CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS LUQMAN NAiM B.

MOHD ESA5 SAGA

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E 1 p s & e r g e s 3 Intro4 Soaps- History of SoapManufacturing- Preparation of SoapManufacturing- Structure of Soap Molecule5567 Detergents- Preparation of Detergents- Structure of DetergentMolecule- Cleansing of Soap &Detergent- Additives in Detergent- Effectivesness of Soaps &Detergents89-101011-12131415162 . F o o d A d d i t i v e s 1 7 Uses of Food Additives- Types of Additives &Examples- Functions of Food Additives- Effects of Food Additives181819-2121-22 The Rationale for using FoodAdditives22233 . M e d i c i n e s 2 4 Sources & Uses of TraditionalMedicines25 Modern Medicines26

- Functions of each type of Modern Meds26-28 Side Effects of TraditionalMedicines29 Side Effects of ModernMedicines29 Correct Ways of UsingMedicines30

SOAPS &DETERGENTS INTRODUCTION 1.Cleansing agents are chemical substance used to removegrease and dirt.2.There are two type of cleansing agents :a ) S o a p s b ) D e t e r g e n t s 3 . S o a p s a r e s o d i u m o r p o t a s s i u m s a l t o f f a t t y a c i d s t h a t contains 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule.4 . S o a p s a r e c l e a n s i n g a g e n t s m a d e f r o m a n i m a l f a t s o r vegetabl e oil by saponification.S o a p i s a s a l t o f a c o m p o u n d k n o w n a s a f a t t y a c i d . A s o a p molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogens) with a carboxylic acid group on oneend which is ionic bonded to a metal ion, usually a sodium orpotassium. The hydrocarbon end is nonpolar and is

soluble innonpolar substances (such as fats and oils), and the ionic end(the salt of a carboxylic acid) is soluble in water. The structureof a soap molecule is represented below: O||C H 3 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - C H 2 - CH2CH2-CH2- C-O Na+Non-polar hydrocarbon chain ionic end.(Soluble in nonpolar substances) (Soluble in water) Detergents are structurally similar to soaps, but differ in the w a t e r s o l u b l e p o r t i o n . T h r e e e x a m p l e s o f d e t e r g e n t s a r e shown below. SOAP The History of Soap Manufacturing 1.Soap have been used for more than 3000 years. It was recorded that t h e Babylonians were making soaps around 2800 B.C.2.The Purifying Oils were recorded on Hebrew tablets in 4000 B.C.3.In ancients time, soap made from ashes of plants which contain sodium carbonateand potassium carbonate. The ashes were boiled with lime (calcium oxide) to produce caustic potash (potassium hydroxide). Caustic potash is then boiled withthe animal fats to produce soap.a ) A s h + L i m e b o i l e d C a u s t i c P o t a s h (K 2 CO 3 ) ( C a O ) ( K O H ) b)Caustic Potash + Animal Fats boiled Soap 4.In 1861, the Belgian Chemist Ernest Solvay (1838-1922) discovered the process tomake soda (sodium carbonate) from common salt (sodium chloride) and calciumcarbonate.5.This process is known as the Solvay Process which produces sodium carbonatecheaply for industrial use. Sodium carbonate (often called soda or soda ash) isused for making glass, soaps and detergents.6.Michel Chevreul (1786-1889), a French chemist, was noted for his research in thecomposition of animal fats is composed of fatty acids and glycerol. This discoverycontributed to the rapid development of the soap and candle industry. Preparation of soap by saponification 1.Soap is a cleansing agents produced by the reaction between sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide with animal fats or vegetable oils. This reaction is knownas saponification.2.Fats and vegetable oils are large, naturally occurring ester molecules. When fats or oils are boiled with concentrated alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide, saponificationoccurs and the ester molecules are broken down into soap and glycerol.Fats or vegetable oils + concentrated alkalis soap +glycerol 3.Saponification is the alkaline hydrolysis of ester using alkali solutions. From thec h e m i s t a s p e c t , s o a p s a r e s o d i u m s a l t s o r p o t a s s i u m s a l t s o f l o n g c h a i n car boxylic acids (with 12 to 18 carbon atoms per molecule).4.Some examples of soaps are shown below. a) Sodium palmitate, C 15 H 31 COONa b) Sodium oleate, C 17 H 33 COONa c) Sodium stearate, C 17 H 35 COONaAdditives such as perfume, colouring matter and sometimes antiseptics are addedto soaps to enhance their marketability. 5. Glyceryl tristearates are naturally occurring esters commonly found in animal fatsand vegetable oils. When the ester is boiled with concentrated sodium

hydroxides o l u t i o n , s a p o n i f i c a t i o n ( a l k a l i n e h yd r o l ys i s ) o c c u r s a n d m i x t u r e o f s o d i u m ste arate (soap) and glycerol is obtained. CH 2 COOC 17 H 35 CH 2 OHCHCOOC 17 H 35 + 3 N a O H C H O H (heating)CH 2 COOC 17 H 35 3C 17 H 35 COONa + CH 2 OHG l y c e r y l t r i s t e a r a t e S o d i u m s t e a r a t e ( s o a p ) G l y c e r o l 6. The soap produced can be precipitated by adding common salt (sodium chloride)to the reaction mixture.7 . T h e s o d i u m c h l o r i d e a d d e d r e d u c e d t h e s o l u b i l i t y o f s o a p i n w a t e r . A s a r e s u l t , precipitation of soap occurs.8.The properties of soap depend on :a)The type of alkali used for saponification