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Classification of Groups: There are six types of groups.

They are shown and described below:

Formal Group: Formal group is defined by the organizations structure, with designated work assignments establishing tasks. Example: The six members are making up an air-line flight crew.

Exhibit: Formal Group Informal Group: An informal group is neither formally structured nor organizational determined and appearing in response to the need for social contact. Example: Three employees from different departments regularly eat lunch together.

Command Group: A group of the individuals who report directly to a given manager is called command group. Example: An elementary schools principal and eighteen (18) teachers form a command group, as do a director of postal audits and give inspectors.

Task Group: People working together to complete a job task is called task group. Example: A college student is accused of a campus crime dealing with dean, registrar, students advisor and direction of security.

Interest Group: People working together to attain a specific objective with which each is concerned is called interest group. Example: Employees who band together to have their vacation schedules altered.

Friendship Group: People brought together because they share one or more common characteristics. Example: Social alliances extend outside the work situation.

Reasons for Joining Group:

Security: By joining a group, individuals can reduce the insecurity of living alone. People feel: Stranger; Fewer self doubt; More resistant. Status: Group provides recognitions and status for its members. Self-esteem: Group can provide people with feelings of self-worth. Affiliation: Groups can fulfill social needs. Power: There is power in numbers in a group. Goal Achievement: In a group, there need a pool talents, knowledge and power.

Evaluation of Group: Formal Group: Designated work assignments for achieving organization.

Informal Group: Informally structure and undetermined for social contact.

Command Group: Report directly to the manager and good result, output.

Evaluati on of Group

Task Group: Working together to complete a job task.

Interest Group: Work together to attain a specific objective.

Friendship Group: Aiding to share common characteristics.

Figure: Evaluation of Group

Stages of Group Development: The five distinct stages groups go through: Serial Number Stages of Group Development Example

01.

02.

Formal Group: The first stage, forming is characterized by a great deal of uncertainty about the groups Purpose; Structure; Leadership. Storming Stage: the storming stage is one of intragroup conflict. Norming Stage: The Norming stage is complete when the group structure solidifies and the group has assimilated a common set of expectations of what defines correct member behavior. Performing Stage: The structure at this point is fully functional and accepted. Adjourning Stage: The final stage in group development for temporary groups, characterized by concern with wrapping up activities rather than task performance.

Members test the waters to determine what types of behaviors are acceptable.

03.

Members accept the existence of the group, but there is resistance to the constraints that the group imposes on individuality. The group demonstrates cohesiveness.

04.

05.

Group energy has moved from getting to know and understand each other to performing the task at hand. Temporary committees; Temporary teams; Temporary task forces; and Similar groups.

Prestage 1 Stage 5

Stage 1

Stage 2 Storming

Stage 3 Norming

Stage

Performing

Forming Adjourning

Exhibit: Stages of Group Development

Social Loafing: Mainly, Social loafing refers to the tendency for individuals to expend less effort when working collectively than when working individually. In the psychology of groups, Social loafing is the phenomenon of people exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group then when they work alone. Example: Employees in Miles, China collecting harvest grapes for the production of red wine perform better in a group than when working alone. In collectivist societies are China employees show less propensity to engage in social loafing.

The Effect of Social Loafing on Group Performance: Social loafing directly challenges the logic that the productivity of the group as a whole should at least equal the sum of the productivity of the individuals in that group. The effect of social loafing on group performance is: Sucker effect Ringelmanns effect Sucker Effect: Sucker effect is an individuals reduction in effort. Ringelmanns Effect: Group performance increases with group sixe, but the addition of new members to the group has diminishing return on productivity. Comparison of the Effectiveness of Interacting, Brainstorming, Nominal and Electronic Meeting Groups: Before comparing the effectiveness of interacting, brainstorming, nominal and electronic meeting groups it is necessary to know the meaning of those categories.

Serial

Group Decision Making

Example

Number 01.

02.

03.

04.

Technique Interacting Groups: Typical groups in which members interact with each other face-to-face. Brainstorming: An idea generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives while withholding any criticism of those alternatives. Nominal Group Technique: A group decision making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion. Electronic Meeting Groups: A meeting in which members interact on computers, allowing for anonymity of comments and aggression of votes.

Face-to-face conversation.

Group discussion such as research work.

Traditional Committee Meeting.

Group decision making with sophisticated computer technology.

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