KILIFI COUNTY BASELINE SURVEY REPORT

A Report of the Elewa Katiba Mashinani Project

Eco Ethics International Kenya
2/9/2012

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Eco-Ethics Intl., Kenya as part of the implementation of the Elewa Katiba Mashinani project implementation undertook a baseline survey study in Ganze, Bahari and Kaloleni constituencies of Kilifi County. The goal of the study was to establish the capacity of Kilifi county members to participate in the implementation of CoK (2010) with regard to the devolved system of governance. The specific objectives were to establish understanding and perspectives of term devolution by the people of the study area; establish expectations from devolved system of governance; establish knowledge of county legislation system and; to investigate the potential of CoK (2010) to mitigate risk electoral violence. Structured interviews were carried out on 150 respondents in the three constituencies. The respondents were randomly and to a smaller extent, purposively sampled. Key findings of the study were that 40% of the members of Kilifi County are unfamiliar with the term devolution, with majority of those coming from Ganze constituency followed by Kaloleni and Bahari constituencies. Most of those who claimed familiarity with the term, said it entailed bringing the power closer to the people and allowing equal distribution of resources. Respondents from Bahari constituency which hosts the County capital town; Kilifi, were better informed about the devolution concept as compared to the other two constituencies thereby indicating a gap in knowledge influenced by levels of development. As concerns expectations from the devolved government, farmers and small scale business persons expect the county leadership to formulate and implement programs aimed at improving technology, diversifying livelihoods and economic empowerment. Respondents from Ganze in particular expressed concern that most of the natural resources in the area remain underutilized or somehow their use does not benefit the local people. Respondents in this constituency also feel economically marginalized citing the lack of a single tarmac road in the whole area. The legislative system is also poorly understood. The main county level legislative body i.e. the county assembly was known by the majority 70% of the respondents but few understand the details in terms of its composition and roles. The citizens of the county also thought ttribalism, hunger for political power and delayed announcement of election results were given as the major reasons for the Post election violence 2007/2008. Tribalism accounted for 50% of the respondents views followed by fight for political power at 32% and delayed announcement of election results at 10%. Other reasons included vote

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rigging, land issues, historical injustices and lack of adequate authority of the election body. Therefore, as per the respondents, there was no major weakness in the old constitution that can be blamed for electoral violence. There was unanimity of the residents that the new constitution will help prevent electoral violence in future if well implemented even though it was not very clear how for most of them. Key recommendations of the study were that the project needs to take on a needs-based approach with greater focus on grassroots rural communities. The civic education exercise should also be more comprehensive with focus on the socio economic contexts of target communities. The information to be passed should be with full regard to the capabilities of the target groups i.e. in a language and structure that is tailored to the needs of the communities. Lastly but most important, the civic education process should explicitly state opportunities for local communities to benefit in the devolution governance process, their roles e.g. in voting while addressing the potential risks to peace in the target areas. This is considering the risk of marginalization of local minority ethnic communities in the distribution and access of resources and services. The study also recommends efforts to strengthen partnerships with government entities and non-state actors both in the implementation of the project and for long-term education and pursuit of the objectives of the Elewa Katiba Mashinani project beyond its lifetime.

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Contents
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Background ..................................................................................................................................... 5 1.2 Objectives of the Study ................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO .............................................................................................................................................. 8 2.0 METHODOLOGY .................................................................................................................................. 8 2.1 Study design .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 Sampling Design .............................................................................................................................. 8 2.3 Data Collection Instruments and Procedure ................................................................................... 8 2.4 Data analysis ................................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................................................... 10 3.0 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION............................................................................... 10 3.1 Response rate ............................................................................................................................... 10 3.2 Understanding/Perspectives on Devolution as Per CoK, 2010 ..................................................... 11 3.3 Expectations .................................................................................................................................. 13 3.4 County Legislation System ............................................................................................................ 14 3.5 Electoral Violence.......................................................................................................................... 14 3.6 Discussion...................................................................................................................................... 15 4.0 THE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................... 17 4.1 Summary of Findings..................................................................................................................... 17 4.2 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................................... 18 4.3 Recommendations ........................................................................................................................ 18 References .................................................................................................................................................. 21 Appendix 1.0: Interview Schedule .............................................................................................................. 22

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CHAPTER ONE 1.0 INTRODUCTION

This section gives the background of the baseline survey and the objectives of the study
1.1 Background

Kilifi County is located northeast of Mombasa. The County has five constituencies: Bahari, Kaloleni, Ganze, Malindi and Magarini covering a total area of 12,639KM2. Kilifi has a total population of 1,109,735 with an average growth rate of 3.05 against a national average of 2.6. 71.4% of the people in the county are poor based on the Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey (KIHBS) report of 2006. This poverty is not, as expected, uniformly spread across the county. Ganze Constituency is for instance the poorest in Kenya while the other constituencies such as Malindi are much better. Additionally, in the areas nearest to the ocean, poor people are often surrounded by wealthy tourists and golfers. Notably, there are more females than males with the former being 52%. Kilifi County has low education levels with just 7.1% of the population having attained secondary education or higher. It ranks a dismal 43rd position out of the 47 counties (Kenya Revenue Authority, 2011) in terms of education performance. Education promotes social equality and has a strong link to reduction of poverty; it produces a more informed citizenry, it empowers individuals and enables them to become more proactive, gain control over their lives and broaden the range of available options (UNESCO: 1997). Therefore with such low levels of education, poverty is inevitable besides deepening inequality. Nationally, Kenya is undergoing critical reforms following the promulgation of the new constitution in August 2010. An important feature of this constitution is the devolved system of governance. Devolution can be defined as the practice or form of decentralisation through which the authority to make and implement decisions in selected areas of public policy is conferred to elected sub-national levels of government by law (Juma, 2008). Bosire (2010) indicates that the defining feature of devolution is the transfer of political powers and autonomy to sub-national units which are in turn politically accountable to the local communities as opposed to the centre.

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As such, for effective implementation of the devolution concept; it is important for the people to understand the basic aspects of devolved governance systems. Proper civic education should be carried out to improve the capacity of the people to take advantage of the socioeconomic opportunities that devolution presents as well participate maximally in governance. It was against this background that Eco Ethics Int. Kenya, an environmental and community development NGO based in the coastal region of Kenya, partnered with UNDPs Amkeni wakenya facility to implement a project dubbed Elewa Katiba Mashinani, which translates to understand the constitution at the grassroots levels. This 18 months project seeks to reach out to and empower focal leaders, councillors, district officers, chiefs, sub-chiefs, village elders, religious leaders, youth leaders, and women leaders in Kaloleni, Ganze, Bahari, and Magarini constituencies in Kilifi County with knowledge and information on devolved governance with a desire of enhancing citizen participation in the setting up of people centred, accountable and responsive devolved governments in the County. Its implementation is guided by three broad expectations/outcomes i.e. increased citizens awareness on the new devolved structures and avenues of representation in Kilifi county, enhanced citizens engagement in the development and implementation of the policy and legislative frameworks setting up new devolved structures in Kilifi county, and promoted accountability and transparency in the management of devolved government structures in Kilifi county. As a key part of the project implementation, a baseline survey was done to determine baseline conditions. The results of the baseline survey will give indicators which will inform the monitoring and evaluation process of the project. This report gives an insight into the objectives, methodology and key findings of the survey.
1.2 Objectives of the Study

The main goal of the study was to establish the capacity of Kilifi county members to participate in the implementation of CoK (2010) with regard to the devolved system of governance. The capacity was gauged against the level of understanding and perspectives on the devolution concept. This was to inform the implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the Elewa Katiba Mashinani project. To achieve this goal, the following specific objectives were to be achieved: Establish understanding and perspectives of term devolution by the people of the study area

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Establish expectations from devolved system of governance Establish knowledge of county legislation system Potential of CoK (2010) to mitigate risk electoral violence

The study was conducted in three constituencies in Kilifi County: Bahari, Kaloleni and Ganze. This was narrowed to the following wards: Dungicha, Jaribuni, Sokoke and Vitengeni in Ganze constituency; Kaloleni, Mariakani, Mazeras, Kawala, Kadzonzo, Mwembeni, Mkapuni and Vishakani in Kaloleni constituency; and Tezo, Hospital/ Sokoni,, Kibarani, Matsangoni, Junju, Mwarakaya, Mnarani, Shimo la Tewa, Chasimba and Mtepeni in Bahari constituency. The study took a period of three months.

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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 METHODOLOGY
This section describes the research methodology used to address the objectives of this study. It gives detail on the research design, sampling design, instruments used in data collection and data analysis.
2.1 Study design

This study adopted a two stage design that entails an exploratory study and a formal study (Cooper and Schindler, 2008:150) to survey the study areas residents understanding of the devolution concept. The exploratory study was qualitative research which formed part of the first phase of the research to determine the concepts to be incorporated in the study theory and to support the background of the study. This was intensive exploratory study of existing literature available on Kilifi County. The objective of this study was to clarify key definitions, identify variables linked to the understanding (or lack of understanding) of the concept and the perspectives that surround the same. The study also identified previous relevant work done on the study topic and refined the research design blue print that guided this study. The second phase involved a formal study survey as recommended by Cooper and Schindler (2008:142).
2.2 Sampling Design

The study population was the residents of the three constituencies. Of these the study sampled 150 as follows: 70 from Kaloleni, 40 from Bahari and 40 from Ganze constituencies. This was based on the population differences in the different constituencies, the amount of resources available and the time frame of the survey. The 150 were sampled randomly from each constituency save for the very few that were selected purposively given their positions, possession of special knowledge or any other factor the investigator thought would specially serve the objectives of the study. Random sampling was necessary to produce representative results.
2.3 Data Collection Instruments and Procedure

The main data collection instrument was an interview schedule (guide). The instrument was selected based on the low levels of education and foreseen difficulties associated with illiteracy. Interviews are also more flexible and provide an opportunity to observe non verbal data. The interview schedule was made to cover all the research questions broken down into easy-to-understand bits and personal data including personal data such as level of education and age. This personal data was

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deemed relevant to the research variables e.g. the level of education and occupation are important in understanding ones possibility of access to information such as national constitution provisions. The instrument was then tested in a pilot study of ten respondents during a preliminary visit to the study area. The instrument was then revised following the findings in the preliminary study to reduce or eliminate ambiguity or otherwise better serve the objectives of the study. Data was collected by interviews done during the field visits between 17th and 25th January.
2.4 Data analysis

Data analysis involved breakdown of collected data into constituent parts in order to obtain answers to research questions (Blanche and Durheim, 2002:105). Data was analyzed following the steps of Cooper and Schindler (2008:476). Descriptive methods such as mean, median, mode and variance were used to interpret the data.

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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter will present the findings, a discussion of the findings, conclusion and recommendations of the study team based on the findings of the study.
3.1 Response rate

There were 150respondents in this study. Their gender representation is as shown below. Respondents 53 97 Table 3.1 Respondents by gender Majority of the respondents were male (65%) as shown in table 2.1. This can be attributed to prospective female respondents often turning down the data collectors requests to be interviewed. Of the respondents, 88% claimed to be in secondary schools or at least having attained secondary education. Table 2.2 shows the respondents by level of education. Respondents 132 18 Level of education Secondary and above Primary and lower Percentage 88 12 Gender Female Male Percentage 35 65

Table 3.2 Level of education of the respondents Therefore, majority of the interviewees were literate and had at least partially attained secondary education. This can be attributed to the willingness of better schooled persons to participate in the study as opposed to their counterparts who have hardly passed through primary school.

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3.2 Understanding/Perspectives on Devolution as Per CoK, 2010

Of the residents interviewed, 40% said that they were not familiar with the term devolution, with majority of them coming from Ganze constituency followed by Kaloleni and Bahari constituencies.

Familiarity with CoK, 2010

Never heard Farmiliar

40% 60%

Pie chart 3.1 Respondents Familiarity with Constitution Most of those who said they understood the term, said it entailed bringing the power closer to the people and allowing equal distribution of resources. Respondents from Bahari constituency which hosts the County capital town; Kilifi, were better informed about the devolution concept as compared to the other two constituencies thereby indicating a gap in knowledge influenced by levels of development. Most of those unfamiliar with devolution concept came from Ganze constituency where poverty prevalence is highest compared to the two constituencies. The table below shows the poverty levels and the number of persons whove either never heard of the new national constitution or have no idea what it is about in respective constituencies.
Constituency Ganze Kaloleni Poverty level1 (%) 84 74 % of people unfamiliar with CoK 35 29

Ministry of planning and national development (2005) Geographic Dimensions of Well-Being in

Kenya Vol. II Who and Where are the Poor? A Constituency Level profile

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Bahari

65

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Table 3.3 poverty and familiarity with constitution There is a consistent correlation between the levels of poverty and the chances of an individual ever getting access to the provisions of the constitution as shown below.
90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Ganze Kaloleni Bahari Poverty level[1] (%) % of people whove never heard of CoK 2010

Graph 3.1 Poverty and Familiarity with Constitution Ganze and Kaloleni constituencies which also have larger rural population and the highest poverty rates of the three had the highest percentage of persons that were unfamiliar with the new national constitution. These were double those of Bahari constituency. The major reasons for never hearing of the important document were unavailability of a readable copy or inability to read. Some were just not interested. For those familiar with the provisions of the new constitution, majority deemed empowerment of the local people as the most important difference between the old and the new constitution. This was particularly in respect to public participation in governance and over local resources. This view was particularly dominant in the rural populations in Ganze and Kaloleni constituencies who blamed their poor economy on poor planning and unresponsive allocation/use of local resources. Individuals living in urban areas were more concerned about individualistic issues such as job creation and business opportunities. The other major view shared across the study area is the possibility of reducing the rich-poor gap and inequalities in the different regions of Kenya. This was

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with the regard to the emphasis on transparency, non discrimination and local development associated with sections on devolution (CAP 11) and principles of governance. As expected there was no clear response on what the devolution concept was. 37% of the respondents gave I dont know as the answer. Majority of those who replied otherwise gave some acceptable aspects of what devolution was. A section felt it was Majimbo with a new name. Others were a lot more descriptive giving phrases like empowering the electorate or equal distribution and utilization of resources. Sharing of power was also fairly common. As of this, there was not any one respondent who gave a precise description of the devolution concept.
3.3 Expectations

Majority of the respondents in the three constituencies expect the new constitution to satisfy their interests adequately at the local ward level. Specific expectations varied with every respondents personal circumstances but revolved around poverty eradication. For instance teachers and students expect the new constitution to better education standards in the area through infrastructural development and adequate allocation of technical resources. Farmers and small scale business persons expect the county leadership to formulate and implement programs aimed at improving technology, diversifying livelihoods and economic empowerment. Respondents from Ganze in particular expressed concern that most of the natural resources in the area remain underutilized or somehow their use does not benefit the local people. Respondents in this constituency also feel economically marginalized citing the lack of a single tarmac road in the whole area. The costs of doing business and earnings were also a key expectation among both rural and urban residents across the study area. The respondents expect new investors and job opportunities for the locals. Of note was the expected increased exploitation of mineral resources for the benefit of the locals. The residents pointed out the existence of mineral resources such as titanium, salt, limestone, sand and gemstone among others as basis for future development. This is subject to leadership that is local driven and people centred. On the downside, majority of the respondents thought the devolved system of government will favour local ethnic communities in employment opportunities and allocation of resources. Many claimed that the cases of immigrant ethnic communities holding menial jobs that can be performed

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by the local indigenous ethnic communities such as the Mijikenda were set to reduce if not varnish completely.
3.4 County Legislation System

There was generally very rough understanding of understanding of the county legislation system for most of the respondents. The main legislative body i.e. the county assembly was known by the majority 70% of the respondents but few understand the details in terms of its composition and roles.

County Assemblies
Understand Don't understand

30%

70%

Pie chart 3.2 County Legislation System Understanding in Kilifi The executive arm of the county government i.e. the governor and their group are a big source of confusion with almost all the respondents having no idea what the difference between the senator and the governor would be. Attention was always centered on who of the two positions would be more powerful than the other. The county assembly hardly elicits any much interest from the respondents.
3.5 Electoral Violence

Kenya suffered post election violence in 2007/2008 that claimed over 1200 persons. However, Kilifi County was not so much affected as compared to other counties in Nairobi, Rift Valley and Western regions. However, the probability of the county experiencing electoral violence of similar magnitude remains above zero. This study sought to understand the potential of the constitution to in the least reduce the risk of elections-related violence.

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Asked what the cases for the violence were in 2007/2008 the respondents thought ttribalism, fight for political power and delayed announcement of election results were given as the major reasons. Tribalism accounted for 50% of the respondents views followed by fight for political power at 32% and delayed announcement of election results at 10%. Other reasons included vote rigging, land issues, historical injustices and lack of adequate authority of the election body. Therefore, as per the respondents, there was no major weakness in the old constitution that can be blamed for electoral violence. Only a few pointed (5) out that the new constitution comes out strongly against discrimination and better principles of governance which are good contributors to strong national identity and unity and the risk of ethnic based violence is likely to be greatly reduced. There was unanimity of the residents that the new constitution will help prevent electoral violence in future if well implemented even though it was not very clear how for most of them.
3.6 Discussion

Kilifi County is one of the poorest counties in the country with low education levels. Access to information is low and further limited by language and infrastructural barriers. The vast Mijikenda community that hosts other immigrant groups prefers Swahili as the language of use with just a handful being comfortable with English. These circumstances have hindered access to civic education and promoted misinformation especially by political actors. It is no surprise therefore that just a few of the members of Kilifi County understand the provisions of the constitution of Kenya 2010. From this study, we can infer that a considerable number of them have hardly heard of the new constitution more than one year since it was passed. Majority (85%) of those who claim to be familiar with the new constitution have never read the real document and depend on the understanding of their peers and politicians. this can be a source of misinformation and half truths. such populations also remain vulnerable to inciters and other selfish actors. The concept of devolution is also poorly understood by the world since it takes variant forms in different contexts and therefore lacks a standard definition. This can be a problem for the people of Kilifi County since the different aspects of it Kenya are well spelt out in the constitution. A significant number interpret devolution by one or other aspect in a positive way such as convenient access to government services and better management of local natural resources for the benefit of local communities. However, quite a significant number imply that it will mean marginalization of

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other ethnic immigrant communities. Open discrimination of minority ethnic communities is likely to be transferred from the national to the county level. This will erode all other expected benefits of the new constitution in terms of national peace and unity as well as local economic and social development. This also raises the risk of electoral violence in the county and the voting patterns may even be more affected by tribal to clan factors. Politicians may also take to pleasing the dominant ethnic community at the expense of others. Devolution may also not benefit the local communities as much if they dont have understanding of the structures at the local level. The study reveals poor understanding of the county legislation system and its significance. The county assembly is in charge of making laws that are specific to a county as a response to local needs. This calls for strong public input in such processes. Poor civic education would mean a disconnect between county laws and expectations of the locals if theres no effective public participation. The election offices and their roles are also poorly understood. Needless to say, the capacity of the grassroots communities in the county so much depends on their understanding of the offices to which they elect leaders to and the expected credentials of the suitable person. On the other hand, it is also important to note the hope and confidence with which the people of Kilifi County have received the new constitution. Even though they are short on details especially where individual roles are concerned, Kilifi county members have lots of positive expectation from the envisaged changes. This presents an opportunity to make the intended benefits of the document come true through sustained civic education.

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CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 THE SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

4.1 Summary of Findings

40% of the members of Kilifi are unfamiliar with the term devolution, with majority of those coming from Ganze constituency followed by Kaloleni and Bahari constituencies. Most of those who claimed familiarity with the term, said it entailed bringing the power closer to the people and allowing equal distribution of resources. Respondents from Bahari constituency which hosts the County capital town; Kilifi, were better informed about the devolution concept as compared to the other two constituencies thereby indicating a gap in knowledge influenced by levels of development.

As concerns expectations from the devolved government, farmers and small scale business persons expect the county leadership to formulate and implement programs aimed at improving technology, diversifying livelihoods and economic empowerment. Respondents from Ganze in particular expressed concern that most of the natural resources in the area remain underutilized or somehow their use does not benefit the local people. Respondents in this constituency also feel economically marginalized citing the lack of a single tarmac road in the whole area. The legislative system is also poorly understood. The main county level legislative body i.e. the county assembly was known by the majority 70% of the respondents but few understand the details in terms of its composition and roles. The citizens of the county also thought ttribalism, hunger for political power and delayed announcement of election results were given as the major reasons for the Post election violence 2007/2008. Tribalism accounted for 50% of the respondents views followed by fight for political power at 32% and delayed announcement of election results at 10%. Other reasons included vote rigging, land issues, historical injustices and lack of adequate authority of the election body. Therefore, as per the respondents, there was no major weakness in the old constitution that can be blamed for electoral violence. There was unanimity of the residents that the new constitution will help prevent electoral violence in future if well implemented even though it was not very clear how for most of them.

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4.2 Conclusion

The study found that the capacity of Kilifi county members to participate in the implementation of CoK (2010) with regard to the devolved system of governance is very low. This is due to the demonstrable lack of understanding of the different aspects of the devolution concept as provided for the constitution of Kenya 2010. However, even for the limited understanding of the document, the study population reveals great confidence that the CoK (2010) will adequately meet their local needs only if fully implemented. The Elewa Katiba Mashinani project is therefore a timely initiative especially with the national general elections fast approaching and the county governments about to be set up. Besides poor understanding of the devolution concept and structures, the significance of the expected county legislation system and process cannot be overemphasized. The study found the citizen knowledge on this very wanting with many being not sure who shall be the member of the county assembly and what role they would play. the study also found that the citizens of Kilifi county think the constitution has great potential to reduce or eliminate completely the risk of elections related violence such as the one experienced in Kenya in the 2007/2008 elections. The study therefore adequately answered the research questions. The residents also expressed support of civic education campaigns guided by the urge to fully participate towards developing their county. With clear understanding of devolution concept being a critical pre-requisite to translate devolution from theory to practice, there is a need for civic education campaigns to focus on not only the devolution concept but how the residents can fully and actively participate towards the development of their regions.
4.3 Recommendations

Based on the findings of this survey, the following measures are recommended to be incorporated within the Elewa Katiba Mashinani project and other initiatives by other development actors in Kilifi County:

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1. The project needs to take on a needs-based approach with greater focus on grassroots rural communities. Rural poverty in Kilifi County is great and as the study has found, poverty among other effects, implies low access to information. Most rural communities in Ganze and Kaloleni are unreached by most actors including government agencies and non-state actors. The project should prioritize these areas if the constitution and more specifically the devolution concept is to be implemented fully and in a participatory manner. 2. There are also a few focus areas that are most critical to understand in the operationalization of the devolution concept. Key of these is as concerns the democratic rights in voting. With a population so lowly informed voter education is of utmost importance. Unlike in previous years where this has been restricted to teaching the citizens on how to mark the ballot, there instead the need for a more holistic approach. This can include education the people on the different roles of the electable offices in question. For instance the roles of the ward representatives and the structure of the county assembly should be explained in details during the civic education campaign. Others include the governor and the senator. this will ensure the voters are in better control and have capacity to make informed decisions 3. There is also need to check expectations of the citizens in the implementation of the devolved system of governance. the objects of devolution and the principles of devolved government as provided in article174 and 175 respectively should be given due emphasis in education. This is to guard the county government from emerging perspectives that are injurious to national unity and security. It should be clear that devolution was never meant to fragment the country into ethnic blocks and that the part on devolution should be read alongside other parts of the constitution that guard against any forms of discrimination. Moreover, the civic education exercise should point out the opportunities available for the local communities and how they can be exploited. It should be clear that there is not any opportunity that does not require effort on the part of the expected benefactor. Besides competence of county government staff and leadership in performance remains key to success in economic empowerment and poverty eradication among the local communities. It should not be replaced with other irrelevant considerations such as tribe, colour or affiliation. 4. The committee of experts who spearheaded the drafting of the present national constitution made very commendable efforts in educating the public throughout the

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constitution making process. However, as evidenced in this study, these attempts were never adequate. Most of those who have hardly had information on the constitution blamed it on the technical legal language. There is still a lot to be done to get these citizens to gain access to information that best suits their needs. This cannot be wholly achieved under the Elewa Katiba Mashinani project. More partners need to come on board to contribute to building factual, simple and easy use (probably in Swahili) information materials and disseminating them at the grassroots level. Media partners should also be engaged since they have potential to reach a larger audience cheaply.

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References
1. D Juma Devolution of power as constitutionalism: the constitutional debate and beyond in 2. The Kenyan section of the International Commission of Jurists (ICJ- Kenya) (2008) Ethnicity, Human Rights and Constitutionalism in Africa 37. 3. UNESCO (1997) International Standard Classification of Education 4. Government Printers (2010) Constitution of Kenya
5. D o n a l d R . C o o p e r a n d P a m e l a S . S c h i n d l e r ( 2008). B u s i n e s s R e s e a r c h m e t h o d s , Tata Mc Graw Hill.

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Appendix 1.0: Interview Schedule

ECO-ETHICS, KENYA ELEWA KATIBA MASHINANI PROJECT (KILIFI COUNTY) Baseline survey on peoples understanding of devolution The following interview is aimed at providing information on the understanding on the concept of devolution contained in the constitution of Kenya 2010. The information shall be used to facilitate civic education for Kilifi County and is not intended for any income generating activity. Respondents Personal Information: NameGenderAge Constituency..................Ward Level of educationContact..... Occupation..Other (specify)... Questions: 1. Have you read or otherwise familiarized yourself with the new national constitution (2010)? Yes No If no, give the reasons for this ....... If yes: i. Do you think the new constitution adequately caters for the needs of the people in your ward? Yes No ii. What do you think is the major difference between the old and the new constitution? 2. What does devolution mean to you? . Is it a good thing to the people of your area (ward)? Yes No i. How will devolution benefit people at your area? .. ii. What do you think is the main objective of devolution? iii. What is the structure of the devolved government? .

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 Do you know of the county assembly in the new constitution? Yes No i. What is the role of the county assembly? ... ii. What do you think is your specific role in the new government structure? iii. What do you expect from the county assembly? iv. Who shall compose the county government? . 3. What in your view was the constitutional reason the post election violence in 2007/2008? i. In your view, how do you think the new constitution and devolution in particular can help avoid events like the PEV? . Any Additional Information:

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