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CLASS XI BIOLOGY
Digestion And Absorption
1. Choose the correct answer among the following : (a) Gastric juice contains (i) pepsin, lipase and rennin (ii) trypsin, lipase and rennin (iii) trypsin, pepsin and lipase (iv) trypsin, pepsin and rennin Answer: (i) Pepsin, Lipase and Rennin (b) Succus entericus is the name given to (i) a junction between ileum and large intestine (ii) intestinal juice (iii) swelling in the gut (iv) appendix Answer: (ii) Intestinal Juice 2. Match column I with column II Column I Column II (a) Bilirubin and biliverdin (i) Parotid (b) Hydrolysis of starch (ii) Bile (c) Digestion of fat (iii) Lipases (d) Salivary gland (iv) Amylases Answer: (a) Bilirubin and biliverdin (ii) Bile

(b) Hydrolysis of starch (iv) Amylases (c) Digestion of fat (iii) Lipases (d) Salivary gland (i) Parotid 3. Answer briefly: (a) Why are villi present in the intestine and not in the stomach? Answer: The major portion of absorption takes place in small intestines. In stomach simple sugars, water and alcohol are absorbed. Villi are specialized projections in small intestine with large absorbent area. This facilitates better absorption of compelx molecules as well. As food is fit to be absorbed only after complete digestion so villis turn come after all the digestive processes are complete. (b) How does pepsinogen change into its active form?

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Answer: The proenzyme pepsinogen, on exposure to hydrochloric acid gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach. Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides).

(c) What are the basic layers of the wall of alimentary canal? Answer:

As the above diagram shows the alimentary canal is composed of following basic layers: 1. Inner Mucosa Layer 2. Inner Circular Muscular Layer 3. Outer Longitudinal Muscular Layer (d) How does bile help in the digestion of fats? Answer: The bile released into the duodenum contains bile pigments (bilirubin and bili-verdin), bile salts, cholesterol and phospholipids but no enzymes. Bile helps in emulsification of fats, i.e., breaking down of the fats into very small micelles. Bile also activates lipases. Lipase carry out the digestion of fats. 4. State the role of pancreatic juice in digestion of proteins.

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Or, Describe the digestive role of chymotrypsin. Which two other digestive enzymes of the same category are secreted by its source gland? Answer: The pancreatic juice contains inactive enzymes trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, procarboxypeptidases, amylases, lipases and nucleases. Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme, enterokinase, secreted by the intestinal mucosa into active trypsin, which in turn activates the other enzymes in the pancreatic juice.

5. Describe the process of digestion of protein in stomach. Answer: The proenzyme pepsinogen, on exposure to hydrochloric acid gets converted into the active enzyme pepsin, the proteolytic enzyme of the stomach. Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones (peptides).

6. Give the dental formula of human beings. Or, Name different types of teeth and their number in an adult human. Answer: An adult human has 32 permanent teeth which are of four different types (Heterodont dentition), namely, incisors (I), canine (C), premolars (PM) and molars (M). Arrangement of teeth in each half of the upper and lower jaw in the order I, C, PM, M is represented by a dental formula which in human is as follows:

2123 . 2123
7. How are polysaccharides and disaccharides digested?

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Answer: Carbohydrates in the chime are hydrolysed by pancreatic amylase into disaccharides:

8. What would happen if HCl were not secreted in the stomach? Answer: Importance of HCl secreted by stomach: HCl provides the acidic pH (pH 1.8) optimal for pepsins. Rennin is a proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins. Small amounts of lipases are also secreted by gastric glands. HCl is also necessary to kill harmful bacteria which may be present in the food. 9. How does butter in your food get digested and absorbed in the body? Answer: Butter is a kind of fat. Fats are broken down by lipases with the help of bile into di- and monoglycerides:

Fat is absorbed by villi in the small intestine. 10. Explain the term thecodont and diphyodont. Answer: Thecodont: In human beings each tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone. This type of attachment is called thecodont. Diphyodont: Majority of mammals including human being forms two sets of teeth during their life, a set of temporary milk or deciduous teeth replaced by a set of permanent or adult teeth. This type of dentition is called diphyodont. 11. What are the functions of liver? Answer:

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Functions of Liver: Synthesis 1. A large part of amino acid synthesis 2. The liver performs several roles in carbohydrate metabolism: 3. The liver is responsible for the mainstay of protein metabolism, synthesis as well as degradation 4. The liver also performs several roles in lipid metabolism: 5. The liver produces coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, IX, X and XI, as well as protein C, protein S and antithrombin. 6. In the first trimester fetus, the liver is the main site of red blood cell production. By the 32nd week of gestation, the bone marrow has almost completely taken over that task. 7. The liver produces and excretes bile (a greenish liquid) required for emulsifying fats. Some of the bile drains directly into the duodenum, and some is stored in the gallbladder. Breakdown 1. The breakdown of insulin and other hormones 2. The liver breaks down hemoglobin, creating metabolites that are added to bile as pigment (bilirubin and biliverdin). 3. The liver breaks down toxic substances and most medicinal products in a process called drug metabolism. 4. The liver converts ammonia to urea.

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