated and remaining one acre is on rain fed. Before wadi intervention, this land were comes in pasture land and left over land he used to grow like, Hukka, paddy, cotton and Sorghum. He took single crop through the year. Also, he has done some pre agriculture practices like, land leveling and bounding that his land will be use full for taking wadi and growing cash crop in intercropping. Kalijaman is 3 km far from kevadi local market, all village people used to sell agriculture yield in kevadi local market. In 2000, he thought that he can dig open well in his farm? Then that year he took first open well in his farm and he hire diesel engine from his relatives then after some year in 2004 he buy one mobile engine and in summer season he faced shortage of water due to low level of water. To resolve this problem he took another open well in 2006, second open well running trough out the year. From that year he is taking Kharip as well as Rabi season In 1995, AKRSP (I) worked in nearby villages thats comes in Bharuch district. And some employees were came in village they conducted meeting that time he attended this meeting. At that time 12 people were ready to take wadi in their own farm. That time he got 20 seedlings (Keshar 10 and 10 Rajapuri seedlings). Actually he has done digging for mango plant at own hard work. All these input cost has been given by AKRSP (I). Till now he has not invest his money. Also he always tried to do something new in his farm like he uses the SRI farming procedure. Also he uses the ground nut drill machine for harvesting ground nut.

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Farmers from his region get inspired to do agriculture like he is doing. To his hard working strength he is popular in this area. Graph: 6.16.1 Average per Tree production

In the above graph, his average Tree production is increase every year. In mango he got 2250, 10800, 12000, 14000 Rs. respectively in last 4 year production of mango. It is supported to agriculture pattern. Last two year he has not invested money on wadi. Also, till now he has not done any pest attack in mango-wadi. He got some exposure visit to Netrang and nearby places of his village. Also he got some training programme on new intervention that works in his area. He got interest to learn new knowledge about cropping pattern. Also, he attended meeting and programme conducted in nearby village on agriculture practices. Also, he got Bio-Gas plant from AKRSP (I) that is helping him for cooking food. He has one cow and 2 buffalos that he is doing milk business. Every day he sell 4 litter milk to Sumul dairy in his village. That gives more help for his sustainable livelihood.

104

Graph: 6.16.2 Mango-wadi Net-Returns Charts:

He was growing Paddy and ground nut as inter crop, from starting he got good return from these intercrops, as he has irrigation source as well as all inputs, he could met irrigation requirement of the crops. Since 2007 Wadi started giving good yield and thereby good return, above graph shows how his income increased after 2007. Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table:1.7

105

Table: 6.16.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis

year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer (Urea, F.Y.M.) Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns 2003 2004 2005 2006 Ground Ground Ground Ground Paddy Nut Mango Paddy Nut Paddy Nut Paddy Nut Mango 6 4 6.5 4 6.5 4.5 6 4.5 624 1550 501 1778 587 1624 610 2155 3744 6200 0 3256.5 7112 3815.5 7308 3660 9697.5 0 800 500 100 400 60 600 1160 2584 3.23 500 400 240 450 1590 4610 3.90 5400 9944 4544 900 450 2650 -2650 0.00 100 100 60 600 860 2396.5 3.79 500 100 100 120 240 60 450 600 1290 880 5822 2935.5 5.51 4.34 2150 10368.5 8218.5 500 120 240 450 1310 5998 5.58 2190 11123.5 8933.5 200 490 60 600 1350 2310 2.71 700 490 240 450 1880 7817.5 5.16 3700 13357.5 9657.5 350 120 470 -470 0.00

106

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return(A) Paid out cost of production Seeds Fertilizer (Urea, F.Y.M.) Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns

2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Padd Ground Ground Man Padd Ground Mang Padd Ground Ground y Nut Paddy Nut go y Nut o y Nut Mango Paddy Nut Mango 6 4.5 6.5 5 1.5 5 6.5 6 5 6 6 4 6.5 7 681 2423 921 2231 1500 1001 2621 1800 920 3117 2000 943 3684 2000 4086 10903.5 5986.5 11155 2250 5005 17036.5 10800 4600 18702 12000 3772 23946 14000 200 180 90 800 1270 2816 3.22 700 180 360 600 1840 9063.5 5.93 3110 14989.5 11879.5 200 180 90 800 1270 4716.5 4.71 700 180 360 600 1840 9315 6.06 3430 19391.5 15961.5 200 600 90 800 1690 3315 2.96 800 600 360 600 2360 14676.5 7.22 4850 32841.5 27991.5 200 200 150 1000 1550 3050 2.97 1000 200 600 750 2550 16152 7.33 4500 35302 30802 200 220 150 1000 1570 2202 2.40 1000 220 600 750 2570 21376 9.32 4540 41718 37178

400 400 800 10000 13.50

320 320 1930 7.03

400 400 11600 30.00

400 400 13600 35.00

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Case- 6.17 Sakaram bhai Ganpatbhai Tadve

Village: Kankhadi Block: Sagbara Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 0.75 acre Leased land: 6 Acre Irrigated Land: 0.75 acre Age: 45 years Mob No. +91-9924523199 Education: 4th std.

Background: Sakaram bhai has two sons, both are well settled. Elder son is working in the construction sector (mystery), he works in nearby places and younger one is doing the work in own farm. Both of them are married. He has 0.75 acre land and it is irrigated land, Also he has taken 6 acre land on lease out of that 3 acre is irrigated and remaining 3 acre is rain fed. As irrigation source he has one open well and it is working trough out the year. He uses the electric motor for lifting the water from well, for that he pays 200-250 Rs. Monthly. Before, intervention of wadi project, he had been migrated to other places like, Ankleshwar, Surat and nearby places. Sakaram use to migrate for to generate some extra income that he can maintain the livelihood sustainable. During migration he was working in the field like, construction, Sugar cutting and cutting stone, Etc. Around five to six month he used to migrate through the year and migrated only on in dry season. In 2002, Jairam and Manisha these two person of AKRSP (I) came to his village and conducted meeting. He attended that meeting then he thought to take mango-wadi. In 2002, He took wadi, from AKRSP (I) in his own half acre land and he got 20 mango seedlings (10 keshar and 10 Rajapuri seedlings) after getting wadi had he done digging for planting mango. As well as he got equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (Ticum, Pavda, parayi, vermicompost, pesticides) from AKRSPI. He didnt invest any money on wadi. Only he used pesticides in Last two years of Rs. 520. 108

In the first three years he didnt get any yield. Then he tried for intercropping in the wadi. He got benefit from that. Then in 2005, he has taken intercrop of maize. Also he took several cash crops and vegetables in that land. Graph: 6.17.1 Mango-wadi production table:

Since from five year he is getting yield in mango-wadi, and every year his income increases, he gets horticulture support to sustainable livelihood due to when he gets yield he gives some input for mango and his production has been increases every year also he has to done some pest attack. And he is selling these mangos in Shelamba market and in his village only. After some days he got AKSRP(I) training in Netrnag, Dediapada and some village exposure visit, in this exposure visit, he have seen mango-wadi and Bio-Gas plant in nearby places he had visited in last 10 years. Also, he has one cow and one buffalo. He sells 5 lit. /day milk to dairy. By using milk business, he is getting more support for his sustainable livelihood.

109

Graph: 6.17.2 Mango-wadi net returns

From 2002-2004 he did not cultivated any crop as intercrop in Wadi, but from year 2005 he started cultivating maize and red gram up to year 2008, but net income was considerably lower. After this he started growing Paddy as intercrop, from in 2010, he grew vegetables and from these vegetables he got good return because he got good prices for vegetables he grew. In year 2011 again he added some vegetable crops like brinjal, lady finger and also got considerable return from vegetables as well as mango wadi. Breakeven point in 6th year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.17.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2002 2005 Maiz Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return(A) 0 Mango e 2 599 1198 2006 Red gram 1 2875 2875 2007 Red gram 0.8 1670 1336 Mango 2 1500 3000 2007 2008 Maiz e 2 795 1590 2008 Mang o 3 1500 4500 2009 Padd y 6 1001 6006 2009 Mang o 3 1800 5400 2010 Padd y 6 920 5520 Brinjal 2 1000 2000 2010 2010 Onio n 3 2337 7011 2010 Mang o 4 2000 8000 2011 Padd y 7 943 6601 Brinjal 2 1500 3000 2011 2011 Ladies finger 3 800 2400 2011 Mang o 5 1500 7500

Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticides Transportation Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Return over paid out cost BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns 0 3500 0 -3500 1.33 900 1198 298 3.23 890 2875 1985 1.50 18.7 1050 4336 3286 1.38 28.1 1310 6090 4780 5.047 11.4 1660 11406 9746 4.11 1.94 3950 22531 18581 6.80 14.5 4.92 2.91 4520 19501 14981 2.33 6.69 -3500 298 1985 446 2840 440 4340 4816 4930 4180 970 5981 7450 5261 1970 1370 6380 3500 900 890 890 160 1150 160 1190 470 1340 1030 1030 550 1340 1030 1030 1120 300 200 300 300 240 300 240 160 200 400 160 100 320 320 1350 300 150 100 400 150 500 150 500 400 800 750 100 300 50 300 50 300 200 350 240 530 240 600 20 160 200 20 160 200 150 100 400 150 500 150 500 400 240 600 20 160 200 20 160 200 520 200

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Case -6.18 Santu Shipa Choudhary

Village: Gondadevi Block: Mandvi Dist.: Surat (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 3.34 acre Irrigated Land: 3.34 acre Age: 60 years Mob No. +91-9712314062 Education: 4th std.

Background: Shnatu has three sons, Vijay is working in Bio-gas project, Jaish is driver and Naresh is working in dairy plant in his own village. He has four grandsons and three granddaughters they all are in school. Total 17 members there in the family. Main occupation of the family is agriculture, and second source of income is milk dairy business. This is running from since 18 years. Shantu has 3.34 acre land and total land comes under irrigated land. For irrigation source he has one group open well that works in whole year but in summer, water level goes down. In this group well there are 12 members, this group well provides by AKRSP (I) in 2001, people are getting water from 2002 and they charged some rupees for water, and that money can be used for maintenance purpose. Also this group has mobile engine. Before intervention he has migrated for working in village forestry department, he did work there more than 15 year. He used to migrate because of low availability of land; also he was able to take only single crop through the year. Because he didnt have irrigation facility. Then in 2001, AKRSP (I) went to his village and gave irrigation source as group well and mobile engine. From that year onwards he grows in two seasons in a year. In that he is taking vegetables, paddy in every year. When AKRSP (I) came for wadi project, they conducted meeting in village and he was there in the meeting but no one showed the interest in wadi project. But after some days he realized that his elder son was saying right that wadi is very good project and that will help you in the future, finally he took the wadi. 112

The main problem of the village is irrigation source. People always think that without water we cannot do anything. In 2002, he took one acre wadi in his own farm that time he got 30 keshar and 10 Rajapuri seedlings. He also got some fertilizer, equipments & pesticides i.e. (Vermicompost, pesticides, spade, hoe and sickle) and till now he didnt invest any money on that, he just do only labor work in mango-wadi. In intercropping he took some vegetables in summer season and in kharif season he took only paddy he grow vegetables like, Ladies finger, onion, Brinjal and Chili. These crops have good market value in summer season. Before wadi he took only paddy on that farm and didnt get good yield. In 2001 he get group well and that time he took some vegetables and sell to local market Jankhvav is 6 km from Gondadevi village. Graph: 6.18.1 Mango Production:

From Last 4 year he is getting mango production, every year production of mango is increasing and he is getting more money. In first year he got only 100KG production from some plant then production was increase he got 6, 9, 12 quintal production in next three years respectively. He has 2 cows and 4 buffalo that give support to his livelihood, every day he sell 12 lit. Milk and he got average price 32-35 Rs/lit. Also, he is beneficiary of Flower farm, Pamroja farm, Bio-gas plant, SHG and SRI Farming procedure doing in paddy every year. This was the good support from AKRSP (I) and my life has changed. Now I have store food grains for whole year for consumption.

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Graph: 6.18.2 Mango-wadi Net Returns:

Wadi was cultivated in 2002 with different vegetables as intercrops, trend was continued up to year 2007 and got mixed level of income every year, In year 2008 wadi started giving yield and also concerned farmer decided to switch from vegetables to food grains like sorghum and got good returns from 2008 onwards. Breakeven point in 1st year see annexure table:1.7

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Table: 6.18.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return(A+B) Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) total cost total income recover income 2002 2002 2002 2003 2003 2004 2004 2005 2005 2006 2006 Ladies finger Paddy Ground Nut Paddy Onion Paddy Brinjal 20 10 4 12 25 10 10 500 501 1778 587 584 610 700 10000 5010 7112 7044 14600 6100 7000

Paddy Sorghum Mango Paddy 12 5 10 574 617 624 6888 3085 0 6240 1600 750 150 1200 100 900 2350 4538 2.93 100 600 200 450 1350 1735 2.29 600 300 600 3850 -3850 0.00 7550 9973 2423 150 1200 100 900 2350 3890 2.66

1000 600 600 600 900 3700 6300 2.70 6050 16240 10190

150 1200 100 900 2350 2660 2.13

1000 600 500 1200 3300 3812 2.16 5650 12122 6472

150 1300

150 300

200 1400 100 900 2600 3500 2.35

100 600 900 1500 2450 2550 4594 12050 2.88 5.73 5000 21644 16644

100 800 900 800 900 3500 3500 2.00 6100 13100 7000

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TC basis (gross return/TC) Total cost Total income Recover income

2007

2007

2008

Paddy Chili Paddy 8 20 10 681 1000 921 5448 20000 9210 200 1800 200 800 600 400 2400 4400 240 1800

2008 2008 2009 2009 2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 Same beans Mango Paddy Mango Paddy Mango Paddy Sorghum Mango 20 1 10 6 10 9 11 2 12 1000 1500 1001 1800 920 2000 943 1487 2000 20000 1500 10010 10800 9200 18000 10373 2974 24000 250 500 300 450 1000 2500 17500 8.00 240 1850 300 240 2000 700 200 1500 3940 5260 2.34 750 1450 16550 12.41 5390 27200 21810 200 1500 3940 6433 2.63 400 750 2390 584 1.24 240 2000 240 1000 1000 750 1750 22250 13.71 8080 37347 29267

100 1200 3300

150 1200 3390 5820 2.72

400 400 1100 3.75 6290 30710 24420

150 1200 3440 6570 2.91

400 700 10100 15.43 4140 20810 16670

2148 15600 1.65 4.55 7700 25448 17748

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Case- 6.19 Shiva Nuraji Vasava

Village: Pathadi Block: Dediapada Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 10 acre Irrigated Land: 3 acre Age: 48 years Mob No. +91-9408262142 Education: 4 rd std.

Shiva has one son named as Ramsingh and he is doing agriculture. There are nine members in the Family. Including two grandsons and three granddaughters, all are going to school. Agriculture is main source of his family. He has 9 acre land. Out of that 3 acre land is under irrigation, remaining 7 acre is depends upon rain. As irrigation source he has one open well and it is working trough out the year. He uses the diesel engine for lifting the water from well. Before, intervention of wadi project, he was working as labor. He had been migrated to other places like, Ankleshwar, Surat and Navsari. Shiva use to migrate for to generate income that he can maintain the sustainable livelihood. During migration he was working in the construction sector. Around five to six month he used to migrate through the year and migrated only in dry season. Also, before intervention of land leveling his land is too sloppy and undulating land which leads to run of water. So it was hard to grow any crops. But later on in 1995, AKRSP (I) provided a support and land was leveled up and now he can do cultivation in better way. This was the NABARD project of watershed management but it supported by AKRSP (I). He said that AKRSP (I) had implemented so many projects in his village like in 1996, organization worked on VANIKARAN PROJECT for this project village community had given to support, for this they formed group of 25 members that was Goan vikas mandal.

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That time we planted some Trees like, Nilgiri, Vas, Bamboo, Sag van (Local name) in forestry area. Also in 2004 organization came with MANGO WADI project. For the mango wadi project they conducted meeting. That time near about 10 people were ready to take the project and he was one of them. In 2004, He took wadi, from AKRSP (I) in one acre land and he got 40 mango seedlings (35 keshar and 5 Rajapuri seedlings) after getting wadi he prepared the land for wadi. He got the supports of equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (Ticum, Pavda, parayi, vermicompost, pesticides, Drip irrigation) from the organization. Plant spacing in between each tree is 8X8 meter; he is cutting trees from last three year. Finally he saw the benefits of wadi project. And thought to take another acre wadi and took in one more acre wadi in 2009. In this wadi he got 40 Trees. He is doing intercropping in this wadi; he is taking Chili, Sorghum and Red gram in that land. That is giving him an additional income for sustainable livelihood. Graph: 6.19.1 mango production

Since from three year he is getting yield from mango-wadi, and he is selling these mangos in Gandevi market & Local market. Also, his mango yield increase by every year. He gives some fertilizers and pesticides for getting more income. Before some years ago he got AKSRP (I) training in Netrnag, Dediapada and got an exposure to visit the palaces like mango-wadi and Bio-Gas plant in nearby.

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Graph: 6.19.2 Mango-wadi net returns:

In above table, we can see in 2004 he had not earned even what he invested due to his chili cultivation was failed therefore he could not get good production then he grew only Red gram and Sorghum, from 2006, he has been earning good return and amount that he invested as well as some profit also. Graph reveals after year 2009, when mango production started his income went on increasing per year. Breakeven point in 3rd year see annexure table:1.7

Table: 6.19.1 Intercropping cost & benefits analysis

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing 2004 2004 2005 2006 2007 Red Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings Equipments Seeds Fertilizer Pesticide Transportation Water Charges labor cost cost of production (C ) Return over paid out cost BCR - TC basis total cost total income recover income 100 450 1005 995 1.990 6355 2000 -4355 600 5350 -5350 0 100 300 820 1844 3.248 820 2664 1844 100 300 770 3735 5.85 770 4505 3735 100 55 300 600 300 1600 2250 150 120 150 250 120 0 200 150 250 0 150 300 1050 3125 3.97 1050 4175 3125 250 150 0 0 200 400 1000 3152 4.152 1000 4152 3152 300 400 1960 2422 2.23 750 750 2250 4 2710 7382 4672 200 500 1180 4050 4.43 750 2500 5000 3 3680 12730 9050 600 160 500 300 180 0 1000 600 150 240 500 2020 4402 3.1 750 2750 7250 3.63 4770 16422 11652 600 180 500 1000 600 400 Chili 4 500 2000 0 Mango Red gram 1.5 1776 2664 Sorghum 5 901 4505 gram 2.5 1670 4175 2008 Sorgh um 6 692 4152 2009 Red gram 2 2191 4382 Mango 2 1500 3000 2009 2010 Sorghu m 5 1046 5230 Mango 3 2500 7500 2010 2011 Red gram 2 3211 6422 Mango 5 2000 10000 2011

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Case- 6.20 Ukadia Jataria Village: Sakawa (Koliwada) Block: Dediapada Dist.: Narmada (GJ) Occupation: Agriculture Own Land: 2 acre Irrigated Land: 2 acre Age: 55 year Education: 2 nd std.

Background: Ukadia has one son, he is doing in agriculture. He has three brother and all are doing in agriculture. He has 2 acre of irrigated land. Source irrigation has been available from last four year. Due to running water available through river near to his farm. As he is poor farmer he is not able to afford a motor pump which can supply water to his farm from 500mt distance. When there was no irrigation facility available in his farm he has been migrating to various places like, Surat, Ankleswar and Bharuch. Where ever he went he worked as agri-labor or construction labor. He went out for search work only four year. Along with him he used to take his brother for work. In 2003, AKRSP (I) has came with new plan to improve the living condition of these village kohaliwada and Sakawa. That time they conducted meeting for mango-wadi. Ukadia also, he attended this meeting and he thought about mango-wadi and also, he got interested to took mango-wadi. He had a discussion with his family member. According to suggestion taken by his family member he agrees to go for it. Then, he bought 38 Trees of mango and all are Keshar. But due to lack of source irrigation three Trees has been dead and now survival Trees is 35. Actually he has done digging for mango plant at own hard work. Also, he bought some equipments, fertilizers and pesticides (Ticum, Pavda, parayi, vermin compost, pesticides) from AKRSPI. From last five year he could gives only one trolley F.Y.M. every year. Before five year he didnt invest any money to wadi. Sometimes he carried water from river and provided to plants in first year. As he was very laborious person so, he has tried to put full effort for mango-wadi to be success.

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Also, he has taken intercropping in wadi, he grow intercropping in paddy, cotton, Chickpea and pearl millet) last three year he watered to intercropping and he got good yield from this intercropping. Graph: 6.20.1 Mango average per Tree production

Last 5 year, Mango production has been increasing continually. In first year there was only 1 quintal production but from second year and on words it was increased in the production. He got 3, 3.5, 4, 5 quintal respectively production, last four year he sold mangoes to village & Dediapada local market. Sakawa village is outside from kohaliwada. Where there is no facility of transportation till now he has been using bullock cart for transportation purpose. But from kohaliwada village there is mode of transportation available by jeep or auto rickshaw. He has 1 cow that support to his livelihood and he is able to sustain in his life. That every day he sell 2 lit/day milk and he got average price 22-25 Rs.

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Table: 6.20.1 intercropping cost & benefits analysis

Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Seedlings equipments Seeds Fertilizer (Urea, F.Y.M.) Pesticides Transportation Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns 2003 2003 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2007 2008 2008 Paddy Cotton Mango Paddy Paddy Paddy Paddy Mango Paddy Mango 3 0.2 3 2.5 3 3.5 1 3 3 624 2310 501 587 610 681 1500 921 1800 1872 462 1503 1467.5 1830 2383.5 1500 2763 5400 1120 750 150 425 250 425 300 200 300 1475 -1013 0.31 5570 2334 -3236 600 150 150 600 150 600 200 700 200 700 600 200 800 600 150 300 875 997 2.14 600 3220 -3220 0.00 300 300 240 240 1290 1290 213 177.5 1.17 1.14 1290 1290 1503 1467.5 213 177.5 160 1060 770 1.73 1060 1830 770 200 400 1500 883.5 1.59 320 920 580 1.63 2420 3883.5 1463.5 160 1160 1603 2.38 320 1070 4330 5.05 2230 8163 5933

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Intercropping Cost & Benefit year of sowing Crop Yield(Qt/Acre) value of (Rs./Qt) Gross Return Paid out cost of production Equipments Seeds Fertilizer (Urea, F.Y.M.) Pesticides Transportation Water Charges labor cost Total paid out cost (TVC) ( C ) Return over paid out cost (gross return-C) BCR - TVC basis (gross return/TVC) Total exp. Total Income Net Returns

2010 2010 2011 2011 2011 pearl pearl Paddy Chickpea Mango Paddy millet Mango Paddy millet Mango 10 1 3.5 10 6 4 12 5 5 1001 2000 1800 920 1287 2000 943 967 2000 10010 2000 6300 9200 7722 8000 11316 4835 10000 400 240 850 400 900 300 800 2400 320 1070 600 150 800 320 2210 800 400 2440 4000 500 7100 240 1000 1000 1400 200 600 200 400 1200 800 400 2440 4000 500 7100 240 1000 1000 1400 200 600 200 400 1600 8400 6.25

2009

2009

2009

2010

7800 -400 4.529412 0.833333

5230 6760 622 6800 5.88785 3.770492 1.087606 6.666667 5680 10740 18310 24922 12630 14182

8876 -2265 4.637705 0.680986 11140 26151 15011

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Graph: 6.20.2 Wadi net returns

At first five year, he did not received considerable income and suffered loss, from fifth year he got mango yield and he got good returns from the wadi. From year 2007 onwards he got good income from wadi and income has been increased every year. When he got mango-yield he bought diesel engine for irrigation purpose. First five year (2003-2007) he grew only paddy and in fifth year he got good mango yield and he changed intercrops like, pearl millet and Chickpea in summer. Breakeven point in 8th year see annexure table:1.7

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Chapter: 7. References:
1. http://www.mangifera.org 2. http://nhm.nic.in/ 3. http://nhb.gov.in 4. http://agri.gujarat.gov.in/hods/dir-horticulture.htm 5. http://guj-nwrws.gujarat.gov.in/showpage.aspx?contentid=1474&lang=English 6. http://guj-tribaldevelopment.gov.in/ 7. http://tribal.guj.nic.in/

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Chapter: 8. ANNEXTURE
AKRSP (I), Gujarat HORTICULTURE PROGRMMES QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is a part of study conducted on Assessment of result of Horticulture programmes in Tribal South Gujarat region SI No. Background: Name of District Name of AKSP(I) Cluster Name of the Village MIS Code Name of Farmer Age of Respondent Name of Interviewer Date

Household members Adult Male Female Children Male Female Total

School going Children Sex Male Female Before intervention After intervention

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Source of Income code: S. No. Source income 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Farmer Agri-Labor Artician Business Salaried Job Non Agri-labor Others of household Before intervention (in After intervention (in Rs.) Rs.)

If other then Specify: Land holding (area in acre) Total land Irrigated land Agriculture Horticulture Rain fed Land Agriculture Horticulture Waste land Agriculture Horticulture

Total

Irrigation Source for Horticulture crops (Skip if no Irrigated land) Sources Irrigation of Private =1, Public =2 Working throughout year? No = 2. 1 2 4 Well Bore well Through mobile engine 5 6 7 Lift irrigation Canal Drip Irrigation If No, How How many in

the many months it people Group/Public?

Yes =1 is working?

Others

Remarks (if any):

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Inter cropping:
Input (Horticulture) AKRSP (I) (Amount in Rs.) Quantity Seedlings Keshar Rajapuri Trees Survival Spacing Keshar Rajapuri ..X..meter Price Own Contribution

(Amount in Rs.) Quantity Price

Fertilizer 1. 2. 3.

Pesticide 1. 2. 3.

Labor Charges

Hired Male

..(Days) .....(per day) ..(Days) .....(per day)

...(Days)

Female

..(Days) .....(per day)

Own

Male Female

Water charges Transportation Others Total

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Post harvest Management: 1. Method of harvesting? :2. Harvest Period (Start/End)? :3. on farm value addition (Washing, Sorting, Grading, etc)? Washing (Y/N): If Yes,

Sorting (Y/N): If Yes,

Grading (Y/N): If yes,

Storage (Y/N): If yes, where to store (Home, Own Godown, Govt.Godown)

How much cost they have to pay for storage?

Packaging (Y/N): If Yes, Type of packaging and cost?

Marketing: 1. Where you sell Mango? (City market, Local market, Village market)

2. If any middle person in process of selling, how much he take from farmer?

3. Mode of Transportation? And how many cost you have to pay?

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Income from Agriculture & Horticulture Crop: Horticulture Crop: Details 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Crop Production

Quantity (qt) Price (per qt)

Total Quantity sold HH Utility

Livestock and poultry assets A Category Number B Present value (Rs.) C market Scope alternative of

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cow Bullock Buffalo Calf Goat/Sheep Poultry Others (specify)

Remarks (if any): How effectively/productively this livestock is being managed. Excellent [1] Good [2] Average [3] Bad [4]

Did you avail for any government subsidy scheme/loan for buying Cows/Buffaloes? YES [1] NO [2]

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Benefits: Items Agricultural Equipments Bullock cart Tractor Cycle Irrigation well / bore well Motor pump/ Engine Vehicle Radio T.V. Telephone/Mobile No. of rooms 2002 2012

Migration Details: Before Intervention Total Members Male Female Reason for migration Wage per day Male Female Months of migration Migration Place How frequently the committee meeting of WADI VIKAS ZUT is organized in a year/month? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Do you have equal say in the meetings/ Decision making? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------What do you feel about AKRSP? What are your expectations from AKRSP? After Intervention

According to you what is the need related to Horticulture programmes in village?

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Table: 9.2 Price List:

Crop name / Year Peddy (Rs./Qui ental) Ground Nut 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Average prices as on December month

2006 2007 200 8 (sur at) 921 (sur at) 223 1 (sur at) 211 5 (sur at) 692 (sur at) 976 (sur at) 795 (sur at) 218 9 (sur at) 170 1 (sur at) 264 4 (sur at) 114 6 (sur at) 109 4 (sur at) 728 2009 2010 2011 Mar2012 (surat ) 1049 (surat ) 4650 (surat ) 3494 (surat ) 1680 (Daho d) 1043 (surat ) 596 (surat ) 3101 (surat ) 2819 (surat ) 3975 (surat ) 1253 (surat ) 471

(Dahod ) 411 (Dahod ) 1250

(Dahod ) 574 (Dahod ) 1556

(Gandh inagar) 624 (Dahod ) 1550

(Surat) 501 (Surat) 1778

(Suarat ) 587 (Suarat ) 1624

(sura t) 610 (sura t) 2155 (sura t) 2875 (sura t) 901 (sura t) 902 (sura t) 879 (sura t) 2946 (sura t) 1309 (sura t) 1935 (sura t) 1140 (sura t) 604 (sura t) 759

(surat ) 681 (surat ) 2423 (surat ) 1670 (surat ) 984 (surat ) 733 (surat ) 666 (surat ) 1569 (surat ) 1770 (surat ) 2281 (surat ) 1005 (surat ) 520

(surat) 1001 (surat) 2621

(surat ) 920 (surat ) 3117 (surat ) 2165 (surat ) 1046 (surat ) 1287 (surat ) 866 (surat ) 3049 (surat ) 2119 (surat ) 4206 (surat ) 1396 (surat ) 2337 (surat ) 1156

(surat) 943 (surat) 3684

Tuver

(Dahod ) 1901

(Rajkot ) 1427

(Bhavn agar) 1288 (Dahod ) 392 (Dahod ) 507 (Dahod ) 500 (Dahod ) 1126

(Surat) 1520

(Bhavn agar) 1776 (surat) 795 (Dahod ) 675 (Dahod ) 599 (Surat) 2492

(surat) 2191

(surat) 3211

Sorghu m Bajra

(Dahod ) 275 (Dahod ) 400 (Dahod ) 435 (Dahod ) 1630

(Rajkot ) 617 (Rajkot ) 575 (Rajkot ) 569 (Dahod ) 1328

(Surat) 685 (Dahod ) 571 (Dahod ) 590 (Surat) 1400

(surat) 1047 (surat) 1222 (surat) 934 (surat) 4619

(surat) 1487 (Daho d) 967 (surat) 752 (surat) 3247

Makai/ Maize Udad / Black Grams Soyabea n

(Dahod ) 1028

(Dahod ) 1333

(Dahod ) 1409

(Dahod ) 1269

(Dahod ) 1107

(surat) 2292

(surat) 2259

Cotton

(Bhavn agar) 1664 (Rajkot ) 849

(Bhavn agar) 1971 (Dahod ) 839

(Bhavn agar) 2310 (Dahod ) 1150

(Bhavn agar) 1919 (Surat) 706

(Bhavn agar) 1985 (Surat) 828

(surat) 3140

(surat) 4055

Wheat

(surat) 1508

(surat) 1000

Onion

(Dahod ) 456

(Dahod ) 357

(Dahod ) 699

(Surat) 338

(Dahod ) 584

(surat) 1306

(surat) 639

Tomato

(Rajkot ) 553

(Dahod ) 192

(Dahod ) 313

(Surat) 406

(Surat) 319

(surat ) 484

(surat) 682

(surat) 420

(surat ) 812

Source: url://www.agmark.nic.in

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Table: 1.3 Horticulture beneficiaries of tribal south Gujarat region Cluster Name Dediapada Mandvi Naswadi Netrang Sagbara Umarpada 136 Grand Total 709 832 8 83 220 262 124 247 695 736 767 1 258 7 200 2 263 143 200 3 334 112 200 4 401 25 200 5 841 242 200 6 519 522 253 518 842 253 290 7 200 7 256 273 592 114 759 919 291 3 200 8 280 259 589 183 160 116 158 7 144 3 159 0 15936 166 457 240 500 200 9 686 134 201 0 850 Grand Total 4430 1710 1434 2549 4524 1289

(Source: AKRSP (I) data base 2010) Horticulture wadi program was started from 2002 in Gujarat and worked in these 6 clusters. They achieved above 15936 beneficiaries. They covered 3 districts Surat, Narmada and Baruch. In Dediapada, there is highest no. of beneficiaries farmer are found i.e. 4524 and 1289 in Umarpada cluster is lowest. In Umarpada there is work started from 2005 and in Naswadi there is only three year work has been done.

Table: 1.4 Species wise beneficiaries:

Cluster Name Dediapada Name Of Specie Mango MANGO(KESER) Mango, lemon Mango, Chikoo Dediapada Total Mandvi Lemon Mango 263 3 103 112 25 242 521 273 259 134 334 401 841 519 256 280 686 850 4430 3 1669 Lemon, 280 280 2002 263 2003 334 2004 401 2005 841 2006 519 2007 256 2008 2009 64 281 341 2010 850 Grand Total 3528 281 341

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Sapota Mandvi Total Naswadi Chicku Lemon Mango Mango,Lemon,Sarg vo Mango,Sapota,Lem on Naswadi Total Netrang Mango Mango, lemon Netrang Total Sagbara Chiku Lemon Lemon, Mango Mango Mango ,Lemon Sagbara Total Umarpada Chikoo Lemon Mango Umarpada Total Grand Total Chiku,

109

112

25

242

522

273 148 128

259 3 7 71

134

1676 151 135 521

135

315

118

118

508

508

253 68 262 247 736 518

591 114

589 183 166 240

1433 2368 166

68

262

247

736

518

114 118 135

183

166

240

2534 118 135

160 220 124 695 767 842 506

18 189 250

89 411

267 3754 250

220

124

695

767

842 60

759 309 260 349

160 36 23 57

457

500

4524 405 348 526

64 120

244

918

116

1279

660

832

1368

2587

2898

2911

1587

1443

1590

15876

(Source: AKRSP (I) data base 2010) 135

These tables stated the distribution of wadi beneficiaries based on the species. In 2002, highest amount of species was distributed and in 2004, lowest amount was distributed. In Dediapada highest mango species are distributed. And In Sagbara cluster highest species are distributed. Table: 1.5 Area in Ha of species wise Horticulture covered in Tribal South Gujarat Region:

Cluster Name Dediapada

Name Specie Mango MANGO

Of 2002 0 2003 0 2004 0 2005 1.6 2006 0 2007 74.2 6 2008 2009 12.5 5 75.4 89 2010 4.4

Grand Total 92.81 75.4 89

Mango,lemon Mango,Lemon ,Chiku Dediapada Total Mandvi Lemon 0 0.03 25.0 Mango Chiku Mandvi Total 6.53 6.37 0.13 25.0 4 5.06 6.8 4 5.06 6.8 84.5 1 0.2 84.7 1 54.1 3 35.5 Naswadi Chiku 8 30.8 Lemon 6 87.9 Mango Mango,Lemon Mango, Chiku,Lemon Naswadi Total 46.6 52.0 Netrang Mango Mango,lemon Netrang Total Sagbara Chiku 0 0 1 12.7 52.0 5 0 2.96 29.5 6 0 0 1 12.7 5 0 154. 35 16.1 30.5 184. 4 197. 3 29.5 6 1 12.1 0.1 0.7 34.2 54.1 3 34.2 0 0 1.6 0 74.2 6 75 75

75 176. 95 4.4 332.21 0.03

15.7

231.81 0.33

15.7

232.17

36.28

30.96

116.11 30.5

184.4

398.25

67.05 43

162.36 43

43

67.05

205.36 2.96

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Lemon Lemon,Chiku, Mango 61.9 Mango 4 17.2 7 243. 01 0 107. 48

3.96 57.2 2 107. 33 3.6 50.9 7 82.0 2.4 17.8

3.96

78.62

590.4

Lemon Sagbara Total Umarpada Chiku Lemon Mango Umarpada Total Grand Total 68.4 7 42.3 1 249. 07 21.1 0 6.1 296. 94 10.5 407. 49 0 393. 28 0 61.9 4 17.2 7 243. 01 0 107. 48 2 0 4.1 114. 25 2 1.25 7.25 57.2 2 0 0 0

4 136. 61 20.2

82.04

757.98 4 1.25 11.35

16.6 372. 26 91.65 1942.57

(Source: AKRSP (I) data base 2010) These tables stated the horticulture program in south Gujarat based on the area distribution. The total area covered is 1942.57 hector. In Sagbara, largest area is covered 757.98 hector and the smallest area comes under Netrang cluster is 205.36 hector.

Table: 1.6 Mango- beneficiaries in all clusters: Benefited Cluster Dediapada Sagbara Netrang Mandvi Umarpada Naswadi Total Farmers farmers

based on year (2002-10) 2391 2520 1658 1356 457 996 9378

(Source: AKRSP (I) data base 2010) There are total 9378 mango-beneficiaries. Highest no. of beneficiaries is found in Sagbara and lowest no. is found in Umarpada. This mango wadi program helps a lot to increase their source of income. 137

Table 1.7 Break Even Point of Farmers:

Name of farmer/ year Santu shipa chaudhary Ramsingh Bablia Rajesh Murji Vasava Balwant Umaid Vasava Dhanjibhai Kotania Ramesh Surji Shiva Naruji Ukadia Jataria Ajaybhai Hursimbhai Bachu Gimia Kiransingh vasava Bhikubhai Tadvi Dhanjibhai Bondabhai Dineshbhai Navalbhai Lalubhai Tade Sakarambhai Tadve Dhanabhai Dungersingh Karansingh Dhamnia Laxman Tadvi Murji Kotania 1 st 2 nd 3 rd 2423 10190 6472 4544 8218 8933 200 7020 4526 -5146 0 0 -4262 168 430 28281 7013 8667 -4355 1844 3735 -3236 213 177 1960 -3026 2029 240 800 2250 3733 -544 3620 2600 813 800 -4900 2920 2608 4610 2900 5968 -7014 -1155 9110 -3500 0 0 10081 3025 5586 10002 -202 -331 12478 2620 3599 10612 1490 1164 4 th 5 th 6 th 7 th 16644 7000 17748 24420 9657 11879 15961 27991 6350 7622 -950 4530 0 0 1852 3888 8390 9070 1671 8405 13130 3125 770 454 6000 43500 750 3887 6172 1286 298 4475 2038 2276 3249 19300 32085 19100 3152 4672 9050 1463 5933 12630 4477 12383 22032 8500 12000 16000 2790 -157 163 -550 4750 7420 4235 7244 8805 4446 14887 16541 7130 13884 18710 1985 3286 4780 16375 2739 16796 4791 17657 20911 -434 1979 8 th 16670 30802 12350 7092 13371 9 th 10 th 21810 29267 37178 17750 10850

38000 46500 11652 14182 15011 37080 33371 5000 363 12090 11160 6991

26345 14764 14252 9746 18581 14981

7310 41107 5004 5666

138