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Inventory Management

Inventory is the stock of any item or resource used in an organization raw materials finished products work-in-process

An inventory system is the set of policies and controls that monitor levels of inventory and determines what levels should be maintained, when stock should be replenished, and how large orders should be. Purpose of holding inventory To maintain independence of operations To meet variations in product demand To allow flexibility in production scheduling To provide a safeguard for variation in raw material delivery time To take advantage of economic purchase-order size and discounts To take advantage of currency flections(trends) Important to control the processes of purchasing, storing and issuing.

Questions in inventory system What to order? How many to order? When to order?

Timing is a critical issue! Inventory Cost Ordering costs. o Costs of someone placing an order, etc. Setup (or production change) costs. o Costs for arranging specific equipment setups, etc. Holding (or carrying) costs. o Costs for storage, handling, insurance, etc. Shortage costs. o Costs of lost sales, emergency procurement, etc.

Full note set with Examples and Questions: http://www.executioncycle.lkblog.com/2012/06/mybusiness-economics-and-financial.html

Different stock levels To avoid holding unnecessary stocks, thus avoiding the loss of profits due to increased holdings costs To avoid the risk of a stock out by storing enough material to facilitate the smooth flow of production

To achieve theses ends, various stock levels are calculated, Re-order level - Level of inventory at which the next order should be placed Inventory should be sufficient to cover the usage of material during the time lag from the day the order is placed to the day when goods arrive at warehouse. However the actual re-order level will depend on the past experience of the organization and their attitude to risk

= ( ) Minimum stock level/ Buffer stocks - Level below which inventories should not fall This is held to prevent the risk of a stock out May be used in emergencies.

= ( ) ( ) Maximum Stock level = +

Full note set with Examples and Questions: http://www.executioncycle.lkblog.com/2012/06/mybusiness-economics-and-financial.html

EOQ Model Assumptions Demand for the product is constant and uniform throughout the period Lead time (time from ordering to receipt) is constant Price per unit of product is constant Inventory holding cost is based on average inventory. Ordering or setup costs are constant. All demands for the product will be satisfied (No back orders are allowed)

Formula

Cost Minimization Goal(T-total)

Full note set with Examples and Questions: http://www.executioncycle.lkblog.com/2012/06/mybusiness-economics-and-financial.html

Deriving the EOQ Using calculus, we take the first derivative of the total cost function with respect to Q, and set the derivative (slope) equal to zero, solving for the optimized (cost minimized) value of Q OPT = 2 = 2

Full note set with Examples and Questions: http://www.executioncycle.lkblog.com/2012/06/mybusiness-economics-and-financial.html

EOQ with consumption during production

Here is some questions with answers on EOQ Model Valuation of inventory FIFO (First In First Out method) Material issues are priced in strict chronological order of the purchase prices. This follows the physical flow of goods. Actual cost of material is used to price issues.

LIFO (Last In First Out method) Issues are made at the prices of the last receipts, until all the material received at the price has been issued. The next issue is made at the next last price, and so on

This Example show how it happens

Full note set with Examples and Questions: http://www.executioncycle.lkblog.com/2012/06/mybusiness-economics-and-financial.html

External Reporting FIFO o o LIFO o o

In an inflationary situation, this method will lead to lower cost of sales and thus a higher profit figure. The value of stocks will reflect the latest market prices. Because of this, stocks are valued at higher prices. LIFO will charge the latest and highest prices to the cost of sales, thus lowering the profit figure. The stock values will reflect earlier prices and therefore will be lower.

Full note set with Examples and Questions: http://www.executioncycle.lkblog.com/2012/06/mybusiness-economics-and-financial.html

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