Ch 3 Laminate Analysis

3.1 INTRODUCTION (1) The proper selection of the placement angle of the different layers of fiber is a key feature in the design of composite structures. (2) In fiber composites, the stiffness of the individual plies depend on the angles of fiber placement with respect to the loads. (3) The material developed in this chapter (has direct application to the case in which ) the final composite form has distinct layers, such as (a) the layers of prepreg

3.2 DEFORMATION DUE TO EXTENSION AND BENDING (1) STRESS AND STRAIN RELATIONSHIP (a) The Kirchhoff-Love hypothesis: (for plate theory) If the laminate is thin, a line originally straight and perpendicular to the middle surface of the laminate is assumed to remain straight and perpendicular to the middle surface when the laminate is extended and bent.

xz = yz = 0
That is, =0 z (b) Displacement The displacement in the x, y and z dir. Are called u, v, w

laminate or a filament-wound structure. respectively. u, v, w are assumed to be described by continuous functions of x, y, and z. Assumption of thin-plate (and beam) analysis: The plate displaces in the z-dir. only because of the bending motion, and that no variation of w through the thickness takes place.

(c) Strain i. definition:

x =

(u +

u dx ) u u x = dx x

xy

u dy v dx u v y + x = + = dy y x dx

uc = u0 zc
where is the slope of the laminate middle surface in the x-dir., that is =

w0 x

u(x, y, z) = u0 (x, y) z

w(x, y) x w(x, y) v(x, y, z) = v0 (x, y) z y

(3.1)

=>

xy

u x v = y v u = + x y

(3.2)

ii. strain-displacement relationship:

(3.1)(3.2)
u 0 x x v0 y = + y xy u 0 v 0 + x y

2w 2 x 2 w z 2 y 2w 2 xy

k x k y k xy

2w0 2 x 2w0 = 2 y 2w 0 2 xy

(3.6)

iii. stress-strain relationship of the

K th layer

=>

u 0 2w z x x 2 v0 2w = z y y 2 = v0 u 0 2w + 2z y x xy

(3.3)

x x y = Q y Eqn(3.4) Eqn(2.28) xy xy

[]

xy

0 x x 0 y = y + 0 xy xy

0 { } = { }+ z{k }
u 0 x v0 = y u 0 v0 + y x

k x z k y k xy

x Q11 y = Q12 Q xy k 16
(3.4)

Q12 Q22 Q26

Q16 Q26 Q66

x 0 k 0 x y + z k y 0 k k xy xy

The stress variation thr. the laminate thickness is not necessary linear, for the Qij can be different for each layer of the laminate; even though the strain variation is linear. Typical strain and stress variations:

where the middle surface strain are

0 x 0 y 0 xy

(3.5)

and the middle surface curvatures are

3.3 FORCE AND MOMENT RESULTANTS (1) Stress resultant

the stress integrated over the thickness of the laminate, and is thus the applied force per unit width.

(2)

h 2 h 2

x dz
N N N
(4)
x y xy

Moment resultant

integrated product of stress and the distance to the center line, over the thickness, and is the applied moment per unit width.

k =1

x h k 1 y xy
hk

dz

(3.9)

Moment for all dir.

(3)

h 2 h 2

x zdz

Force for all dir.

M x x h M y = 2h y zdz 2 M xy xy

(3.8)

N x x h N y = 2h y dz 2 N xy xy

(3.7)

 x M x N hk M y = h y zdz k =1 k 1 xy M xy

3.4 A, B AND D MATRICES (1) (3.10) In chapter 2,

where the positions of the limits for each ply are illustrated in Fig.3.3

x x y = Q y xy xy

[]

(2.28)

where Q = [T 1 ][Q][R ][T ][R 1 ] Eqn.(3.9),(3.10)

N x N y N xy = x hk hk 1 Q k y xy zdz dz =

[]

(2.29)

k =1

k =1

x 0 0 hk Q k y dz hk 1 0 xy

k =1

k x hk 1 Q k k y k xy
hk

(3.11) and

M M M

y = xy
x hk

k =1

x hk hk 1 Q k y zdz = xy

k =1

x 0 0 hk Q k y zdz hk 1 0 xy

k =1

kx 2 h k 1 Q k k y z dz k xy

(3.12)

(3)

Discussion of A, B, D

Q11 Qk = Q 12 where Q16

Q12 Q22 Q26

Q16 Q26 Q66

Eqn.(3.16)can be expressed as:

N A B 0 = M B D K

(3.16)

which is transformed reduced stiffness (2) Eqn.(3.11),(3.12)can be rewritten as

A12 A22 A26
B12 B22 B26
0 A16 x B11 0 A26 y + B12 A66 0 B16 xy
0 B16 x D11 0 B26 y + D12 B66 0 D16 xy

Concept: (a)
B12 B22 B26
D12 D22 D26

The presence of the Bij implies coupling between bending and extension of a laminate.

N x A11 N y = A12 N xy A16

M x B11 M y = B12 M xy B16

B16 k x B26 k y B66 k xy

D16 k x D26 k y D66 k xy

(b)

An extensional force results in not only extensional deformations, but twisting and/or bending of the laminate.

(c)

Such a laminate cannot be subjected to moment without at the same time suffering extension of the middle surface.

(3.16)

(4)

A, BD for symmetric laminates The B matrix vanishes for symmetric laminates (see Eqn.(3.18)) From Eqn.(3.16):

Aij =

(Q
k =1 N

ij

) k ( h k h k 1 ) L L ( 3 . 17 )
2 2

h hk 1 L L ( 3 . 18 ) B ij = ( Q ij ) k k 2 k =1 where 3 3 N h hk 1 L L ( 3 . 19 ) D ij = ( Q ij ) k k 3 k =1

{N } = [A]{ 0 }

A ij = extensional stiffness B ij = coupling stiffness

D ij = bending stiffness

N x A11 , or N y = A12 A N xy 16

A12 A22 A26

0 A16 x 0 A26 y A66 0 xy

(3.20)

M x D11 {M } = [D]{K }, or M y = D12 D M xy 16

D12 D22 D26

D16 k x D26 k y D66 k xy

(3.21)

(5)

The average in-plane stress-strain relationship for the laminate, expressed as

3.5 LAMINATE CODE (1) A laminate consisting of a series of layers, can be specified by the angles and number of plies in the ply group.

[Q ] = (1)[A] t
Avg

(3.22)

That is for the average stress-strain properties for a laminate. (6) A*B*D*matrix (or called F matrix in this text) (2) (a) In general case from Eqn.(3.16)
0 A B N = k 6,1 B D 6, 6 M 6,1
1

[O2 / 90 / 90 / O2 ]
Laminate is symmetric about the midplane.

[O / 45 / 45 / 90]s
= [0 / 45 / 45 / 90 / 90 / 45 / 45 / 0]
(3.23)
B* D*

(3)

Repeated groups of plies

[F ]6,6 (b)

A B B D

A* * B

(3.24) (4)

[(0 / 60 / 60)2 ]s = [0 / 60 / 60 / 0 / 60 / 60]s

Over bar on a ply designation adjacent to the symmetry axis

For symmetric laminates

[B ]3,3 = [0]3,3 1 { 0 }3,1 = [A]3,3 {N }3,1

{k }3,1 = [D ]3,13 {M }3,1

(3.25) (3.26) (5)

[0 / 90] = [0 / 90 / 0]
s

Total stack (T) sometimes added [010 ]T , means 10 plies of 0 orientation.

0

Example 3.1 Calculation of A and D matrix for a unidirectional laminate [010 ] AS4/3501-6 carbon epoxy = [0 5 ]s symmetric, [B]=0 Eqn. (3.17) ~ Eqn. (3.19): (a) Aij =

Q 11 = Q 11 = Q 22 = Q 22 = Q 12 = Q 21 Q 16 = 0 Q 26 = 0

1 12 1 12 E 22

E 11

21

21

12 E 22 = 1 12 21

(Q
k =1

ij

) k (hk hk 1 )

Q 66 = Q 66 = G 12

Eqn(2.30):

Aij = (Qij ) k (hk hk 1 ) = (Qij ) k t

k =1

Q11 = Q11 cos4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66) sin2 cos2 + Q22 sin4 = Q11 Q12 = (Q11 + Q22 4Q66) sin2 cos2 + Q12(sin4 + cos4 ) = Q12 Q22 = Q11 sin4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66) sin2 cos2 + Q22 cos4 = Q22 Q16 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66) sin cos3 + (Q12 Q22 + 2Q66) sin3 cos = 0 Q26 = (Q11 Q12 2Q66) sin3 cos + (Q12 Q22 + 2Q66) sin cos3 = 0 Q66 = (Q11 + Q22 2Q12 2Q66) sin2 cos2 + Q66(sin4 + cos4 ) = Q66
Eqn(2.16)

where t is the total laminate thickness

E11 1 12 21 12 E 22 [ A] = 1 12 21 0

21 E11 1 12 21
1 12 21 0
3 3

E 22

0 0 t G12
3 3

(b) Dij = (Qij ) k

k =1

N hk hk 1 h hk 1 = (Qij ) k k 3 3 k =1

= (Qij ) k .

t3 12
21 E11 1 12 21
E 22 1 12 21 0 0 3 t 0 12 G12

E11 1 12 21 12 E 22 [D ] = 1 12 21 0

Its like the EI stiffness of the beam theory for a unit width

beam.

Q12 = Q12 Q22 = Q11 Q16 = 0

Example 3.2 Calculation of A and D matrices for a bi-directional laminate 20 plies of AS4/3501-6 carbon epoxy [0 5 / 90 5 ] s . The thickness of individual ply is 0.132mm (0.0052in). <Sol.> (a) For the 0 plies
0 1 12 21 E22 12 E22 0 t 00 = 1 12 21 1 12 21 G12 0 0 21 E11 E11 0 1 1 12 21 12 21 t 3 0 E 22 12 E22 0 0 = 12 1 12 21 1 12 21 G12 0 0 E11
0

Q26 = 0 Q66 = Q66

E 22 1 12 21 E = 12 22 1 12 21 0

21 E11 1 12 21
E11 1 12 21 0

[A]90

0 0 t 90 0 G12

21 E11 1 12 21

[A]0

[D]90

E 22 1 12 21 12 E 22 = 1 12 21 0

21 E11 1 12 21
E11 1 12 21 0

0 t3 0 0 90 12 G12

(c)

Table 2.1 For total laminate

[D]0

(b)

For the 90 0 plies Eqn(2.30):

Q11 = Q11 cos 4 + 2(Q12 + 2Q66 ) sin 2 cos 2 + Q22 sin 4 = Q22

E11 = (131.0GPa)(18.4 Msi ) E 22 = (11.2GPa)(1.6 Msi )

12 = 0.28, 21 =

12 E 22
E11

= 0.024

1538 42.3 0 [D] = 42.3 349 0 0 0 89.1

(lb-in)

G12 = (6.55GPa)(0.95Msi ) 1 1 = = 1.006 1 12 21 1 0.28 0.024 1 12 21 E 22 1 12 21 E11 = 18.4 1.006 = 18.5 = 1.6 1.006 = 1.61 18.5 0.451 0 5 0.0052 0 0.451 1.61 0 0 0.95 + [ A]900 } = 2 1.61 0.451 0 + 0.451 18.5 0 5 0.0052 0 0.95 0

[A] = 2 {[A]0

0 1.047 0.0469 0.0469 1.047 0 [A] = 0 0 0.0988

Msi-in

h hk 1 Dij = (Qij ) k k 3 k =1
N 3

[ D] =

[A]0
t00

(0.026) 3 (0.052) 3 [ A]900 03 (0.026) 3 + 3 t900 3

0

[A]90
t 900

(0.026) 3 0 3 [A]00 (0.052) 3 (0.026) 3 + 3 3 t 00

3.6 HYGROTHERMAL BEHAVIOR (1) The stress-strain relations of the individual plies must now include the thermal and moisture effects. From Eqn.(2.34)
x x x T x m y = Q y y T y m xy xy xy T xy m

where
N xth x T + x m N hk {N th } = N yth = h Qk y T + y m dz k =1 k 1 N xyth xy T + xy m
M xth x T + x m N hk {M th } = M yth = h Qk y T + y m zdz k =1 k 1 M xyth xy T + xy m

(3.31)

[]

(3.32)

(3.27)

where x , y , xy : coefficient of thermal expension

(2)

If the temperature and moisture terms are independent of the z coordinate in each ply,

x , y , xy : coefficient of moisture expension

Eqn(3.31),(3.32)=> Eqn(3.27) Eqn(3.11)and (3.12) [laminate]

x x T x m N x N hk N y = h Qk y y T y m dz k =1 k 1 xy xy T xy m N xy

N xth N N yth = Qk k =1 N xyth

[ ]

x T + x m y T + y m (hk hk 1 ) xy T + xy m

(3.33)

(3.28)

and
M xth N M yth = Qk k =1 M xyth

M x x x T x m N hk M Q y T y m zdz = and y hk 1 k y k =1 M xy xy xy T xy m

[ ]

(3.29)

x T + x m 2 h hk 1 2 y T + y m ( k ) 2 xy T + xy m

(3.34)

(3) (integrations):
N A B 0 N th = M B D k M th

If the laminate is nonsymmetric, significant warpage can result from unbalanced thermal stresses.

(3.30)

th: thermal and moisture

3.7 SPECIAL LAMINATES 3.7.1 Symmetric Laminates If the laminate is symmetric with respect to the midplane, the B matrix will vanish. Eqn.(3.18)

( ) 2 [( + t )]2 ( + t ) 2 2 = LL + Q lower + LL + Q upper [ ] 2 2 =0

The vanishing of the B matrix gives an uncoupling of the extensional and bending responses.

h hk 1 Bij = (Qij ) k k 2 k =1
N 2

HW#3

Prob. 3.5, 3.7, 3.14, 3.22 due 16 Nov. (Mid term

exam.), 2004

Upper layer hk = + t , hk 1 = Lower layer hk = , hk 1 = ( + t )

B = (Qij ) k (
k

hk hk 1 ) 2
2 2

3.7.2 Balanced Laminates

(1) A balanced laminate results when the number of plies in a given direction is equal to the number of plies in the

direction, assuming that the plies are of the same

material and thickness. (Toatal sum of angles equals to zero.) i. shear strain is depicted to result from an applied normal stress (2) The A16 and A26 are zero, thus uncoupling the in-plane shear and extension response. [From Eqn(3.17)and Eqn(2.30)]
x 0 A 1 0 11 1 y = A12 0 A 1 xy 16 A12 1 A22 1 A26
1 1 A16 N x 1 A26 0 1 A66 0

(3.35)

Q16 ,Q 26 contains only odd powers of sin

[sin=- sin(-)] (3) Example of the coupling that occurs in an unbalanced laminate.

ii. (4)

xy 0 does not vanish unless the A16 1 vanishes.

A balanced, symmetric laminate

[B ] = 0, A16 = A26 = 0 D 0, D 0 16 26
(5) The cross-ply laminates

A cross-ply laminate has N unidirectionally reinforced

(orthotropic) layers with principle material directions alternatingly oriented at coordinate axes.
0 0 and 90 0 to

the laminate

i. Cross-ply laminates with N odd ( and symmetric)

ii. Cross-ply laminates with N even ( and antisymmetric)

1 ( M + F )Q11t 1+ M A12 = Q12t A11 = 1 1 + MF A11 (1 + MF )Q11t = M +F 1+ M A16 = A26 = 0 A22 = A66 = Q66 t

1 ( M + F )tQ11 1+ M A12 = tQ12 A11 = 1 1 + MF (1 + MF )tQ11 = A22 = A11 1+ M M +F A16 = A26 = 0 balanced A66 = tQ 66 Bij = 0 symmetry

M ( F 1) M ( F 1) Q11t 2 = A11t 2 N (1 + M ) N (1 + M )( M + F ) B22 = B11 B11 = B12 = B16 = B26 = B66 = 0

[( F 1) R + 1]Q11 t 3 1 + M A11 t 2 = [( F 1) R + 1] M + F 12 12 3 Q t = 12 12 [(1 F ) R + F ]Q11 t 3 1 + M A11 t 2 = = [(1 F ) R + F ] 12 M + F 12

[( F 1) p + 1]Q11t 3 1 + M A11t 2 = [( F 1) p + 1] 12 M + F 12 [(1 F ) p + F ]Q11t 3 1 + M A11t 2 D12 = = [(1 F ) p + F ] 12 M + F 12 D16 = D26 = 0 cross ply D11 = D66 = Q66t 12
3

D11 = D12 D 22

D16 = D26 = 0 cross ply

D66 = Q66 t 3 12
1 8M ( M 1) N 2 (1 + M ) 3

1 M ( N 3)[ M ( N 1) + 2( N + 1)] where p = (1 + M ) 3 + (4.77) ( N 2 1)(1 + M ) 3 all parameters are shown in book of Jone.

where R = 1 + M +

Also, N: the total numbers of layers

k = odd

M=

k = even

t t

Q22 E 2 F= Q = E ,the ration of principal lamina stiffness. 11 1

aircraft in Fig-3.8 uses coupling between bending and torsion to achieve aeroelastic stability.

iii. Concept: a. A16 , A26 , D16 , D26 are zero for all cross-ply laminates (one of the balanced laminate) b. Only cross-ply laminates with an even number of layers have coupling between bending and extension, since the

Bij are all zero for a cross-ply laminate with an odd number
of layers. c. The relative size of D16 , D26 terms becomes smaller as more plies are added, if the plies at different angles are dispersed rather than being stack together. Assuming D16 = D26 = 0 offers a simplification in analysis, and thus this assumption is after made whether its strictly true or not. d. The couplings cited above that result from A16 , A26 , D16 andD 26 are features of composite structures that have no counterpart in isotropic materials. For example, the forward swept wing design of the x-29

3.7.3. Quasi-Isotropic Laminates Families of quasi-isotropic laminates:

3.8 Stress within the plies

(1)

The stresses within the individual plies can be highly nonuniform, then for very simple loading.

the laminates have equal numbers of plies at 0, 45, -45 and 90 degrees, or at 0, 60 and 60 degrees.
Both of these laminate families display in-plane stiffness that

(2)

Definition: The inverse of the ABD matrix:

are independent of orientation.

They display isotropic properties with the plane of the

A B [F ] B D
(3)

(3.24)

Strains in the middle plane:

laminate, but, have different modulus in the through-thethickness direction E xx = E yy E zz

To verify that the A and Q avg matrices are independent

0 N = [F ] M k
(4)

(3.36)

The strain distribution throughout the thickness of the laminate:

{ } =

orientation : to add an arbitrary angle to each if the orientation, and then to calculate the A and Qavg matrices, and to observe that the terms do not change. (5)

{ }+ z{k }
0

(3.4)

The strains in the principal material directions

1 1 2 = [R ][T ] R 12

[ ]

x y xy

= [R][T][R1]( 0 + z{k})
(6)

{}

(3.37)

The stresses in the principal material directions:

 1 1 2 = [Q] 2 12 12

3.9 Computer programs for A, B, and D matrices

(3.38)

(1)

The computer programs for this purpose are available on the web for use with this text. a. www.prenhall.com

The calculation of the ply stresses (or strain) is the objective

of the analysis and is the basis for strength design in fiber custom catalog, download library composites. b. ftp site : ftp.prenhall.com dir: pub/esm/mechanical_engineering. s-048/swanson/intro_adv_composite_materials. (2) Or. We can write a program using the mathematical software packages such as Mathcad, MATLAB, Maple, or Mathematica.