Chemistry 11H

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

The naming system has dealt with compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen. There are other organic compounds that have other elements besides carbon and hydrogen. These groups of elements form Functional Groups. These groups give the organic compounds specific properties and characteristics. The functional group is the reaction center for chemical reactions, while the hydrocarbon part remains inert. The unreactive hydrocarbon part is called a radical and is represented in short hand notation as R. Functional Group - OH -O- CHO - COOH - CO - COO - CONH2 - NH2 -X (F,Cl,Br,I) Name of Group hydroxyl ether oxygen aldehyde carboxyl carbonyl ester amido amino halo Table of Functional Groups Class of Compound alcohol ether aldehyde carboxylic acid ketone ester amide amine halide General Formula of Compound R OH R O R O RCH O R C - OH O R C R O R C O R O R C NH2 R NH2 RX
|| || || || ||

Naming System IUPAC

(1)

HALIDES (F,Cl,Br,I) Name as a substituted alkane product use lowest possible number to indicate halide position Named as the following; fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo Do in alphabetical order CH3CH2CH2 Cl CH3CH2CHCH3 Cl
|

Example:

1-chloropropane 2-chlorobutane

(2)

ALCOHOLS Drop the e off the hydrocarbon name and add ol. Include the number of the carbon backbone where alcohol is situated Use the lowest possible number CH3OH OH CH3CH2CH2CHCH3
|

Example:

methanol
HC HC

OH

CH CH C H

2-pentanol

phenol (3)
AMINES two possible ways of naming (a) IUPAC Rule

Name as a substituted alkane product use lowest possible number to indicate amine position Named as amino Example: CH3CH2CH2-NH2 1-aminopropane

(4)

ETHERS two ways of naming (a) IUPAC Rule

The ethers are named as an alkoxyl substituted products of hydrocarbons. Drop the ane off one of the hydrocarbon parts (usually shortest) and add oxy plus the name of the other hydrocarbon. Example: CH3CH2-O-CH3 methoxy ethane

(5)

CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Drop the e off the parent hydrocarbon and add the suffix oic acid. If any side chains are present, the number one carbon is the carbon of the carboxylic group. Example: CH3 O CH3CHCH2C-OH (6) ALDEHYDES
| ||

3-methylbutanoic acid

Drop the e off the parent hydrocarbon and add the suffix al If any side chains are present, the number one carbon is the carbon of the aldehyde group. Example: O CH3CH2CH2CH2C-H
CH3 H2 C H3C C H

||

pentanal

H C CH3

2,3-dimethylpentanal
O

(7)

KETONES

Drop the e from the parent hydrocarbon name and add the suffix one The position of the carbonyl group is fixed by numbering the carbons to give the carbonyl group the lowest number. Example: O CH3CH2CCH2CH3
F C H O CH3 C H2 C H2

||

3-pentanone

H3C

5-fluoro-3-hexanone

(8)

ESTERS An ester is made from an acid and an alcohol (esterification), and is thus named after the present acid and the radical (branch) part of the alcohol. Name the radical part of the alcohol first Drop the oic acid ending of the acid and add oate. Example: O CH3COCH3
CH3 C H O H2 C C H2 O CH3

||

methyl ethanoate

H3C

ethyl 3-methylbutanoate

(9)

AMIDES two ways of naming Drop the e off the parent hydrocarbon and add the functional group name amide. If any side chains are present, the number one carbon is the carbon of the carboxylic group. Example: O CH3CH2CNH2
||

propanamide

ESTERIFICATION

A chemical reaction between a carboxylic acid and alcohol to produce an ester This reaction is done in sulphuric acid (H2SO4), which acts as a catalyst. The H from the acid and the OH from the alcohol are removed and an ester is formed at that location

H3C

H2 C

O
C H2

OH +

HO

H2 C

C H2

H2 C

CH3

H3C

H2 C

O C H2 O C H2 H2 C C H2 CH3

H2O +
water

butanoic acid PEPTIDE BONDS

butanol

butyl butanoate

H H2N C R

O OH

This bond connects amino acid together Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and enzymes mRNA (messenger RNA) is transported outside the nucleus of cells and the Ribosome attaches itself to the mRNA. tRNA (transfer RNA) which carries the amino acids, reads the mRNA and puts them in the correct order. The Ribosome enzyme assists with the peptide bond formation Many peptide bonds makes a polypeptide chain, which results in a protein

H H2N C + R

O OH

H H2N C R

H N C H R

O OH

+ H2O

Amino Acid

Amino acid

2 amino acids connected by a peptide bond