Khoa in in T

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TI:

K THUT TRUYN KHNG NG B ATM TRONG H THNG PHN CP S NG B SDH

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

Khoa in in T LI M U

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Ghp knh tn hiu s l mt lnh vc rt quan trng. Khi u ca n l iu xung m (PCM) v iu ch Delta (DM). T PCM, cc k s ch to cc thit b vin thng cho ra i thit b ghp knh cn ng b (PDH) v sau l thit b ghp knh ng b (SDH). Mng thng tin quang SDH m ra mt giai on mi ca cng ngh truyn thng nhm p ng nhu cu tng trng rt nhanh ca cc dch v vin thng. Tuy nhin, thng tin quang SDH l cng ngh ghp knh c nh. V vy rng bng tn vn khng c tn dng trit . Theo gi thuyt cng vi thc t cho thy mt mt rng bng tn ng truyn cn b lng ph, mt khc cng ngh ATM i hi h thng thng tin quang SDH phi tho mn nhu cu trc mt v cho c tng lai khi m cc dch v gia tng pht trin trnh cao. Ch c th tho mn nhu cu v tc truyn dn v nng cao kh nng s dng bng tn ng truyn bng cch thay i phng thc truyn ti lu lng s liu. Hc tp v nghin cu mn hc k thut chuyn mch mng li cho sinh vin ngnh in t vin thng c kin thc s s ca lnh vc chuyn mch cng nh tip cn cc gii php k thut v cng ngh chuyn mch mi. l l do em chn ti cho n ny l: cng ngh chuyn mch ATM. Do cha c nhiu kinh nghim v kin thc cn km nn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Mong nhn c kin ng gp ca bn c v qu thy c. Xin chn thnh cm n! H Ni, ngy 30 thng 1 nm 2012.

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

Khoa in in T MC LC

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LI M U.............................................................................................................. 2 CHNG 1 ................................................................................................................. 4 TNG QUAN V SDH............................................................................................... 4 1. 2. 3. 4. Lch s pht trin....................................................................................... 4 K thut cng ngh.................................................................................... 4 ng dng.................................................................................................... 6 Li ch ca SDH......................................................................................... 8

CHNG 2 ............................................................................................................... 10 GHP KNH ATM TRONG SDH .......................................................................... 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. S ra i ca ATM .................................................................................. 10 ATM l g? ............................................................................................... 10 Cc c im ca ATM ........................................................................... 10 Cu trc t bo ATM............................................................................... 12 K thut ghp knh trong ATM ............................................................. 14 Nguyn tc chuyn mch v nh tuyn ................................................. 16 6.1. Qu trnh chuyn mch v x l gi qua h thng chuyn mch ATM .. 6.2. Nguyn tc nh tuyn trong chuyn mch ATM............................... 17 7. 8. 9. 10. Hot ng ca chuyn mch ATM ......................................................... 18 u, Nhc im ca ATM ...................................................................... 23 ng dng ca ATM................................................................................. 24 Xu hng pht trin ................................................................................ 29

KT LUN................................................................................................................ 31 TI LIU THAM KHO......................................................................................... 32

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Khoa in in T CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V SDH 1. Lch s pht trin

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SDH c xut u tin vo nm 1986 bi hng Bellcore (Hoa K) di tn gi l mng quang ng b SONET (Synchronous Optical Network). Mc ch l thit lp mt chun bng rng, ng b tt c cc thit b theo mt ng h ch, sao cho tt c cc thit b trn th gii c th kt ni vi nhau dng cc giao thc bo hiu v nh dng khung chun. Nm 1988, ITU v ETSI (Europrean Telecom Standards Institute) chp nhn SONET v i tn thnh SDH vi mc ch l a ra mt chun ton cu v truyn dn quang, iu khin, thit b, bo hiu..Tc truyn c s trong SDH l 155.52Mbps (vit gn l 155 Mbps) v c gi l module truyn ng b cp 1 (Synchronous Transport Module levels 1) hay n gin l STM-1. Cc tc cao hn l STM-4 (622 Mbps), STM-16 (2.5 Gbps), STM-64 (10 Gbps), STM-128 (20Gbps). 2. K thut cng ngh SDH l t vit tt ca cm t Synchronous Digital Hierarchy, c dch l H thng phn cp s ng b. y l mt cng ngh c s dng rng ri trong lnh vc vin thng. N l nn tng h tng Truyn dn cho nhiu loi hnh dch v vin thng. Trong phn cp SONET, dng khi nim OC (Optical Signals) thay cho STM. Cng nh PDH, tn hiu STM-1 bao gm mt tp cc khung lp li vi chu k 125 s . Ni dung ca mi khung mang cc dng tn hiu PDH tc khc nhau 1.5/ 2/ 6/ 34/ 45 hay 140 Mbps. Mi dng ny cha trong mt container khc nhau. Ngoi cc bit tin, container cn cha cc bit chn thm cn chnh tc . Mt s thng tin iu khin c thm vo container gi l mo u ng POH (Path Overhead). Chc nng ca POH l mang thng tin h tr thng bo v tr ni m container s c truyn n, mang cc thng tin v gim st v bo tr ng truyn , v d nh t s BER ca container lin quan. S kt hp ca container vi POH to nn container o VC (Virtual Container). Mt khung STM-1 c th cha nhiu VC cng loi hoc khc loi. Do tr truyn dn c th thay i nn v tr ca container trong mt khung STM-1 c th khng c nh. sp xp cc thay i ny, mt con tr (pointer) t u mi VC v lin 4 Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

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kt vi VC to ra n v nhnh TU (Tribitary Unit). Nhiu TU ghp li vi nhau to thnh TUG (Tribitary Unit Group). VC cp cao nht trong khung STM-1 gi l n v iu khin AU (Administrative Unit). Nhiu AU ghp li thnh AUG (Administrative Unit Group). Cu trc khung STM-1 gm AUG v mo u on SOH (Section Overhead). SOH cha cc thng tin cn thit cho bo tr, bo dng trn on m SOH lin quan n. y cn phn bit r Path v Section. Path l ng truyn t u cui n u cui qua mt h thng truyn dn hon chnh, trong khi Section ch l chiu di ca mt on cp gia hai trm lp.

Hnh 1.Phn cp ghp knh SDH (theo ITU v ETSI) Khi cn tc truyn dn cao hn 155 Mbps ca STM-1, ngi ta ghp N cp STM-1 c cc cp STM-N. Trn ng thng tin s (digital) tn s v pha ca xung tn hiu phi c ng b mt cch chnh xc thc hin vic ghp knh. T cc knh tn hiu s cp 64kbit/s (=8kbit/s x 8) ta thc hin ghp knh cp cao. C 2 phng php ghp knh cp cao: ghp knh cn ng b v vi ghp knh ng b. Cc c im ca SDH, so snh gia mng SDH vi mng PDH p: Trn ng thng tin s (digital) tn s v pha ca xung tn hiu phi c ng b mt cch chnh xc thc hin vic ghp knh. T cc knh tn hiu s cp 64kbit/s (=8kbit/s x 8) ta thc hin ghp knh cp cao. C 2 phng php ghp knh cp cao: ghp knh cn ng b v vi ghp knh ng b. Trong ghp knh cn ng b (Plesiochronous Digital Hierachy), ngi ta cn chnh pha bng vic chn xung. Trong vic ng b ho bng chn xung, th tc ca xung nh thi (timing) hi nhanh hn tc ca xung tn hiu vo. Khi xung nh thi khc nhau 1byte th xung chn c chn vo Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 5

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v tr thi gian thch hp. Vi nguyn tc chn bit ghp cc knh 64kbit/s, hin nay c hai h thng: mt theo tiu chun Bc M v mt theo tiu chun chu u. H Bc M c cc cp sau: DS0 tc 64kbit/s, DS1 tc 1,544Mbit/s = 64kbit/s x 24 + 8 kbit/s DS2 tc 6,312Mbit/s = 1,544Mbit/s x 4 x 49/48 x 288/(288-0,33) DS3 tc 47,736Mbit/s DS4 tc 274,176Mbit/s H chu u cng c cp h tng ng l: CEPT0 tc 64kbit/s CEPT1 tc 2,048Mbit/s CEPT2 tc 8,448Mbit/s CEPT3 tc 32,368Mbit/s CEPT4 tc 139,264Mbit/s Trong phng trnh ca tn hiu DS2, tn hiu DS2 c c bng cch ghp 4 tn hiu DS1. T s 49/48 c ngha l vi tng 48bit li chn thm 1 bit ng b khung v vi tng 288bit li c bit chn. Vi s ghp knh PDH nu trn, nu ta mun tch c mt knh ring l t lung tn hiu bc cao khng th khng qua cc thit b tch knh theo trnh t t cao xung thp. Theo gc kinh t th vn u t vo cc thit b phn knh ny kh tn km. y l nhc im ca h thng PDH. Trong nhng nm 1980 do h thng chuyn mch s tng ngy cng nhiu, thit b truyn dn s c dng nhiu v nhu cu thit lp ISDN cng ngy cng ln, vic ng b ho mng li tr nn quan trng. Mt khc, nh vo tin b cng ngh tin hc trong cc thit b truyn dn, cc b ni cho thc hin hon ton bng in t. Ti y d liu tc thp c th ni ln vi tn hiu tc cao. 3. ng dng Nh chng ta bit th SDH thc hin mt h cc tiu chun (hay giao thc). N c th v s giao tip vi cc mng hin c c xy dng trn cc tiu chun vng. SDH c th v s tr thnh mt tiu chun cng nghip cho thng tin si quang bng rng ton cu. Mng thng tin ny c th c b sung bi cc h thng cp ng hoc v tuyn cho cc ng ng truyn c li ngn hoc tc thp. Khi mng s ca quc gia c trin khai mt phn thng qua cc chun SDH th cc vng SDH ny c th c kt ni ti nhng vng c trin khai vi cc tiu chun phi SDH (thng c ni ti l cc chun cn ng b PDH). Ngoi ra SDH cn mang li mt s tnh nng nh: Cung cp cc phn t mng duy nht cc mng PDH c th c kt ni ti hay giao tip vi cc mng SDH. B ghp xen k (ADM), h thng kt ni cho s DCS hay h thng mch vng s DLC..s cung cp cc giao tip gia h thng SDH v h thng PDH, chng hn nh chuyn i dng hoc tc tn hiu. Chng hn nh mt b kt ni cho s DCS c th i din cho im giao tip gia cc mng SDH v PDH. Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 6

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Cung cp cc kh nng tch hp OAM&P trong mi phn t mng NE. Cc mng SDH cung cp cc knh thng tin s liu truyn cc bn tin OAM&P gia cc phn t mng NE hay gia cc h thng iu hnh OS vi NE trong cng mt khung tn hiu mang ti tin. iu ny tit kim c thit b v to ra s linh hot cho qu trnh vn hnh. Ti sao SDH li c s dng ph bin? Trong thc t SDH c s dng rt nhiu, nhu cu v tiu chun SDH c th c nhn t cc gc khc nhau. Mc tiu ca SDH l nhm n gin ha kt ni gia cc nh khai thc mng bng cch cho php kt ni cc thit b do nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau ti mc m kh nng tng thch c th t c mc si quang. Cng vi l nhu cu v cc dch v bng rng, cc dch v bng rng chng hn nh SMDS (Dch v chuyn mch s liu nhiu Megabit), video theo yu cu v truyn hnh phn gii cao HDTV (High Definition TV), c th c thc hin d dng bng cng ngh thng tin si quang, m cng ngh ny khng cho php nhiu hn mt tiu chun lin kt mng. iu ny c minh ha nh sau:

Hnh 2.Chuyn i tc /Dng tn hiu PDH i vi thc t hin nay, mi vng PDH c cc tn hiu vi tc v dng ring ca chng. Hnh 2A ch ra mt tn hiu thoi abc c s ha bi h thng PCM Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 7

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lut . Gi s lung s liu ny c truyn i m khng c s chuyn i thch hp v c nhn bi mt my thu s dng cng ngh PCM lut A th tn hiu c khi phc s khng pht ra m thanh abc. V vy, mt b chuyn i nh hnh 2B phi c s dng. N bao hm s chuyn i t lut sang lut A v khung 24 knh sang khung 32 knh. Bt k s chuyn i no cng i hi mt lng thi gian x l ti thiu. Lung s liu mt dng trc tin phi c a vo b nh m. B chuyn i sau s x l mt s lng bit nht nh, chng hn 8 bit mt lc v chuyn i tn hiu t mt dng ny sang mt dng khc. Ta c th hnh dung rng khong thi gian bit tb1 hay tb 2 hnh 2C c i hi lm thi gian x l. Nu cc tn hiu c chuyn i c tc thp, khong thi gian bit ln dng lm thi gian x l. Tuy nhin nu cc tn hiu c tc cao, khong thi gian bit chng hn nh tb 2 khng ln thc hin bt k mt s chuyn i no. Nu khng c cc tiu chun SDH th c hai tn hiu s lut v lut A cho thng tin si quang s khng th t c ti tc vi chc Gbit/s. Do khng th t c kt ni ton cu. Tm li, i vi thng tin bng rng i hi phi c mt tiu chun thng tin ton cu. 4. Li ch ca SDH Li ch m SDH em li khc nhau i vi tng ngi khc nhau. Mt nhm ngi no c th d on mt lot nhng li ch thit thc hn nhng ngi khc. Li ch chnh y l do vic trin khai SDH mang li theo cc chuyn gia SDH khc nhau s c m t: Chi ph gim xung c mong i l do cc yu t sau: (1) giao tip chun c n gin ha, cc thit b c th c ti s dng trong nhiu thit b SDH khc nhau, (2) loi tr cc giao tip c quyn ca nh cung cp, iu ny s dn ti s cnh tranh v thit b v cui cng lm gim chi ph cho ngi tiu dng v (3) chi ph vn hnh gim do cc thit b c thit k chnh xc cng dung lng mo u v vi dung lng mo u ln, dn ti chi ph cho vn hnh v qun l mng s c gim xung. Hin nay trong mi trng PDH , nhiu qu trnh vn hnh thng c thc hin theo phng thc ha chy do cc th tc khng theo tiu chun v dung lng mo u khng y .

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Kh nng vn hnh c tng cng nh dung lng cc byte mo u d tha c phn b cho tt c cc thit b SDH. Gim st hot ng t u ti cui c th tr thnh mt chc nng to tuyn ca mng SDH. Vic gim st, kim tra v kim k t xa s d dng hn mng hin c. Qun l mng c th c tng cng mt cch d dng khi mng pht trin. Kh nng duy tr (hay tin cy) l mt trong c im hp dn nht ca mng SDH. Hai cu hnh mng nhm t c kh nng duy tr mng l vng t khi phc v mng mt li trn c s DCS. Khng c nghn bng tn do cc mng SDH tc cao c xy dng trn cc tuyn si quang c dung lng kh ln t 155,22Mbps ln ti 10Gbps thm ch ti 40Gbps.

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

Khoa in in T CHNG 2

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GHP KNH ATM TRONG SDH 1. S ra i ca ATM ATM l phng thc truyn ti khng ng b, cung cp cc dch v bng rng tng lai. ATM ln u tin c nghin cu ti trung tm nghin cu CNET (ca France Telecom) v Bell Labs vo nm 1983, sau tip tc pht trin ti trung tm nghin cu Allatebell t nm 1984. Cc trung tm ny tch cc nghin cu nhng nguyn l c bn v ng gp tch cc trong vic thit lp cc tiu chun u tin v ATM. Hin nay cng ngh ATM pht trin ti kh hon ho v n nh. Cng ngh ny c nghin cu v trin khai nhiu ti cc nc trn th gii. Nhiu mng ATM c trin khai, bc u cung cp cc dch v bng rng ti khch hng. Vic ng dng cng ngh ATM vo mng vin thng c bt u vo nm 1990. ATM l s kt hp ca cng ngh truyn dn v cng ngh chuyn mch qua mng giao tip chun, da vo cng ngh ATM phn chia v ghp ting ni, s liu, hnh nh..vo trong mt khi c chiu di c nh c gi l t bo. 2. ATM l g? ATM l mt cng ngh mng tc cao c thit k dng cho c mng cc b (LAN) v mng din rng (WAN). N l cng ngh chuyn mch hng kt ni, ngha l mt mch dnh ring c thit lp gia 2 h thng cui trc khi mt phin lin lc c bt u. ATM l phng thc truyn khng ng b s dng k thut chuyn mch gi cht lng cao. C phng thc truyn ti nh hng, chuyn gi nhanh da trn ghp khng ng b phn chia theo thi gian. ATM kt hp tt c nhng li th ca k thut chuyn mch trc y vo mt k thut truyn thng duy nht. S dng cc gi c nh gi l cc t bo, n c th truyn ti hn hp cc dch v bao gm thoi, hnh nh, s liu c th cung cp cc bng thng theo yu cu. ATM c th loi tr c cc nt c chai thng xy ra cc mng LAN v WAN hin nay. 3. Cc c im ca ATM Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 10

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ATM truyn ti theo phng thc khng ng b, tc l cc thng tin c truyn t u pht ti u thu mt cch khng ng b v c th hin nh sau: thng tin xut hin ti u vo ca h thng c np vo cc b nh m, sau chng c chia nh thnh cc t bo v truyn ti qua mng. ATM c hai c im quan trng l: Th nht: ATM s dng cc gi c kch thc nh v c nh gi l t bo ATM (ATM Cell), cc t bo nh cng vi tc truyn ln s lm tr truyn v bin ng tr gim nh i vi cc dch v thi gian thc. Ngoi ra kch thc nh cng s to iu kin cho vic hp knh tc cao c d dng hn. Th hai: ATM cn c mt c im rt quan trng l nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng. Phng thc truyn ti trong ATM gn ging vi phng thc chuyn mch gi. V n c mt s c im khc vi chuyn mch gi nh sau: ph hp vi vic truyn tn hiu thi gian thc th ATM phi t tr nh, tc l cc t bo phi c di ngn hn cc thng tin trong chuyn mch gi. Cc t bo c on mo u nh nht nhm tng hiu qu s dng v cc ng truyn c tc rt cao. m bo tr nh th cc t bo c truyn nhng khong thi gian xc nh, khng c khong trng gia cc t bo. Trong ATM th t cc t bo bn pht v bn thu phi ging nhau (m bo nht qun v th t). Nhng c im ny gip cho mng ATM c s mm do v linh hot v n c th to s tng thch v mt tc truyn ca cc t bo (tc ca thng tin) v tc ca thng tin c to ra (tc thay i ngun tn hiu). ATM c th iu khin tt c cc lu lng: Voice, Audio, Video, Text, Data,c ghp knh v chuyn mch trong mt mng chung. Trong mng ATM rng bng c th gn li trong thi gian thc cho bt k kiu lu lng khc nhau no theo yu cu, c th thy rng y l mt cng ngh cho mi mi trng LAN, GAN, PSTN.. 11

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Khoa in in T 4. Cu trc t bo ATM Cu trc mt t bo ATM

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c im ca ATM l hng lin kt nn khc vi chuyn mch gi l a ch ngun, ch v s th t cc gi tin l khng cn thit. ATM cng khng cung cp c ch iu khin lung gia cc nt mng nhng c kh nng nhm mt vi knh o thnh mt ng o nhm gip cho vic nh tuyn c d dng hn. V vy chc nng c bn ca phn tiu trong t bo ATM l nhn dng cc cuc ni o. Da vo cu trc phn cp ATM theo s :

Hnh 4. Cu trc phn cp ATM Tng ng vi hai cp giao din trn, ngi ta a hai dng cu trc phn tiu tng ng: Cu trc phn tiu giao din gia ngi s dng v mng UNL. Cu trc phn tiu giao din gia cc nt mng NNL.

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Hnh 5. Cu trc tiu t bo ATM ngha cc trng trong phn tiu : - GFC (General Flow Control) l trng iu khin lung chung. Trng ny ch dng cho giao din UNI trong cu hnh im im, c di gm 4 bt, trong 2 bit dng cho iu khin v 2 bit dng lm tham s. C cu ny c tiu chun ha. - VPI (Vitural Path Identyfier) v PCI (Vitural Channel Identyfier) l hai trng nh tuyn cho cc t bo trong qu trnh chuyn mch : Vi UNI th c 8 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI. Vi NNI th c 12 bit VPI v 16 bit VCI. - Hai trng hp ny ghi nhn dng lung o v knh o. c tnh c bn ca ATM l chuyn mch xy ra trn c s gi tr trng nh tuyn: Nu chuyn mch xy ra trn VPI th gi l kt ni ng o . Nu chuyn mch xy ra trn VPI v VCI th gi l kt ni knh o. - PT (Payload Type) l trng ti thng tin xc nh xem t bo ny mang thng tin khch hng hay thng tin iu khin. N cng xc nh qu ti ca t bo thng tin khch hng. Trng hp ny c c hai giao din v c di 3 bit. Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 13

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- CLP (Cell Loss Prioryti) l trng u tin b t bo dng ch ra kh nng cho php hoc khng cho php b cc t bo khi c hin tng qu ti xy ra. Nu cc t bo c CLP = 0 th c mc u tin cao. Nu cc t bo c CLP = 1 th c u tin mc thp. Trng ny ch nhn gi tr 0 hoc 1 nn c di 1 bit v tn ti c 2 giao din. -HEC (Heacler Error Check) l trng kim tra li phn tiu . Trng ny ch c di 8 bit. N dng pht hin li ghp bit v sa li cc li ghp bit n . Cng vic ny c thc hin lp vt l. 5. K thut ghp knh trong ATM Nhc im c bn ca STM l lng ph kh nng truyn ti ca h thng v kh x l ng thi tt c cc dch v yu cu (thm ch khng th x l c) c tc dng bit rt khc nhau. Theo kho st s b k thut dng trong ch truyn ti ng b STM l k thut ghp knh theo thi gian ng b STDM ( Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing). STDM thc hin ghp knh ng b vi ng b h thng v cc khung tn hiu phi b tr sp xp theo mt th t c nh v lp li theo mt chu k hon ton xc nh bi ng h h thng. Mi khe thi gian Tsi ca mt khung c gn cho mt knh lin lc c nh trong sut thi gian ca qu trnh thng tn, do vy thng xy ra lng ph ngun ti nguyn v knh gn dnh ring cho mt qu trnh thng tin th cho d n khng c s dng ( khi khng c thng tin truyn ) cng khng th dng cho cc qu trnh thng tin khc. ATDM (Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing) l mt k thut ghp knh khng ng b. Khc vi ch ghp knh ng b , ATDM khng cn nhim v gn khe thi gian cho cc qu trnh thng tin c th na m c c bt k khe thi gian no ri th ATDM ghp gi tin cn truyn vo. K thut ny cn c gi l k thut ghp knh thng k, ngha l cc gi tin chun ca ngun tin c th ghp vo ng thi nhiu khe thi gian c ch s khe khc nhau do vy ATDM t c mm do, linh hot, hiu qu cao vi nhiu kiu dch v, mi tc bit v kiu lu lng khc nhau.

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Hnh 6. So snh STDM v ATDM Gii php kt hp cc u im, khc phc cc nhc im ca k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi, s dng ATDM s c kh nng p ng tt cc yu cu trong B-ISDN l vn ch yu ca cng ngh truyn ti khng ng b ATM. Cu trc phn lp ca mng ATM Theo m hnh tham chiu lin kt h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) ca t chc tiu chun ha quc t ISO (International Standard Organization). Mi h thng m u c cc h thng con c sp xp theo th t nh hnh 7. Mt PDU lp N bao gm thng tin iu khin giao thc PCI (Protocol Control Information) lp N v s liu t lp N+1 thng tin iu khin trao i gia cc thc th lp N.

Hnh 7: M hnh phn lp OSI Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 15

Khoa in in T 6. Nguyn tc chuyn mch v nh tuyn

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6.1. Qu trnh chuyn mch v x l gi qua h thng chuyn mch ATM Giao thc ATM tng ng vi 2 lp nh nh ngha trong m hnh tham chiu OSI cc h thng m. ATM l kt ni c hng, mt kt ni Cui Cui (hay knh o) cn c thit lp trc khi nh tuyn cc t bo ATM. Cc t bo c nh tuyn da trn hai gi tr quan trng cha trong 5 byte mo u t bo: nhn dng lung o (VPI) v nhn dng knh o (VCI), trong mt lung o bao gm mt s cc knh o. S bit dnh cho VPI ph thuc vo kiu giao din. Nu l giao din ngi s dng UNI, gia ngi s dng v chuyn mch ATM u tin, 8 bit c dnh cho VPI. iu ny c ngha l c ti 28 =256 lung o sn c trong im truy nhp ngi s dng. Mt khc nu n l giao din node mng (NNI), gia cc chuyn mch trung gian ATM, 12 bit s dnh cho VPI. iu ny cho thy c 212 =4096 lung o c th c gia cc chuyn mch ATM. Trong c UNI v NNI, c 16 bit dnh cho VCI. V th c 216 =65536 knh o cho mi lung o. S kt hp c VPI v VCI to nn mt lin kt o gia hai u cui. Thay v c cng VPI/VCI cho ton b lung nh tuyn, VPI/VCI c xc nh trn mi lin kt c s thay i vi mi chuyn mch ATM. Ngha l ti mi lin kt u vo n mt node chuyn mch, mt VPI/VCI c th c thay th bng mt VPI/VCI khc ti u ra bng s tham chiu ti mt bng gi l bng nh tuyn (Routing Information TableRIT) trong chuyn mch ATM. Vi bng nh tuyn mng ATM c th tng s lng cc ng nh tuyn. Mi chuyn mch ATM c mt bng nh tuyn cha t nht cc trng hp sau: VPI/VCI c, VPI/VCI mi, a ch cng u ra, v trng u tin (ty chn). Khi mt t bo ATM n mt ng u vo ca chuyn mch, n b chia thnh 5 byte tiu v 48 byte mang thng tin. Bng cch s dng VPI/VCI cha trong phn tiu nh gi tr VPI/VCI c, chuyn mch tm trong bng nh tuyn VPI/VCI mi ca cc t bo ang i n. Khi tm thy, gi tr VPI/VCI c s c thay th bng VPI/VCI mi. Ngoi ra a ch cng u ra tng ng v trng u tin c nh km trong 48 byte mang thng tin trc khi n c gi n kt cu chuyn mch. a ch cng u ra ch ti cng u ra tiu m t bo c nh tuyn. C ba kiu nh tuyn trong kt cu chuyn mch: Unicast l ch m mt t bo c nh tuyn ti mt cng u ra xc nh. Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 16

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Multicast l ch mt t bo c nh tuyn ti mt s cc cng u ra. Broadcast l ch mt t bo c nh tuyn ti tt c cc cng u ra. Trng u tin cho php chuyn mch truyn cc t bo mt cch c la chn ti cc cng u ra hay loi chng khi b m b y, ty theo yu cu dch v. Cc kt ni ATM c thit lp trc hoc thit lp mt cch linh ng theo bo hiu c s dng, ging nh bo hiu UNI v bo hiu nh tuyn giao din mng - mng ring (PNNI). Thit lp trc c tham chiu ti cc kt ni o c nh (PVCs), thit lp linh ng c tham chiu ti cc kt ni o chuyn mch (SVCs). Vi cc SVCs, bng nh tuyn c cp nht bi b x l cuc gi trong sut qu trnh thit lp cuc gi. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi s tm mt ng nh tuyn ph hp gia ngun v ch. VPI/VCI ca mi ng dn dc theo tuyn, cc a ch cng u ra ca cc b chuyn mch v trng u tin c xc nh v c b x l cuc gi in vo bng. B x l cuc gi phi m bo rng ti mi chuyn mch, VPI/VCI ca cc t bo ang n t cc cng u vo khc nhau c cng mt cng u ra l khc nhau. Mi b chuyn mch ATM c mt b x l cuc gi. 6.2. Nguyn tc nh tuyn trong chuyn mch ATM C hai phng thc nh tuyn c s dng trong chuyn mch ATM, l nguyn tc t nh tuyn v nh tuyn dng bng nh tuyn. Theo nguyn tc ny: vic bin dch VPI/VCI cn phi thc hin ti u vo ca cc phn t chuyn mch sau khi bin dch xong t bo s c thm phn m rng bng mt nh danh ni b th hin rng x l tiu ca t bo. Tiu mi ca t bo c t trc nh ni dung ca bng bin dch, vic tng thm tiu t bo y yu cu tng thm tc ni b ca ma trn chuyn mch. Ngay sau khi t bo c c nh danh ni b, n c nh hng theo nguyn tc t nh hng. Mi cuc ni t u vo ti u ra c mt tn ni b nm trong ma trn chuyn mch xc nh. Trong cc cuc ni a im VPI/VCI c gn tn ni b nhiu chuyn mch do c kh nng cc t bo c nhn bn v nh hng ti cc ch khc nhau ph thuc vo tn c gn.

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17

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Hnh 8: Nguyn tc t nh tuyn Quy tc gn tiu cho t bo: VPI/VCI c = VPI/VCI mi + nh danh ni b. Nguyn tc bng nh tuyn: Theo nguyn tc ny, VPI/VCI trong tiu t bo c bin dch ti mi phn t chuyn mch thnh mt tiu mi v m s cng u ra thch hp nh mt bng nh tuyn gn vi phn t chuyn mch ny. Trong giai on thit lp cuc ni, ni dung ca bng c cp nht.

Hnh 9: Nguyn tc bng iu khin

7. Hot ng ca chuyn mch ATM 18

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

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Xt v d ng dng ca ATM cung cp dch v ca ngi dng. Thu bao ATM c th nhn c dch v bng hai cch sau: Qua knh o c nh PVC (Permanent Vitural Circuit) Qua knh o chuyn mch SVC (Switched Vitural Circuit). a) PVC: knh o c nh Cc thnh phn c bn bao gm PABX l tng i ATM dng ring h tr cho cc dch v in thoi. Router l b nh hng dng kt ni cc mng LAN qua mng chuyn mch. MUX thc hin chc nng ghp knh cc t bo ATM. Ngi iu hnh mng (Network Operator) c chc nng h tr cho vic thit lp/ Gii phng cc knh o c nh.

Hnh 10: PVC mng ATM Vic thit lp knh PVC theo th tc sau tng t nh knh cho thu: Thu bao gi nh cung cp yu cu knh PVC Thu bao a a ch ch, tc bit yu cu v thi gian s dng in thoi vin (Network Operator) a cc thng tin ny qua thit b kt (Terminal) thit lp knh tng t nh in thoi vin bnh thng Knh ni c thit lp. Theo bao tr tin theo quy nh thu knh hay theo chi tit cuc gi. Nh vy i vi hnh thc PVC tng t nh th tc thu knh truyn thng nhng n c cc u im sau: Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 19

Khoa in in T Gn nh thi gian thc. rng bng theo yu cu. Khng c th tc thit lp cuc gi.

Lp HT1_K1

Nailed-up connection ngha l lun c mch ni gia cc im yu cu. D m rng hay gii phng ng ni cui. b) SVC: Knh o chuyn mch i vi phng thc ny, khi cuc gi thit lp, gi tr mc nh hoc theo nng lc hay gn tc l 64 kbit/s v ngay khi cuc gi thit lp mch s c gn cho ngi dng (in thoi thng thng).

Hnh 11: SVC mng ATM Thu bao ch gi nhc my v quay s, cuc gi hng ti ATM-Hub (Trung tm ATM), n thch ng cc thng tin bo hiu vo t bo ATM. ATM-Hub kim tra tc bit yu cu, dng cc thng tin cha trong phn ti tin ca t bo ATM. Cc t bo ATM bo hiu qua mng ti ch thit lp kt ni. Khi t bo ti ch, ATMHub pha ch s gi cc t bo ngc li vi cc thng tin v knh o thit lp knh ni. Khi cc t bo ny ti ch gi, ATM-Hub gn cho cc t bo gi tr VCI thch hp v mng by gi bit nh tuyn c th th no. Khi thit lp ni xong, tin ca ngi dng trong t bo VPI/VCI trong tiu . Khi pht t bo ATM bo hiu t ch gi c cha a ch ch. Ti cc tng i ATM pht cc t bo ny theo kiu qung b. Ti cc ch chng c kim tra , nu ng ch thc s th ch s pht Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 20

Khoa in in T

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ngc li. Trn ng i s gn cc gi tr VPIi/VCIj v a vo phn ti tin ca t bo ATM. T bo no tr v thu bao ch gi u tin chnh l ng i ngn nht. c) Chuyn mch VP v VC Ti mt s nt chuyn mch, vic bin dch VPI c thc hin cng vi vic bin dch VCI to nn s thay i ca VCI v VPI. Hnh sau ch ra hai phng php chuyn mch theo knh o v chuyn mch theo lung o.

Hnh 12: Chuyn mch VP v VC Dy cc t bo ATM c m bo cho mi VCC trong phm vi cng mt VPC. Cc dy tham s QoS nh: tn tht t bo, bin thin tr t bos c m bo cho mi VCC. Ti thi im thit lp VCC, cc tham s lu lng khch hng s c xc nh qua s tha hip gia mng v khch hng v sau mng s gim st cc tham s . Tng t nh i vi cc kt ni knh o VCC, cc kt ni o VPC c th c dng cho vic truyn thng tin gia khch hng vi khch hng, gia khch hng vi mng v gia mng vi khch hng. Vic thit lp v gii phng VPC s c thc hin bng cc th tc qun l mng, ph thuc vo vic cc VPC s c gn hoc c cung cp khi c nhu cu. Khi vic thit lp v gii phng cc VPC theo nhu cu c th c mng hoc khch hng thc hin. d) Nguyn tc chuyn mach v nh tuyn trong nt mng ATM Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 21

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Chuyn mch ATM thc hin chc nng chuyn mch cc t bo ATM t mt u vo (trong s N u vo) n mt hay nhiu u ra (trong s M u ra) da trn vic bin dch cc VPC v VCC.

Hnh 13: Nguyn l chuyn mch ATM Theo hnh 13 th cc t bo ATM c chuyn mch vt l t mt u vo Ii(N) n mt u ra Oj(M), ng thi mt gi tr tiu vo (A,B,C..) c phin dch sang mt tiu ra (M, N, O..) mi ng vo v ng ra gi tr tiu l duy nht, nhng trn cc ng khc nhau c th c cc tiu nh nhau (v d: A ng I1 v ng In). Tt c cc t bo c u A ng vo I1 u c chuyn ti u ra O1 v u chng c phin dch hay chuyn i vo gi tr M. Cn tt c t bo c u A ng vo In c chuyn n O1 nhng u chng khi ra li nhn gi tr l P. Mt khc hai t bo hai u vo khc nhau (Ii v In) n chuyn mch ATM khng th ng thi a ra hai t bo ny cng mt lc c. gii quyt vn ny chuyn mch phi c b nh m lu gi cc t bo cha th phc v v cho ra t bo c u tin cao nht. Nh vy mi kt ni c xc nh theo cc gi tr VPI ring ca mi VP trong tng chng ca ng truyn v gi tr VCI ring ca mi VC trong tng VP. Bc u tin thit lp kt ni gia cc u cui l qu trnh xc nh ng ni gia thit b ngun v thit b ch.

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

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Qu trnh ny kt thc vi kt qu l xc nh c cc chng ng truyn dng trong kt ni v cc gi tr nhn dng ca chng. C hai phng thc nh tuyn c s dng trong chuyn mch ATM, l nguyn tc t nh tuyn v nh tuyn dng bng nh tuyn. Theo nguyn tc t nh tuyn ny vic bin dch VPI/VCI cn phi thc hin ti u vo ca cc phn t chuyn mch sau khi bin dch xong t bo s c thm phn m rng bng mt nh danh ni b th hin rng x l tiu ca t bo. Tiu mi ca t bo c t trc nh ni dung ca bn bin dch, vic tng thm tiu t bo y yu cu tng thm tc ni b ca ma trn chuyn mch. Ngay sau khi t bo c c nh danh ni b, n c nh hng theo nguyn tc t nh hng. Mi cuc ni t u vo ti u ra c mt tn ni b nm trong ma trn chuyn mch xc nh. Trong cc cuc ni a im VPI/VCI c gn tn ni b nhiu chuyn mch do c kh nng cc t bo c nhn bn v nh hng ti cc ch khc nhau ph thuc vo tn c gn. 8. u, Nhc im ca ATM
Cc tnh nng u vit ca ATM v mi trng ATM l:

+ Ghp knh khng ng b (ATDM) v thng k cho mi kiu lu lng. + Gn rng knh rt linh hot v mm do. + Gim cc mng ring. + Chp nhn mng hin c nh kt ni chng vi mng ATM mi. + Tc truy cp cao (155 Mbt/s 16 Gbt/s) Tit kim gi thnh OA&M (Operation Administrantion and Maintenance) nh cng ngh cao v ng nht. Bn cht ca ATM l lin kt truyn cc t bo vi cc thng tin c to ra v ATM cung cp kh nng ghp knh thng k vi ng truyn. Do trong ATM . tn dng c dung lng truyn dn trong cc thi im c hot ng thp ca ngun thng tin vi thay v. truyn i cc t bo khng c ch, l cc t bo truyn i trong khong thi gian ny, s c cc ngun thng tin khc nhau c thay th. Trng hp c nhiu ngun thng tin c thay i (VBR) truyn i trn cng mt Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 23

Khoa in in T ng truyn th. kh nng ghp knh thng k l rt cao.

Lp HT1_K1

T bo ATM c kch thc c nh v kt hp vi ghp knh, gip cho vic t hp nhiu ngun tn hiu khc nhau trn mt ng truyn c d dng, t cc nh khai thc c th cung cp nhiu dch v cho khch hng trn cng mt ng truyn Tuy nhin ATM khng phi khng c nhc im: + Thi gian t hp t bo v tr bin ng t bo. + Tr bin ng t bo sinh ra bi cc gi tr tr khc nhau ti nhng im chuyn mch v cc thit b tch/ghp knh, dn n khong cch cc t bo b thay i. Trong tn hiu thoi s b nh hng rt nhiu nu xy ra tr ny..

Hnh 14: M t s bin i tr ca t bo 9. ng dng ca ATM Da trn ITU-T I.211, cc dch v ng dng ATM c phn loi mt cch rng ri thnh dch v truyn thng v dch v phn phi. Cc dch v truyn thng li c chia nh thnh dch v tng tc qua li, dch v kiu thng bo, v dch v phc hi, trong khi c cc dch v m ngi s dng c th iu khin v nhng dch v m ngi s dng khng th iu khin. Bng 9.1: S phn loi cc dch v ng dng truyn thng Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 24

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Dch v VDT Kiu thng tin Hnh nh & chuyn ng m thanh Cc mu dch v in thoi truyn hnh bng rng Hi ngh truyn hnh bng rng Gim st hnh nh Dch v truyn thng tin bng hnh nh, ting ni Chng trnh a m thanh

Lp HT1_K1
Cc mu ng dng Gio dc, mua bn, qun l t xa Gio dc, mua bn, qun l t xa Bo v cc ta nh, canh phng GT Truyn dn tn hiu TV, m thoi bng m thanh v truyn hnh Truyn dn a ngn ng, a CT

m thanh

Truyn thng tin s tc cao khng Truyn dn tc cao gia cc b gii hn mng LAN/WAN, truyn dn tranh tnh, CAD/CAM D liu Truyn dn file dung lng ln X l t xa tc cao Truyn dn file d liu iu khin thi gian thc.chung kim tra t xa Truyn dn vn bn, hnh v, hnh nh Cc hnh nh c bit, cc hnh nh y hc Thng tin c s dng di dng hn hp Video/audio P.O.B in t

Dch v tng tc qua li

Sao chp t xa tc cao

Dch v lin lc bng hnh nh Ti liu Dch v lin lc bng ti liu

Dch v H/ chuyn kiu ng v sound thng bo Ti liu

Dch v th tn bng truyn hnh

Dch v th tn bng ti liu

P.O.B in t i vi thng tin dng hn hp Gm gio dc, mua bn, qung co Gii tr hc tp, GD t xa

Cc dch v phc hi

Vn bn d liu, hnh v, nh tnh, nh chuyn i

Vn bn truyn hnh bng rng Dch v khi phc hnh nh

Dch v khi phc h/ cht lng cao Gii tr hc tp, nh y hc Dch v khi phc ti liu Dch v khi phc d liu t xa Khi phc ti liu t TT thng tin Phn mm t xa

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

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Ngi ta p dng dch v VDT, dch v c gi tr then cht c b sung vo mng truyn thng bng rng, cho cc thu bao ti nh. Dch v ny cho php lu gi cc chng trnh truyn hnh nh phim truyn, phim ti liu, cc chng trnh th thao vo trm thu truyn hnh (video server) di dng s nn v cung cp mt lot dch v m khch hng yu cu thng qua mng ATM/B-ISDN, do ngi s dng c th la chn , thc hin, iu khin, khi phc, v t cu hi cho cc chng trnh. Dch v CATV v truyn hnh cho thu s c thay th bi dch v mng t nhn ny, dch v m ngi ta ch i rng n s nhanh chng tr thnh dch v mng cng cng. 2) Dch v bo tng/th vin in t Dch v ny cho php bn s dng d liu ca cc th vin hoc bo tng di hnh thc a phng t nhng trm thng tin a phng tin (multi-media server), ni m d liu c lu tr. Dch v ny c thit lp u tin bi cc trng i hc, cc th vin cng cng v cc vin nghin cu mt cch ring bit, sau c a ra phc v rng ri tng bc mt bi qu t.nh tp trung cng vi mng. 3) Dch v mua hng t xa Dch v ny cho php ngi s dng c th mua cc sn phm trn u cui a phng tin thng qua nhng danh mc hoc nhng ca hng o c lu gi di hnh thc a phng tin ti nh hoc ti vn phng. u tin, dch v ny c trin khai rt chm chp xung quanh mt s ca hng quy m ln hoc nhng ca hng c bit, tuy nhin n s c m rng trn tt c cc loi h.nh kinh doanh mua bn thng qua s ci tin i vi h thng phn mm trong tng lai hoc i vi cng ngh nh hnh h thng. 4) Dch v hc tp trn my tnh t xa. Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 26

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Dch v ny s cung cp mt lc nhiu mi trng gio dc nh t nghin cu ca mi cc nhn, nghin cu trong mt nhm c s trao i qua li, hc tp qua th tn in t bng cch s dng c s d liu v gio dc ti nh hoc ti trng hc thng qua mng my tnh v truyn thng. 5) Dch v hi ngh l thuyt t xa. Dch v ny c nhim v cung cp ni dung chi tit ca hi ngh l thuyt bi vic s dng dch v hi ngh t xa bng my tnh m khng cn phi tham d hi ngh. Thit lp v khi phc d liu a phng tin, th tn in t a phng tin, lin lc theo nhm, v cng ngh hin th trn mn nh kch thc ln l nhng yu t c yu cu h tr cho dch v nu trn. 6) Dch v phc tho d n cng cng t xa Dch v ny c tc dng h tr cho cng nhn c phn b nhng ni xa xi cho h c th thc hin c nhng cng vic nm trong d n cng cng, v d nh dch v CAD phc tp, v nhu cu ca dch v ny s tng mnh khi cc vn phng ti nh, s nghin cu phn tn, s hp tc gia cc cng ty, v vn vn ... c a vo hot ng. 7) Dch v mng thng tin y t Dch v ny s cho php cc bc s kim tra bnh nhn t xa v khi phc thng tin v qu trnh iu tr bng y hc hoc nhng thng tin y t khc t DB. Trong trng hp cc trung tm y t cht lng cao c tp trung quanh cc th th dch v trn s ch c s dng rng ri nu nh n c kh nng p ng c cc nhu cu v thng tin trong lnh vc y hc. 8) Dch v bo ch in t Dch v ny s em li cho ngi s dng nhng thng tin thi s c t hp t Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 27

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m thanh, truyn hnh, vn bn v ho vi kh nng tr thp nht. Khi bo v tp ch ang c a dn vo cc CD-ROM, v hn na, khi m cng ngh nn/tho nn v cng ngh trnh din thng tin hyper - media c nng cao, theo nhu cu v dch v ny s tng ln mt cch nhanh chng. 9) Dch v ging bi t xa Dch v ny c nhim v cung cp cc bi ging c thi gian thc cht lng cao cho ngi s dng phn b nhng ni xa, v n c th c s dng i vi nhng bi ging dnh cho khi c bn v khi chuyn ngnh ca mt trng i hc, ti gio dc x hi v o to k thut cho cng vic chuyn mn trong phm vi ca mt cng ty. 10) Dch v hi ngh a phng tin trong phm vi vn phng. Dch v ny cho php iu khin mt cuc hi ngh di hnh thc cho thng qua PC hoc trm lm vic, v nu nh gi thnh ca dch v ny gim xung do s pht trin v mt k thut thut nhu cu s dng i vi dch v ny s tng ln mnh m. Bng 9.2: S phn loi ca cc dch v ng dng phn phi Dch v Kiu thng tin Hnh nh, m thanh Cc mu dch v Dch v phn phi TV (NTSC) Dch v phn phi TV (HDTV) TV tr tin Vn bn ha, nh tnh D liu Dch v phn phi ti liu Cc mu ng dng Phn phi chng trnh TV Phn phi chng trnh TV Phn phi chng trnh TV In n in t, bo in t

Dch vu phn phi thng tin khng b gii hn tc cao Phn phi thng tin bng truyn hnh Tt c cc knh truyn thanh, tp Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

Phn phi d liu khng b gii hn Phn phi truyn hnh / ting ni Hc tp, GD, qung co, 28

nh chuyn ng v m thanh Ngi Vn bn, ha,

Khoa in in T SD c th iu khin m thanh, nh tnh ch bng truyn hnh

Lp HT1_K1 khi phc tin tc t xa, phn mm t xa.

10. Xu hng pht trin Chuyn mch ATM c chc nng phn phi mi t bo ti ni nhn tng ng, ph hp vi VPI/VCI, l ni truyn i thng tin ca phn tiu i vi mi knh. iu c ngha l, nh c tr.nh by trn h.nh 4-1, cc t bo c a vo h thng chuyn mch ATM khi phc bng chuyn i a ch bng nhng phng tin phn cng ph hp vi cc gi tr ca VPI/VCI v sau a ch ca cng ra c la chn mt cch t ng. ng thi, cc gi tr ca VPI/VCI c chuyn i thnh gi tr mi cho qu trnh x l tip theo. c tnh ca chuyn mch ATM l ch n th nghim s bin i ca tr t bo thng qua vic s dng k thut t nh tuyn ca lp phn cng, v c th d dng h tr cho truyn thng a phng tin s dng d liu, ting ni v hnh nh. Hn th na, n c th m bo vic iu khin phn tn v song song mc cao. Nhng yu cu i vi h thng chuyn mch ATM l qu tr.nh x l. t bo phi thc hin xong trong phm vi 1 msec trn mi nt, trong trng hp x l. thng tin CBR l 10-9 trn mi nt, v trong trng hp x l. thng tin VBR, t l tn tht t bo c 10-7 trn mi nt phi c m bo chc chn. Ngoi ra, n c.n phi m bo vic truyn t 100% s h tr ca tc truy nhp ca lp STM-1 (155 Mbps) hoc ca lp cao hn trn cng ca yu t chuyn mch, s d dng trong vic iu khin phn tn v t nh tuyn, v vic m bo tnh mun ho v m rng tuyt vi ca tng i. Mt khc, nhng vn quan trng nht c lin quan ti cng ngh chuyn mch ATM m nht thit hin nay phi c gii quyt l m bo s h tr c hiu qu ca Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh 29

Khoa in in T

Lp HT1_K1

truy nhp im - a im trong h thng chuyn mch, h tr ca chc nng phn nhm knh c s dng nhm mc ch lin kt cc cng chuyn mch v nhm chng li, s s dng dung lng ln ca h thng chuyn mch ATM (v d : vt qu 1024x1024), v s h tr ca cc dch v vn chuyn ATM mi nh ABR (tc bit kh nng) v UBR (tc bit khng xc nh). Do mng chuyn mch ATM nht thit phi h tr cho dch v phn tn nh VDT m ngi ta ch i rng nhu cu ca dch v ny s tng ln mt cch mnh m, nn n nht nh phi c chc nng truy nhp im a - im. t c mc tiu ny, h thng chuyn mch ATM cn phi c chc nng sao chp t bo ngay trong h thng chuyn mch ATM. Chc nng sao chp v trao i t bo cn phi c mng sao chp ng trc h thng chuyn mch c chc nng x l im - im, v nhng nghin cu v vic thc hin chc nng truy nhp a im v ang c bt u. Nh vy, cu trc chuyn mch ATM c chc nng im - im v chc nng a im khng c mng sao chp ring bit ang c xem xt li mt cch tch cc. Nhc im ca h thng chuyn mch ATM trc y l s phc tp ca phn cng v s tng thm ca tr truyn dn t bo, trong khi nhc im ca h thng sau ny l s iu khin phc tp do vic chc nng sao chp v x l phi c thc hin ng thi. Do vy, trong nhng hot ng nghin cu c thc hin trn mng sao chp ca h thng c, trng tm c nhn mnh vo vic lm n gin phn cng v thut ton ca chc nng sao chp, trong khi , i vi h thng mi, vic nghin cu c tp trung ch yu vo cu trc chuyn mch kiu vng m kt xut hoc kiu vng m phn chia (xem s phn loi bi v tr vng m phn sau).

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

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Khoa in in T KT LUN

Lp HT1_K1

C th ni, k thut chuyn mch truyn ti khng ng b ATM th hin c vai tr ct li cc k quan trng trong mng bng rng B-ISDN, ng thi gp phn a cng ngh tin gn hn vi xu th hi t. Qua bi lm ca mnh, em tm hiu v cc kin thc c s v SDH. c bit vi phn tm hiu sau hn vi cng ngh chuyn mch tin tin l cng ngh chuyn mch ATM ang c s dng rng ri trn th gii.

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

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Khoa in in T

Lp HT1_K1 TI LIU THAM KHO

Gio trnh c s k thut chuyn mch, Hc vin bu chnh vin thng, Nh xut bn Thng tin & truyn thng Gio trnh Ghp knh, Thc s Phm Th Phng, Khoa cng ngh k thut in t vin thng, Trng i Hc Thnh . Cc ti liu ti c trang web: o www.scribd.com o www.tailieu.vn

Bi tp ln mn Ghp Knh

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