Artwork

Title, Author, Period Napoleon at the Pesthouse at Jaffa By Gros, 1804 Romanticism -at Napoleon's request, depict bubonic plague outbreak in Eastern campaign to counteract bad publicity -afflicted both muslim and french army -Napoleon as miraculous healer, fearless, bathed in yellow light -muslim doctors on the left in the dark -integrated Davids teaching of compositional principals with exotic eastern architecture, attire, terrain -in reality, Napolean ordered his afflicted soldiers to be poisoned The Third of May, 1808 By Goya, painted in 1814 Romanticism -first court painter of the spanish -spanish peasants shot inhumanely by French firing squad, claimed the peasants were rebelling -members of the clergy shot, hazy figure of the virgin mary -painted to give sympathy for the spanish -white and yellow figure resemble christ and his crucification, with holes in hand -royal commission

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Title, Author, Period Disasters of War Goya, 1808 - 1814 Romanticism -set of 85 prints that depicted the atrocities of war as the Spanish struggled for independence from France -depicted agony, irony, and bitter pessimism, famine and human starvation, allegory to disastrous peace -Goya impacted Ernest Hemingway in antiwar sentiment and portrayal of human suffering -published after his death when it was politically safe to distribute his etched plate printed images Saturn Devouring One of his children Goya, 1819 - 1823 Romanticism -Goya becoming increasingly disillusioned and pessimistic, declining health and state of mind -fresco in his farmhouse at Quinta del Sordo (outside of Madrid), for private viewing -Saturn (or Kronos, associated with the concept of time) consuming his children for fear of being overthrown by offspring -artists despair at the passage of time

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Title, Author, Period Abbey in the Oak Forest By Freidrich, 1810 Romanticism -transcendental lanscape -solemn requiem under winter sky, -funeral procession, based on remains of Eldena Abbey -death and desolation everywhere, cross and tombs -paints what he sees and what he understands within him -deep emotion resonates Raft of Medusa By Gericault, 1818 - 1819 Romanticism -shipwreck in 1816, horrendous event off the coast of africa -jumble of writhing bodies in X shaped composition -present raft in diagonal to display to the audience -Gericault against slavery, with black soldier displayed as flagging down the ship

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Title, Author, Period Death of Sardanapalus By Delacroix, 1826 Romanticism -based off of Lord Byrons poem -portrayal of Assyrian King on his funeral pyre -Assyrian king learned of his armies defeat -watch the destruction of his women, slaves, horses and treasures that -rich color and hues characteristic of Delacroix, emotionally charged and erotic overtones

The Slave Ship Tuner, 1840 Romanticism -turbulent swirls of color -concept of the sublime, awe and terror -depiction of 1783 event of captain who overthrew sick and dying slaves for insurance -power of pure color, express power of nature and artists emotion -minuscule human compared to sea, show power of nature over man

Etching: kind of engraving in which the design is incised in a layer of wax/ varnish on a metal plate and the part that is uncovered is eaten away by acid The Academy: created academic art which favored neoclassical styling and against avantgarde; hosted the salon The Salon: created in 1725 as official art exhibition held annually by the Academy of Fine Arts at the Louvre with judges awarding paintings; paintings were from floor to ceiling and paints were selectively chosen in viewing to the public

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Title, Author, Period Still Life in Studio By Daguerre, 1837 Daguerrotype (Realism and Photography) -created first practical photographic process in 1839, created accurate images of subjects -shift of art exposure from elite to also growing middle class, use of camera obscura -challenged traditional modes of pictorial representation -one of the first plates Daguerre produced -accurately captures three dimensionality of subject, texture and shape -inspired by 17th century dutch still lives -couldnt alter image, so symbolic choice Early Operation under Ether, Massachusetts General Hospital Hawes and Southworth, ca. 1847 Daguerrotype (Realism and Photography) -pharmacist and teachers respectively, ran a daguerrotype studio in Boston which specialized in portraits -taken in hospital operating room, perception of a medical student viewing down on a lecture-demonstration typical of 19th century -glimpse into modern Western medical practice -objects in sharp focus, blurred figures from exposure time

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Title, Author, Period A Harvest of Death, Gettysburg PA July 1863 Wet-plate Photography (Realism) -civil war depiction of combat death -wet plate technology enabled photographers to record historical events on the spot -image functioned to comment on the high price of the civil war -corpses litter the battlefield, innumerable death of many

The Stone Breakers Courbet, 1849 Realism -realism developed midcentury, advances in technologies and emphasis on rationalism -appreciation of everyday contemporary life -depict the lowest of french society -juxtapose of youth and the aged, show born to poverty their entire life - demands for better working conditions and redistribution of property Burial at Ornans Courbet, 1849 Realism -extremely large paining of antiheroic composition and ordinary nature of the subjects, horrified critics -funeral set in hometown of painter -Balzac in attendance, women in back right, men over open grave, clergy on the left -all faces are portraits, lack over theatrical sadness

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Title, Author, Period The Gross Clinic Eakins, 1875 Realism -Eakins studied painting and medical anatomy -wished to portray things as what was realistic, not what the public which was portrayed -American preference for admiration of accurate depiction and hunger for truth -painting rejected from Philadelphia exhibition of American independence centennial -painting presents Dr. Samuel Gross in operating amphitheater of the Jefferson Medical College -young man being treated from osteomyelitis (bone infection), bloody hand with scalpel, faced covered in anesthesia Birth of Venus Cabanel, 1863 Realist period (academic art) -shown in Paris Salon 1863, purchased by Napolean III for his own personal collection -Cabanel made professor at Ecole des Beaux-Arts -erotic imagery, historicism appealed to higher French society -Cabanel was in opposition of Impressionism -careful modeling, polished surface finishin, mythological subject

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Title, Author, Period Olympia Manet, 1863 Realism -female nude; synthesis and critique of history of painting -chief actor in Olympia painting is light -form is a function of light and paint -moved towards paints properties, not illusionism, and embraces flatness of subject -white young prostitute, reclining on a bed -cool indifferent look, flowers from client -shamelessness of look; perceived as morally depraved, defiant, inferior -black cat representative of prostitution -rough paint strokes, deliberate outlined figure -criticized for depravity, inferiority, animalistic sexuality, racial division (black maid)

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Title, Author, Period Impressionism: Sunrise Monet, 1872 Impressionism -Napoleon III tired of selections from French Academy, establish Salon of the rejected in 1863, also salon of independent artists -impressionism a reaction against urbanized france and chaotic life -Monet painted outdoors -no attempt to hide pigments and strokes -artists subjective and personal response to nature -light and color in instantaneous moment -elusiveness and impermanence of images and conditions Saint-Lazare Train Station Monet, 1877 Impressionism -depict dominant aspect of contemporary urban scne -captured energy and vitality of Paris modern transportation and expanding railway network -use of agitated application of brushstrokes blur at a distance to convey energy of the train entering a station, smoke emitting and the background of Paris tall buildings

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Title, Author, Period Le Moulin de la Galette Renoir, 1876 Impressionism -depict urban leisure activities that were made possible through industrilization -through the advent of set working hours and regimented schedules, -people gathering in a popular Parisian dance hall -dappled by sunlight and shade, floating and fleeting light -people chattering, others dancing; casual unposed placement of subjects suggest continuity of space only limited by the frame Viscount Lepic with his Daughters Degas, 1873 Impressionism -depict Viscount, daughters, dog at the Place de la Concorde in Paris -large amount of negative space, cropping, and the way in which the figures are facing random directions was influenced by the nature of photography A Bar at the Foiles-Bergeres Manet, 1882 Impressionism -set in Parisian cafe of music-hall performances -called attention to canvas surface by creating spatial inconsistencies like the relationship between the bar maid and her reflection in the mirror -barmaid is disinterested/ lost in thought -blurred and roughly applied brush strokes -visual contradictions and discrepancies

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Title, Author, Period Starry Night Van Gogh, 1889 Post-impressionism -did not represent the skys appearance but of his feelings about the vastness of the universe, filled with swirling and exploding stars and galaxies -church depiction is van Goghs attempt to express or reconcile his conflicted views about religion -based off of what Van Gogh say from his asylum in the day -suggest quiet but pervasive depression Wheat field with Crows Van Gogh, 1890 Post-impressionism -argued as Van Goghs last painting -interpreted as a suicide note on canvas -turbulent and sense of loneliness -stormy skies over a wheat field, with crows The Basket of Apples Cezanne, ca. 1895 Post-impressionism -analytic approach to painting -capture the solidity of the bottle and juxtaposing colors of the fruit, but not optically realistic -Cezannes interest in volume and solidity -table edges are discontinuous, and drawn from multiple viewpoints

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Title, Author, Period Street, Dresden, 1908 Kircher, 1907 Expressionism -integrate both old and new, like German medieval art along with the detrimental effects of industrialization -distortion of form, ragged outlines, and agitated brush strokes in the years leading up to World War I -jarring and dissonant in color and composition; menacing women, ghoulish German Expressionism - distortion of form, ragged outline, and agitated brush strokes Improvisation 28 Kadinsky, 1912 Expressionism (Blue Rider- German expressionism) -second German expressionism, evoke emotion -abstract, depict theosophy -express feeling by orchestrating color, form, line, and space -these abstractions as blueprints of a more enlightened and liberated society emphasizing spirituality Blue rider- influenced by shattered faith in science with Bhor, Rutherford, Einstein; changing perception of natural world, matter, energy

Avant-garde: visionary thinkers like modernist movements: realism, impressionism, postimpressionism of the 19th century

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Title, Author, Period Les Demoiselles d Avignon Picasso, 1907 Cubism -rejected naturalistic depictions, shapes and forms, dissect life and recomposed into a coherent aesthetic object; based on Braques cube -Analytic Cubism- first phase of cubism, dissect forms of their subject; analyze structures of form -in a bordello, waiting for clients, fractured in shape and jagged planes of drapery and empty space -ancient iberian sculptures of calm, ideal features that contrast with african sculptures -simultaneous views -ancient iberian statues influenced calm, ideal facial features of the three women on the left -Primitivism - from the artifacts of Africa, Oceania, Americas depicted strange gods, creatures; need the primitives to be saved, influenced faces on the right

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Title, Author, Period

Unique form of Continuity in Space Boccioni, 1913 Futurism

-abolish the enclosed statue, expanded figure of a man mid running, blurred -highlight form and spatial effects of motion -similar to Nike of Samotrace however Futurism- 1910 italian artists almost died, wanted revolution in society and art; washing away the stagnant past and saw war as a cleansing

Fountain Dechamp, 1917 Dadaism -male urinal flipped, signed R. Mutt, and dated 1917 -from the Mott plumbing company and Jeff comic strip -asks what is art, lies in artistss perception and choice of object Found Object/ Readymade- ready (mass produced common objects- free from good and bad taste), found (select and rectify/ modify an object and combine with another) Dada- pessimism and disgust towards convention, tradition; attack logic -during WWI

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Title, Author, Period The Persistence of Memory Dali, 1931 Surrealism -many dadas joined surrealism, sought to explore inner world, inspired by psychology, inner and outer reality together -natural surrealism, transform realistic scenes into metamorphosed nightmares -allegory to empty space to where time has ended -sun never sets, amorphous creature depicted -ants swarm over a decayed organic life The Treachery (or Perfidy) of Images Magritte, 1928 - 29 Surrealism This is not a pipe -dreamlike association of image and meaning -subvert human expectation of logic and reason -assumption of understanding of visual art, reliance on conscious and rationality in the reading of visual art

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Title, Author, Period Villa Savoye Le Corbusier, 1929 The International Style -Purism (form of cubism) -steel and ferroconcrete made it possible to subvert traditional architecture (or heavy elements at the bottom) -partially confined ground floor, thin poles support heavier half of the buliding -fluidity and smoothness of planes -clear, ordered form that expressed the modern machine age -Le Corbusier create the five points of architecture, wanted to create cities based on these machines for living of efficient and humane buildings

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Title, Author, Period Guernica Picasso, 1937 Cubism (encore) -Spanish government asked for a work that would be displayed at the Spanish Pavillion -use of fragmentation of objects and dislocation of anatomical features to express his condemnation of the Nazi bombing of the Basque capital -no specific references to the bombing of Guernica, instead a visual outcry of human grief -center is slain warrior with a broken sword being trampled by a gored horse (also dying) -left in woman cradling her dead child -right are women escaping a burning building while a bull representative of brutality and darkness looks over -visually severe and stark with palette of black, white, and shades of gray Number 11 Pollock, 1952 Abstract Expressionism -both spontaneous and choreographed -paint dripped, thrown at, splatter, dribble -improvisational nature -lack of well defined composition -based on collective unconscious and the emphasis on the creative process -possible drunken collaboration between Pollock and other artists cause journalisitc hype -Pollocks last monumental painting, bought at the highest price of art

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Title, Author, Period No. 14 Rothko, 1960 Abstract Expressionism -anything specific in the world conflicted with spirit of myth -sublime idea of universal colors as doorway into human emotion compelling visual experience -compelling visual experience of the rectangles floated between above the canvas

Marilyn Diptych Warhol, 1962 Pop-art -reinforced her status as a consumer product, glamourous -icon of mass produced culture visual vocabulary, printing technique photo provides no insight to the actual actress, masklike quality of the left while right is derived from film stills based off of the nature of Monroes career