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Abstract
Two transgenic cotton lines (BG1560 and GK19) carrying a Cry1A gene from Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Berliner),
developed, respectively, by Monsanto Co. and Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, were
evaluated for resistance to pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) in field plots in Tianmen County of Hubei Province,
located in the Yangtze River valley of China during 2001 and 2002. The results showed that there were no significant differences in
egg density among the two Bt cotton lines and a conventional cotton line, but larval densities on both Bt lines were significantly
lower than on the conventional line in both years. In comparison with the larval density on a conventional line without chemical
control, the control efficacy in different growth stages of cotton in several treatments were 89–100% for BG1560, 73–100% for
GK19, and 54–88% for chemically treated conventional cotton, where insecticides were sprayed 9 times in 2001 and 11 times in 2002
for control of pink bollworm. We conclude that Bt cotton planting in the Yangtze River region possesses a high potential for control
of pink bollworm.
r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0261-2194/$ - see front matter r 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2003.09.017
ARTICLE IN PRESS
464 P. Wan et al. / Crop Protection 23 (2004) 463–467
the Yellow River Region indicated that the Bt lines sprayed as needed to control pink bollworm. In 2002,
expressed insecticidal protein at a high level in early the experimental design was the same as in 2001 except
season and presented a high level of resistance to the that Simian3 replaced HB3517. In the chemical applica-
second generation of cotton bollworm, but decreased in tion treatment, the timing of spraying was decided
toxin content in the middle and late stages of cotton according to the control threshold for pink bollworm
growth causing efficacy to decline late in the season described by Cao and Shu (1986). Insecticides were
(Zhang et al., 2001). Given the high risk of damage and applied with a sprayer held 0.3–0.5 m above cotton
overwintering from both pink bollworm and H. plants. The sprayer was a ‘‘Gongnong-16’’ knapsack
armigera in middle and late season (if Bt protein sprayer with a tank capacity of 16 l and a spray lance
concentrations decline in this way), the potential value length of 0.8 m (Handan Sprayers Ltd., Handan,
of Bt cotton deployment in the Yangtze River Region China). Spray volumes were 600 l/ha. before July 10
has been debated for several years (Huang et al., 2002). and 900 l/ha after July 15. Insecticide application details
Therefore, it is important to understand the efficacy of for the two years are shown in Table 1.
Bt cotton against lepidopteran pests in middle and late To estimate pink bollworm egg density, each plot in
season. Here we report the results of studies of seasonal the field was sampled once every 5 d from early June to
efficacy of Bt cotton against damage from pink boll- late September. Each sampling used 5 random sites
worm conducted in Hubei Province in the middle of the within each plot and evaluated a total of 100 cotton
Yangtze River Region during 2001 and 2002. plants. For each sampled plant, a thorough whole-plant
survey was made. Five sites with a total of 50 cotton
plants in each plot were selected for surveying the
2. Materials and methods damage from first generation pink bollworm. Flowers
infested with pink bollworm were collected for counting
2.1. Cotton lines larvae every day from July 1 to July 31. In general, one
larva could be found in each infested flower. On August
There were four cotton lines in the experiment. Two 15, August 30 and September 15, 5 random sites within
transgenic cotton varieties, GK19 containing a Cry1A each plot with a total of 50 cotton plants were sampled,
gene and BG1560 expressing a Cry1Ac gene, were and exit holes in infested bolls were counted. One
supplied by the Biotechnology Research Institute, hundred pre-mature bolls were sampled randomly from
Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Beijing, each plot on October 10 and October 25. They were kept
China), and Monsanto Co. (St. Louis, USA), respec- in a 30 40 cm2 bag and left in the sun for two weeks to
tively. Two conventional cultivars, Simian3 (GK19’s
parental line) and HB3517 (a major planting variety in Table 1
Hubei Province), were obtained from Hubei Academy Insecticide sprays for control of pink bollworm on conventional cotton
lines in 2001 and 2002
of Agricultural Sciences (Wuhan, China).
Year Insecticide formulation Dose Spray date
2.2. Field experiments (l/ha (product))
force diapausing pink bollworm larvae to exit the bolls. 14, and 576 eggs per hundred plants in the third
The larvae were then counted. generation in HB3517 (chemical treatment) on Septem-
ber 9, respectively. However, there were no significant
2.3. Statistical analysis differences in egg densities among the treatments on the
peak dates for three generations (df ¼ 3; 6; F ¼ 0:817;
All data on population densities and infestations of P ¼ 0:520; df ¼ 3; 6; F ¼ 0:375; P ¼ 0:773; df ¼ 3; 6;
pink bollworm in different treatments in 2001 and 2002 F ¼ 0:503; P ¼ 0:690). The larval density in flowers
were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and ranged from 0.38 per hundred flowers in BG1560 to 5.54
means were compared using the protected least sig- per hundred flowers in HB3517 without insecticide use.
nificant difference (LSD) test (SAS Institute, 1988). Larval densities in HB3517 were significantly higher in
HB3517 without insecticide use than in other treatments
(df ¼ 3; 6; F ¼ 79:482; Po0:001) (Table 2). The exit
3. Results holes in August were 0.08 per hundred plants in BG1560
and 0.31 per hundred plants in GK19; both of these
3.1. Pink bollworm infestation in 2001 were significantly less than in HB3517 with or without
insecticide use (df ¼ 3; 6; F ¼ 38:746; Po0:001). In
Curves of pink bollworm egg density in the different September, the exit holes in HB3517 increased drasti-
treatments in 2001 are presented in Fig. 1. These cally to 23.26 from 11.95 per hundred bolls in August,
indicate that there are three generations of pink and significantly higher than those in other treatments
bollworm in cotton fields during the cotton season. (df ¼3, 6; F ¼ 150:473; Po0:001). There were also
The maximum numbers of eggs in different generations significant differences in larval densities in bolls among
were 86 eggs per hundred plants in the first generation in treatments (df ¼ 3; 6; F ¼ 123:781; Po0:001), which
HB3517 sampled on June 19, 266 eggs per hundred reached 87.50 individuals per hundred bolls in HB3517
plants in the second generation in BG1560 on August compared with less than 10 larvae per hundred bolls in
both Bt cotton varieties.
700
BG1560 (Bt)
600 GK19 (Bt)
3.2. Pink bollworm infestation in 2002
Eggs per hundred plant
HB3517
500
HB3517 (chemical)
400 Fig. 2 shows egg density dynamics of pink bollworm
300 in different treatments in 2002. As in 2001, the
200 population densities increased generation by generation.
100
The number of eggs increased from 94 eggs per hundred
plants for the first generation on Simian3 on June 24 to
0
30-May 14-Jun 29-Jun 14-Jul 29-Jul 13-Aug 28-Aug 12-Sep 27-Sep
504 eggs per hundred plants for the third generation on
Date GK19 on September 9. There were no significant
differences in egg densities on peak dates for three
Fig. 1. Egg density of pink bollworm on different cotton lines in 2001.
Values shown are means71 standard error. ANOVA indicates no generations among the treatments (df ¼ 3; 6; F ¼ 1:375;
significant differences in egg density among varieties on each sampled P ¼ 0:318; df ¼ 3; 6; F ¼ 0:317; P ¼ 0:813; df ¼ 3; 6;
date (P > 0:05). F ¼ 0:623; P ¼ 0:620). The larval density in BG1560
Table 2
Infestation of pink bollworm on different cotton lines in Tianmen, Hubei Province during 2001 and 2002
Flowers Larvae per Bolls Exit holes per Bolls Exit holes per Bolls Larvae per
sampled hundred flowers sampled hundred bolls sampled hundred bolls sampled hundred bolls
2001 GK19 3294 1.0970.23b 1834 0.3170.18c 2173 0.7070.30b 600 9.1771.36b
BG1560 3318 0.3870.15b 1947 0.0870.08c 1964 1.4170.41b 600 3.0071.32b
HB3517 2376 5.5470.46a 1265 11.9571.75a 1738 23.2671.60a 600 87.5078.08a
HB3517 (chemical) 2578 1.2670.22b 1874 1.9970.44b 1756 2.8370.56b 600 13.1771.17b
2002 GK19 2774 2.6470.11bc 1257 0.0070.00c 1708 1.4770.46b 600 11.8371.17b
BG1560 2152 1.0470.14c 1211 0.0070.00c 1937 0.7070.52b 600 1.5070.50b
Simian3 1654 9.8371.14a 1015 13.6170.96a 1593 25.7273.27a 600 108.17711.13a
Simian3 (chemical) 1932 4.4970.48ab 1409 2.8270.40b 1894 3.9671.40b 600 15.0072.78b
Values with different letter(s), within a column in same year, are significantly different (Po0:05; LSD).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
466 P. Wan et al. / Crop Protection 23 (2004) 463–467
700
BG1560 (Bt)
season (Zhang et al., 2001). This study on pink
600 GK19 (Bt) bollworm also indicates that a few larvae can develop
Eggs per hundred plants
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